Deoxynucleotide isDeoxyribonucleic acid(Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA for short)[1], is a class ofpurineorpyrimidineBaseDeoxyriboseAs well as small molecular compounds composed of phosphoric acid, they are the material basis of DNA, the genetic material of organisms.The four bases in deoxynucleotides determine biological diversityadenine(adenine, abbreviated as A)Thymine(thymine, abbreviated as T)cytosine (Cytosine, abbreviated as C) andGuanine(guanine, abbreviated as G) Different arrangement order.The four bases are arranged on the inner side along the long strand of DNA, and their sequence stores genetic information.[1]
Chinese name
Deoxynucleotide
Foreign name
deoxynucleotide
Element composition
C、H、O、N、P
Existence mode
Is the constituent unit of DNA
Role
Composition basis of most biological genetic materials
Deoxynucleotides provide deoxynucleotides for the proliferation of white blood cells, platelets, T lymphocytes and NK cells, stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the above cells, promote the release of white blood cells from bone marrow, improve the level of white blood cells, reduce the incidence of severe bone marrow suppression, improve immune function and reduce the incidence of infection.In addition, deoxynucleotides can prevent the systemic lack of deoxynucleotides due to the transfer of deoxynucleotides to bone marrow caused by the over mobilization of bone marrow by CSF by supplementing the whole body's deoxynucleotides such as liver and muscle, thus reducing the adverse reactions of blood system and liver function caused by CSF.[2]
Deoxynucleotides have the functions of promoting cell growth, enhancing cell vitality, and changing body metabolism.[3]
Deoxynucleoside triphosphate is also the material basis of PCR technology.
Synthesis of deoxynucleotides
Announce
edit
Production of deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate
stayNucleoside diphosphate(NDP, N represents bases A, G, U, C, T, etc.), that is, hydrogen replaces the hydroxyl group of C-2 in its ribose molecule. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction isRibonucleotide reductase（ribonucleotide re-ductase，RR）。[4]
Synthesis of Deoxythymine Nucleotide
First, there are several ways to convert dUDP to dUMP: one is that dUDP reacts with ADP to generate dUMP and ATP under the catalysis of nucleoside monophosphate kinase;The other way is that dUDP first forms dUTP, and then hydrolyzes to dUMP and PPi.DCMP can also form dUMP after deamination.Then, dTMP is formed by C-5 methylation of dUMP.The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is thymidylate synthase.[4]
The substrates for DNA synthesis are four kinds of dNTP, and deoxynucleoside monophosphate or diphosphate can form deoxynucleoside triphosphate by catalysis of kinase and energy supply of ATP.[4]
Dideoxynucleotide terminal termination
Announce
edit
The dideoxynucleotide terminal termination method, also known as Sanger method, is a commonly used method for nucleic acid sequence analysis.Its principle is to use four kinds of 2 ', 3' dideoxynucleoside triphosphate (ddNTP) instead of partial deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)[6]As a substrate, it participates in DNA synthesis.The difference between ddNTP and ordinary dNTP lies in the absence of a hydroxyl group at the 3 'position of its deoxyribose.DdNTP can be used inDNA PolymeraseUnder the action, it is incorporated into the DNA strand being synthesized through its 5 '' triphosphate group, but since there is no 3 '' hydroxyl group, they cannot form with the subsequent dNTPPhosphodiester bond。Therefore, as long as the dideoxy base is added to the end of the chain, the chain will stop extending.At the end of the reaction, a series of nucleic acid fragments with different lengths are synthesized in each tube of the reaction system with the common primer as the 5 'end and the dideoxy base as the 3' end.These nucleic acid fragments with different lengths (only one base is different from each other in length) are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. According to the dideoxy base at the 3 'end of the fragment, the base arrangement order of the synthetic fragment can be read in turn.[5]
