Scientific planning, organization, inspection, control and supervision of the whole process of energy production, distribution, conversion and consumption
1. Start to win the consent of the top management;Goal setting;Building energyManagement organization。
2. Analysis and planning, Yesenergy-resource structure. Historical review of restrictions;Energy audit；Plan of energy conservation measures;Evaluation of selected schemes;
3. Execution and control, approval of required resources;Determination of objectives and responsibilities;Establish measurement and reporting system;Implementation of measures;Evaluation results.
Preparation procedure
Energy saving awareness
The energy conservation awareness of the enterprise's energy management department can come from all aspects, and it does not matter which aspect it comes from for the energy management project.It is very important to persuade the top management of the enterprise to establish a project, so that they can firmly support the project and approve the required financial and human resources.Remember, no one promises a goal unless he believes it.A successful energy management project needs the support of all staff, especially the active support of the top management department, which will not only approve the required resources, but also persuade others to understand and improveEnergy utilization rateGenerally speaking, it is an important task for enterprises.The stronger the awareness of energy conservation, the more energy can be saved.
Project content
After the top management department approves and promises to support the energy management project, it will also make some decisions on the objectives and tasks.Such as budget, project duration, who will participate in the project, etc.The management department needs to make decisions on the following:
——Date of completing the energy utilization analysis,Energy saving projectThe date of;
——Candidates for intermediate management personnel responsible for energy management projects and project leaders (energy management personnel);
——Establish an energy management organization in the enterprise.
These decisions are made by the top management body, but are usually prepared by the Energy Regulatory Commission.The energy management staff leads the energy management committee.The management committee includes the middle level of functional department or product departmentManagers。Therefore, the top management usually only selects the members of the Energy Management Committee, and then the objectives, tasks, schedule and budget of the energy management project of the Committee are approved by the top management.In addition, the Committee should coordinate plans, introduce new ideas and new perspectives, andGuaranteed onOne part of the factory takes action without adversely affecting other parts.
Energy saving goal
Based on the preliminary energy audit, the energy conservation objectives must be clearly defined.Note: The implementation date must be carefully considered, because the bonus is limited, and the financial target isEnergy objectivesIt also needs to be clear.Typical energy saving objectives shall be specified as follows:
(3) Every year atEnergy saving/The minimum ratio of investment cost to material is;
(4) Minimum investment recovery rate after tax.
Another important task of the factory level energy conservation committee is to promoteInformation exchangeAnd energy conservation activities.However, the factory level energy conservation committee cannot do everything, but should be done by those who are familiar with the specific operation and can achieve the greatest success. The branch level energy coordinator needs to understand the energy conservation goals and annual savingsproduction costsAnd its impact on the company's performance.
To be managed by energyProject preparationWell, after the establishment of the energy organization, the next stage is analysis andPlanning workIn the second section, we have explained that the planning work is formulated on the basis of considering the past, the present and the future. This part must be kept in mind during the analysis and planning stage, and where is the energy used by the enterprise analyzed?How is it used?The analysis of energy data should include the following stages: (1) review of past energy utilization;(2) Energy audit;（3）Engineering analysis；（4）economic analysis 。
Energy survey
The historical situation can be investigated according to the publicpower companyOf electricitybills, factory records, production statistics or other possible data.The task of the survey is to understand the long-term and short-term trends in energy utilization, such as what is the benchmark for energy management projects to try to improve energy utilization.In addition, consider the past energy consumption structure and its importance in energy management projects.Deeply understand the followingTendencyThe question is helpful to the energy manager:
——Pastenergy consumptionIncrease or decrease?(Consider the past 5 years)
——Whether there is energy consumptionSeasonalityChange of?(summer or winter peak)
——Are the data complete?(For the whole plant and each departmentEnergy consumption）
——Is there any temporary change in energy consumption?(% per annum)
——Is there any temporary change in energy consumption?(Off duty and on duty, weekends and weekdays, etc.)
In addition to revealing a certain structure and trend of energy consumption, the review of historical situation also reveals thatEnergy auditCompared with other subsequent workbasic data 。However, historical review itself can never provide enough information for determining effective energy utilization projectsInformation。Almost no enterprise has allRecording device, provide detailed information about the classification of energy consumption in the factory.
It usually shows historical energy consumption andoutputThe relationship betweenProduction processIt is often useful, and can provide comparative data between two or more plants (note that this energy consumption comparison often gives people an illusion. For example, two comparable plants are located in differentClimatic zoneCity, there is no energy consumptionComparability）。
Take energy consumption per unit output as energy index（Unit consumption）, which depends on theFinal productThe nature of.Typical energy indexes of metals, chemicals, cement, etc. can be expressed in PJ/kg;Transport systemAvailable fuel consumption per passenger orkm/T means.
The next task is to audit all energy consumption activities in order to clearly record energy consumption in all aspects and find the possibility of energy conservation.How to do audit?What information does the audit include?This will be discussed later in this book.Energy auditGenerally, the following problems should be solved: purchase of energy;Converted energy;Energy generated;Energy in ex factory products;energy loss 。
Once the analysis of past and current energy consumption data is completed, planning measures can be started.The plan is necessary, so the company's energy conservation management personnel can make a decision on how to implement the project earlier.In order to clarify the key points, it must be determined thatEnergy saving potentialArea range of.ToGrass roots management personnelProvide work guidelines, methods and opinions, so as to give play to their creativity and make significant contributions to the project.
The implementation phase is the most critical phase of the whole project, because it is the main goal of any energy management effort.In this stage, the plans and measures determined by the energy manager will be realized.In order to implement energy-saving measures, enterprises must be willing to make necessary investments.Energy management measures can be divided into the following three categories:
——Operation and maintenance (routine) measures, including organizational measures;
——Renewal and transformation measures;
——Measures for new equipment or large-scale construction.
The investment required for the above three measures will increase in turn.The investment in conventional measures is very small (if any), while the construction measures need a lot of investment.
Execution steps
manyIndustrial and mining enterprisesThe investment bonus of is limited, and they hope that the investment repayment period is less than one year.Large enterprises with bonus channels hope that the repayment period is 2-3 years, and some government agencies allow 3-10 years.The energy manager needs to determine energy conservation at the beginning of the projectProjectRepayment period of.The following steps are:
(1) Establish energy conservation objectives of each department, division or individual;
(2) Prepare report procedures;
(3) Constantly improve the awareness of energy conservation and encourage people to participate in energy conservation;
(4) For the whole energy management projectRegular inspectionPrepare for evaluation.
Most of these steps are self-evident and do not need further elaboration.Steps (1) and (2) reflect the basicManagement concept。That is, the conditions under which people can work efficiently are:
——They know what to achieve and the purpose of their task;
——They receive feedback on how well they are doing.
It is particularly important to encourage people to participate in energy conservation, because ultimately it is mankind who has created the engineering miracle of energy conservation and money saving.Experience shows that more efficient equipment and improved process methods are only half the success.Human factorExtremely important, but often overlooked.If the operators do not understand the need to improve efficiency, do not believe or will not operate their new and improved equipment, use the new equipment to reduce the plantEnergy costThe effect will be very small.
Regular inspection
Finally, once energy-saving measures are adopted, they must be checked regularly to identify strengths and weaknesses and make necessary changes.In order to adapt to economic changes (fuel and energy price increases) and technological changes, the project must be adaptable.With the progress of the project, the requirements will also change. Generally, the easy things will be realized first, but it is more and more difficult to find new and important energy conservation schemes.
Not only the project needs regular inspection, but also the implemented measures must be evaluated and adjusted, which is calledControl work。Energy managers use previously discussed indices such asUnit productTo check whether the implemented measures are truly energy-saving.This is to find out whether the project is going as planned?If not, what should I do?What corrections need to be made?Do you need additional resources?Does the project deviate from the plan?These are the questions that energy managers must answer themselves.analysis reportThe results of will determine whether the project has achieved the maximum effect, what factors affect or promote the progress of the project (which will lead to changes in focus), and how to maintain the original results.Control is a function that managers must perform in order to continue to complete the project and improve its results.
Management report
Announce
edit
An important feature of the implementation of energy-saving measures is to report the relevant progress to the top management.Top management is of course interested in the progress of the project and the energy-saving effect that has been achieved. However, they do not require to know everything in detail. The report should meet the requirements of readers.
The report to the top management organization shall briefly report the amount of savings (ECU and PJ), investment amount, and compare the possible energy saving index with the target index.In addition, all energy-saving engineering tasks of each department shall be listed, includingexpense of executionAnd savings, and once again align the stated results with the goals of each departmentCompare。
The report of each factory shall be attached with a brief description of the special aspects of the project, and describe what activities have been carried out.These reports are quarterly.
It is not only necessary to make the report on energy management activities available to the top management organization on a regular basis, but alsodivision managerPersonnel and foremen should also receive them regularly.They need more detailed information, such as information about their department and the successful programs of other factories (but can also be implemented in their factories).
Source of example: energy management application in catering industry
Energy survey
The management team shall conduct a complete restaurant energy survey every six months in the season when air conditioning and heating are used.The management group that has completed the equipment training is the ideal person in charge, and can be designated as "equipment"Executive Manager”
Energy survey can show the energy implemented by the restaurantManagement principlesIt can know which equipment has the greatest impact on the establishment of good energy management, and can prompt the restaurant toAlertness。It can also help you find out the current or potential energy waste problems, and correct or prevent them to maintain the lowest energy cost as far as possible.
After correcting the error of inefficiency, a complete form record should be kept as the "report card" of the restaurant's energy situation.Please study the nearest energy of the restaurantinvestigation report。If the restaurant has not implemented this system, please implement it immediately.
Energy inventory
Like other raw materials, energy can also be inventoried.Restaurants should have regular plans to measure energy use and compare current usage with the same period last year.Inventory the energy that should be usedCalculation unitAs follows:
Water: m3three
Electricity: kWh
Gas: m3three
The energy inventory plan should collect the efforts of all staff in the restaurant, so the results should be published monthly to let each staff know how the results are.It is very important for all personnel to understand that your efforts to control energy are very important, because the success of maintaining energy costs depends on the degree of cooperation of all personnel in the restaurant.The following is the method of energy inventory system:
Each restaurant keeps an annual energy use table (see Table 1), andturnoverEstimate and make monthly plans for water, electricity and gasUsage expenses。At the same time, the actual monthly consumption will be drawn on the energy use chart (grid paper can be used), and this will be posted and announced.On the same chart, you can show the comparison of actual usage in the same period last year, so that every employee can understand the effectiveness of energy management.(See example of energy use diagram)
The color spot system is turned on and off by the restaurant by controlling lighting, air conditioning and other equipmentEnergy management system。Using the color dot system, the color dot can be pasted on thelightinga distribution boardAnd switches, air conditioning distribution boards and switches, so that the management group can save energy.
On the lighting equipment distribution board and switch, decide which switch controls which part of the lighting equipment and record it for future reference.Decide which lighting equipment must be turned on continuously during business hours and which power supply can be turned off during certain periods toenergy conservation。Then, label and color dot to distinguish.
The suggested color spots of lighting equipment are as follows:
*Red ------- must be turned on at all times (anti-theft lights at night, etc.)
*Blue ------ Open when employees arrive at the restaurant and close when they leave the restaurant (opening, closing and cleaning lights, manager's room door lights, etc.)
*Green ------ open at the beginning of business and close at the end of business (such as the dining area in the hall)
*Yellow ------ open at dusk or when necessary, close after business (such as outdoor signboards, etc.)
*Green -------- Open at the beginning of business and close at the end of business
*Blue -------- Open when employees arrive at the restaurant and close when they leave the restaurant
*Yellow -------- open when necessary (such as the air conditioner on the floor not open)
The key to saving energy costs is to turn off the power that can be turned off at any time.It must be ensured that all members of the management team understand the importance of the restaurant's color dot system and can use it.
Macro note: if the color dot fails to express, add a text note.
Turn off unnecessary equipment to save energy.The key is to find out which equipment does not need to be turned on during the period of low daily or weekly turnover.For production areaservice areaThe "equipment startup schedule" is proposed for each equipment, based on the business form of the restaurant.A separate "equipment shutdown schedule" shall be prepared to cope with other conditions, such as low peak hours in the afternoon orFreezing weatherAnd so on.
The establishment of start-up schedule for all electrical appliances and gas equipment in the production area and service area is to reducePower demandThe real opportunity for these devices toWarm upPower consumption is more than that required to reach operating temperature.Start one equipment at a time, and after warming up, start another equipment to reduce the available power to the minimum.
