Hu Weide (1863-1933), named Xinwu, was born inZhejiang ProvinceWuxing, a modern Chinese diplomat and politician.
Hu Weide's Young ScholarsShanghai Cantonese Museumattend school.In 1888, withArithmeticsinCite people。In 1890, withXue FuchengHe went abroad, served as an interpreter student in the British Embassy, was promoted as an attendant, and served as an embassy in the United States after the expiration of three yearsCounsellor。In 1896, he served as Counsellor of the Embassy in Russia.In February 1902, he served as the acting envoy, and in July, he was sent to Russia as the envoy of the Third Rank Ministerimperial envoy。Internal adjustment in 1907Ministry of Foreign AffairsYou Cheng.In 1908, he served as an imperial envoy of Japan.In 1910, he was concurrently appointedInternational Court of Justice in The HagueChinese member;In May, the right handmaiden of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was upgraded again, and in July, the left handmaiden was moved to be the deputy of the Minister of Taxation.In 1911high Qing officialMinister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Minister of Taxation of the Cabinet.March 1912Beijing GovernmentSupervised by the Tax DepartmentTang ShaoyiDeputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Cabinet, stationed in France in NovemberministerHe is also Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain and Portugal.Since 1914, he has served as Minister in France.In 1920, he served as Minister in Japan.In 1922, he was removed from his post and returned to China. He was appointed as the chairman of the Maoist Reform Association and the director of the Pacific Conference Aftercare Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.March 1926Jia DeyaoThe Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Cabinet and Plenipotentiary of the Special Customs Conference, in April, he was also the Prime Minister of the State and took temporary power.January 1927Gu WeijunGeneral Director of the Interior Ministry of the Cabinet, Acting Prime Minister of the State in June, NovemberAdministrative Appellate CourtPresident and Chairman of the High Civil Service Disciplinary Committee.In addition, he served four consecutive terms as an arbitrator of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of the International Court of Justice in The Hague from 1918 to 1928.He died in Peiping in 1933 at the age of 70.
Hu Weide served as ambassador to foreign countries for many times, and later served as the Republic of ChinaInternational RelationsTotal lengthConcurrent generationstateprime minister, who participated in and witnessed many important diplomatic events, is an indispensable figure in writing the diplomatic history of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.Its sonHu ShizeHe is also a famous diplomat of the Republic of China and the first Chinese Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations.
Hu Weide was born in a poor family in Wuxing, Zhejiang Province in 1863.In order to make a living, my parents sent me to Shanghai Guangzhou Dialect Museum to study when I was young, majoring in arithmetic and French.After ten years of study, Hu Weide was allowed to enter the Beijing Tongwen School for further study.In 1890, Xue Fucheng, the minister of Britain, France, Italy and Belgium, was selected as the envoy of the Qing government, and accompanied him to Britain for internship.Since then, he has accompanied Foreign Minister Yang Ru to the United States, Russia, and served as a second class counselor.
Minister stationed abroad in the late Qing Dynasty
Hu Weide
On February 17, 1902, the Embassy of the Qing Dynasty in Russia was immersed in grief - Yang Ru, the envoy to Russia, died of falling ill and lying in bed for one year after being humiliated by the powerful minister of Russia, Victor, when he negotiated with Russia to return the three eastern provinces.All the affairs of the embassy fell to Counsellor Hu Weide.
Hu Weide
Hu Weide was able and prudent, handled foreign affairs safely and appropriately, and was deeply appreciated by the Qing government.First, he successfully presided over the negotiation on the return of Tianjin to Russia.Gengzi IncidentLater, Britain, Japan and Russia were founded in Tianjin“Tianjin Dutong Yamen”, garrison and occupy Tianjin.Hu Weide negotiated with Russia and quickly promoted the smooth settlement of Tianjin's surrender.Secondly, it is the repayment problem after the Gengzi Incident.Russia took advantage of the low price of silverJingui, requiring that the gold price be taken as the compensation benchmark, with the intention of expanding interests in China.Hu Weide negotiated with the Russian side and repeatedly refused to blackmail the Russian side.In July 1902, the Qing government appointed Hu Weide as envoy to Russia, becoming an independent diplomatic minister.He continued to negotiate the repayment of Gengzi, and urged the Russian side to implement the contract and withdraw from the Northeast in accordance with the Sino Russian Treaty on the Settlement of the Three Eastern Provinces.In 1904, the Russo Japanese War was carried out on the land in northeast China, which directly damaged China's rights and interests. The Qing government, unable to resist, could only declare neutrality.Hu Weide was ordered to negotiate China's neutrality with Russia, and quoted the Hague Peace Society Constitution and the Red Cross articles to prepare for the Red Cross Society to rescue the Chinese people in the war zone.However, Japan and Russia ignored the request of the Qing government and refused the Chinese request.
Since then, Hu Weide has successively served as the Right Prime Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Imperial Envoy to Japan, the Chinese member of the International Court of Justice in The Hague, and the left footman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deputy to the Minister of Taxation.After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, Hu Weide became the cabinet of Yuan ShikaiMinistry of Foreign AffairsThe Deputy Minister acts as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and occupies the central position in foreign policy making.
The First Deputy Foreign Minister of the Republic of China
In January 1912, the Republic of China was founded.On February 12, Hu Weide led the Minister of Civil Affairs on behalf of Yuan Shikai as Minister of Foreign AffairsZhao Bingjun、secretary of state for warWang ShizhenWait, go to the Heart Nourishing Hall to attend the last court meeting ceremony of the Qing Dynasty and accept the Qing DynastyAbdicate Rescript And become the witness of the Qing Dynasty's withdrawal from the historical stage.In March, Yuan took officeInterim President of the Republic of ChinaThe first Beijing government with Tang Shaoyi as the Prime Minister was established.Because of Yuan's relationship, Hu Weide was appointed as the diplomatic adviser of the President's Office, the supervisor of the Tax Department, and concurrently served as the Deputy Foreign Minister. Before the arrival of the Foreign Minister, Lu Zhengxiang, he acted as the Deputy Foreign Minister.Due to Hu Weide's conservative ideas, he followed the old customs of the Qing Dynasty in the Foreign Ministry, which was naturally unacceptable to Lu Zhengxiang, the foreign minister who came to office in May and advocated a thorough reform following the Western model.In November 1912, he was appointed Minister to France and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain and Portugal.Since 1914, he has been a full-time minister to France.
Hu Weide
During Hu Weide's mission to France, World War I broke out in Europe.Trapped in the wartime environment, Hu Weide always worked with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the BritishministerShi ZhaojiMinister in GermanyYan HuiqingAnd exchange information and views on the situation, but it is difficult to achieve anything.In August 1917, China joined the Group of Allied Countries and declared war on Germany and Austria.China joins the warThe purpose is only to cancel the German AustrianConsular jurisdictionConfiscate the enemy's property, abrogate treaties, and provide civil service instead of sending troops.During this period, about 150000 Chinese workers went to France to participate in the war.The embassy in France headed by Hu Weide has made some efforts to safeguard the interests of Chinese workers.
Participation in Paris Peace Conference
After the victory of the First World War, Hu Weide, the envoy to France in Paris, was extremely busy. On the one hand, he was busy holding activities to celebrate the victory of the European War, and on the other hand, he undertook the preparations for China's participation in the Paris Peace Conference.
At the Paris Peace Conference, China sent a delegation headed by Foreign Minister Lu Zhengxiang.However, when the delegation appointed the plenipotentiary, internal strife arose due to the choice and seating of the plenipotentiary.It was once rumored that Hu Weide would take the post of Plenipotentiary, but it failed to come true.Due to the limited number of plenipotentiaries, the Beijing government appointed him as the "Member of the European Commission".Hu Weide once arranged for Lu Zhengxiang to meet with French Prime Minister Clemenceau, and also went to London for activities.Hu Weide is more unitedYan HuiqingThey persuaded Beijing government to agree to form a committee consisting of the all ministers to discuss matters at meeting.Despite his limited authority, Hu Weide tried his best to participate in the 75 meetings held by the Chinese delegation at the Peace Conference, especially to reconcile the internal contradictions of the delegation, making contributions to China's peace diplomacy.
Since the Peace Conference was completely manipulated by the five major countries, Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan, China's diplomatic efforts to strive for the return of Shandong failed on April 30.There was a dispute within the delegation about whether to sign.At the secret meeting of the delegation, Hu Weide advocated signing on the grounds that "the International Federation cannot shield itself from the meeting", etc.However, the Chinese delegation finally chose to refuse the visa.
"Behind the scenes heroes"
In September 1920, about a year after the Paris Peace Conference ended, Hu Weide transferred to the post of Minister in Japan.During the First World War, Japan took the opportunity to declare war on Germany and forciblyJiaozhou BayThe leased land was taken as its own property and the infamous "Twenty one Rules" were put forward.During the Paris Peace Conference, the despicable means were used to force other great powers to agree that Japan should inherit Germany's aggressive rights and interests in Shandong.Japan's perverse actions aroused the great anger of the Chinese people and set off a massiveThe May 4th Patriotic MovementAnd safeguard the sovereignty of Shandong Province.The outstanding Shandong issue is like a bomb, which makes the handling of Sino Japanese relations like walking on thin ice.Since then, the "extradition of Anfu culprits", "Fuzhou incident" and "Temple Street incident" have added fuel to the flames, making Sino Japanese relations even more tense.Under such circumstances, the post of Minister in Japan was a hot potato, and President Xu Shichang had found someone to take over several times. Hu Weide agreed to take office after the Beijing government promised that "in all diplomatic cases, the central government will still be responsible, and personal difficulties will be resolved separately, and that the official fees for the embassy in Japan must also be allocated monthly, so as to avoid difficulties in raising funds".
After his arrival, Hu Weide kept an eye on Japan's domestic trends at any time, provided the Beijing government with information about Japan's willingness to negotiate with China from time to time, and also came to negotiate with the envoy of Siam (today's Thailand) to Japan on the issue of Sino Siam envoys.At this time, the United States hosted the "Washington Conference", and Hu Weide acted as the "hero behind the scenes".
Although the Paris Peace Conference solved the problem of sharing spoils among European powers, the Far East, especially China, and the division of interests between countries, especially the United States and Japan, failed to solve it.Therefore, under the control of the United States, the famous "Washington Conference" was held in Washington, USA from November 1921 to February 1922.The Beijing government sent a large delegation of more than 130 people, with Shi Zhaoji as the chief representative and Gu Weijun and Wang Chonghui as plenipotentiaries.Although Hu Weide did not attend the meeting, he, as the official representative in contact with Japan, timely informed the government of Japan's attitude and policies on the Washington Conference, which helped to form the Beijing government's decision on Japan.Moreover, he is ready to provide suggestions and advice to the government on China Japan issues.China and Japan finally signed the Sino Japanese Treaty on Solving Shandong Outstanding Cases on the Shandong issue, which solved the Shandong issue that had been delayed for eight years.
In June 1922, when the political situation in Beijing changed, Hu Weide was removed from his post and returned to China for standby.In May 1923,beiyang government Hu Weide was appointed Vice Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission.
In the mid 1920s, the National Revolutionary Army in the south launched the Northern Expedition,beiyang government His rule is in the midst of ups and downs.At the moment before the curtain call, warlords and politicians desperately seized the opportunity to make appearances, resulting in frequent cabinet changes of the Beiyang Government, which also provided opportunities for diplomats like Hu Weide to climb to the peak of power.
In March 1926, the new Prime Minister of the Beiyang GovernmentJia DeyaoAfter forming a cabinet, Hu Weide once again served as the Foreign Minister and also served as the plenipotentiary of the special tariff conference.Just when Jia Deyao formed the cabinet, Feng Yuxiang's national army started fighting with the Fengtian army.During this period, two Japanese warships escortedFengtien clique Warships enter TianjinDagukou, shelling the Kuomintang Army.The Kuomintang troops fired self-defense and fired back, driving the Japanese warships out of Dagukou.Later, Japan believed that the KMT had destroyedThe Xinchou Treaty, and the United Kingdom, the United States and other eight countriesDuan Qirui Executive GovernmentAn ultimatum was issued to request the dismantlement of Dagukou's national defense facilities and a reply was given within 48 hours.The power and arrogance of the great powers led Beijing students, citizens and others to hold a massive national assembly in Tiananmen to denounce the crimes of the great powers.However, Duan Qirui's government was distraught and created the March 18th Massacre.On April 9, the Kuomintang army led by Feng Yuxiang launched a coup to expelDuan Qirui。The Beijing government is in chaos, temporarily maintained by Hu Weide, the Foreign Minister, He Delin, the Finance Minister, and Hu Renyuan, the Education Minister. Europeans and Americans call it the "three H government".On the 20th, Duan Qirui announced his resignation, appointed Hu Weide as the Prime Minister of the State Council and took the photoprovisional governmentpowers.This is the peak of Hu Weide's political career.However, Hu Weide was old and only agreed to maintain the situation as an agent.On May 13, Yan Huiqing formed a cabinet and resigned from all his posts.
In January 1927, the Hu family was reinstatedGu WeijunThe Chief of Internal Affairs of the Cabinet, however, refused to work in the Ministry by the end of March and announced his resignation.In May 1928, Hu Weide was reappointed as an arbitrator of the Permanent Court of Arbitration of the International Court of Justice in The Hague for the fourth time, ending his diplomatic career.[1]
Portrait
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The portrait of Hu Weide began to be shaped on July 25 and was completed before September 11.
French sculptorBuder(1861-1929), one of the masters at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in France, is the Buder Museum. On a pedestal in the open air exhibition above the entrance hall, there is a bronze statue in the shape of a Chinese person. On the right shirt of the statue is Buder's signature of 1919, and on the left sleeve is a Chinese signature - Putaier wrote it in the last summer.Because of time, I only took photos and brought them back for research.The second timeYang ChengyinThe couple also made a special trip to learn about the sculpture. After the enthusiastic help of the administrator, the collection staff finally found a volume of information.According to the data, the Chinese name of the model is (Hoo Wei Teh), and he pronounced "Hu Weide" in French.There are also nine French letters written by Hu Weide to the sculptors from 1917 to 1919, and copies of them were given.Yang Chengyin began his textual research after arriving in Hangzhou, and finally found out the situation of Hu Weide's activities in Paris in the first volume of Gu Weijun's Memoirs, pages 45-48.It turns out that Hu Weide was sent to Paris by the Chinese government at that timeminister。During the "Paris Peace Conference" in 1919, the head of the delegation was the then Foreign MinisterLu Zhengxiang, officially represented by Wang Zhengting (representative of the military government of southern China)Gu Weijun、Shi Zhaoji(Minister in London) andWei Chen Group。Due to the limited number of representatives, Minister Hu Weide could not be appointed as a representative, but was qualified as a representative.Gu Weijun called Hu Weide "an elder in China's diplomatic circle" and "Hu Weide was a diplomat and scholar with gentlemanly demeanor".It can be seen that Hu Weide is a person who is similar to Gu Weijun in thought.
World famous sculptorBuderIt is a statue of a senior Chinese diplomat and scholar, unique in the history of French sculpture.The statue itself is very artistic.He is different from Buder's other works that emphasize "architecture". His characters are extremely individual, and his oriental characteristics are fully displayed.
