Constitution of the United States of America

The earliest written constitution in the world

Collection

zero Useful+1

zero

synonym Constitution of the United States (U.S. Constitution) generally refers to the Constitution of the United States of America

Constitution of the United States of America（ United States Constitution ）, which means that in 1787 Constitutional Assembly of the United States of America The Federal Constitution of the United States, which came into force on March 4, 1789, was formulated and passed. It is the earliest written document in the world constitution , consisting of the preamble and 7 texts.

The preface explains the purpose of constitution making by seeking "justice", "domestic peace", "common defense", "public welfare" and "freedom". Article 1 provides for the federal congress The election of members of both houses of Congress, the functions and powers of Congress and the restrictions on the powers of Congress and states. Article 2 provides president 、 vice president The election of the President, the terms of reference of the President, and the impeachment 。 Article 3 provides for the organization, authority and relevance of the Federal Court Treason Trial of. Article 4 stipulates the relationship between states, the establishment of new states and the federal obligations to states. Article 5 stipulates the procedures and requirements for amendment of the Constitution. Article 6 deals with the validity of previous government debts and treaties, as well as the relationship between the federal constitution, laws and state constitutions and laws. Article 7 stipulates the procedure for ratification of the Constitution. The Constitution establishes Separation of powers And checks and balances People's sovereignty , limited government, federal and state decentralization, etc. So far, 27 regulations have been adopted Constitutional amendment 。^[1]

Chinese name: Constitution of the United States of America
Foreign name: United States Constitution
Date of issue: September 28, 1787

Implementation time: March 4, 1789
Issued by: Constitutional Assembly of the United States of America
General name: United States Federal Constitution

catalog

Constitution came into being

Announce

edit

Development background

Constitution of the United States of America

stay American Revolutionary War After the end, 13 colony Regional basis《 Confederation Regulations 》, first established the Congress Assembled^[3] A loose central government in the form of. Under this system, the Confederate Congress had no power to collect taxes. At the same time, due to the lack of national administrative and judicial institutions, the Congress could only rely on the local governments of each state (often lacking cooperation among local governments) to implement its designated laws. At the same time, Congress has no right to intervene in tariffs between states.

Because the regulations stipulate that only the unanimous consent of all states can be modified《 Confederation Regulations 》In addition, the states do not attach great importance to the central government and often do not send members to participate in the central meeting, so the Congress is often forced to adjourn because of insufficient votes.

In September 1786, the chief executives of the five states held a meeting in Annapolis to discuss how to amend the Confederation Act to promote trade between the states. After the meeting, they invited representatives of the states to Philadelphia to further discuss the development of the federal government. After a heated debate, the Confederate Congress approved a plan to amend the Confederate Regulations on February 21, 1787. except Rhode Island The other 12 states accepted the invitation and sent representatives to attend the conference held in Philadelphia in May 1787.

The original resolution stated that the purpose of the meeting was to draft amendments to the Confederation Regulations, but the meeting finally decided to redraft a constitution. Philadelphia Convention The delegates voted to adopt the method of secret meeting, and agreed that the new bill needs to be approved by 9 of the 13 states to take effect. Some people criticized that this was a violation of the conference authority and existing laws. But the conference representatives who were extremely dissatisfied with the government under the confederation system unanimously agreed to submit the draft constitution to the states for voting.

Constitution drafting

The Constitution of the United States of America was established by John Rutledge (nicknamed "dictator John") The Committee of Detail Responsible for drafting. Other members include Edmund Randolph 、 Oliver Elseworth 、 James Wilson and Nathaniel Golem 。 In addition to Gorham, the members of the committee are respected lawyers and will become the main judicial officials of the new government (Randolph will become the first justice minister, and Ratledge, Ellsworth and Wilson will become judges of the Supreme Court).

From August 6 to September 10, the report of the Detail Committee was discussed item by item by the General Assembly. On September 10, the General Assembly appointed The Committee of Style To "touch up the document". William Samuel Johnson Lead the committee, other members include Alexander Hamilton , Gouvernail Morris James Madison and Rufus King 。^[2]

Adoption and entry into force of the Constitution

Sign the Constitution

On September 17, 1787, 39 representatives of the Constituent Assembly signed the Constitution of the United States of America,^[2] And submitted to the Confederate Congress in New York. Congress passed the new Constitution on September 28, 1787, and agreed to submit the Constitution to 13 states.

On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire It became the ninth state to approve the new constitution, met the statutory requirements of 2/3 of the states, and substantially terminated the Confederation Regulations and its government. The Confederate Congress decided that March 4, 1789, was the effective date of the Constitution of the United States of America, that is, the founding date of the Fourth American Republic of the United States of America.

On May 29, 1790, Rhode Island It became the last of the 13 former colonies in North America to join the 1787 U.S. Constitution.^[4]

Ratification of the Constitution States	Approval time (in chronological order)	Ratification of the Constitution States	Approval time (in chronological order)	Ratification of the Constitution States	Approval time (in chronological order)
Pennsylvania	December 12, 1787	Massachusetts	February 7, 1788	Virginia	June 26, 1788
New Jersey	December 18, 1787	Maryland	April 28, 1788	New York	July 26, 1788
Delaware	December 7, 1787	South Carolina	May 23, 1788	North Carolina	November 21, 1789
Georgia	January 2, 1788	New Hampshire	June 21, 1788	Rhode Island	May 29, 1790
Connecticut	January 9, 1788	-	-	-	-

According to this Constitution, the United States has become a federal country composed of sovereign states, and there is also a federal government to serve the operation of the federation. Since then, the federal system has replaced the relatively loose federal system based on federal regulations.

The Constitution of the Ministry will be Written constitution The formulation of provides a successful example.

Constitutional content

Announce

edit

legal status

The second paragraph of Article 6 of the United States Constitution expresses its own status as“ The supreme law of the country ”。 Judges usually interpret it as: when laws enacted by Congress or state legislatures conflict with the U.S. Constitution, these laws will be declared invalid. For more than two centuries, the United States Supreme Court has continuously strengthened the authority of the United States Constitution through numerous precedents.

Clarify power

The Constitution of the United States stipulates that it is bourgeois federalism , affirmed that legislation, administration and judicature Separation of powers , the bourgeoisie based on the principle of checks and balances Presidential system A democratic republic.

The original constitution consists of a preamble and seven texts. It stipulates that the legislative power belongs to the United States Congress, and stipulates the composition of the Congress; The executive power belongs to USA president , as well as the method for the selection of the President; Jurisdiction belongs to United States Supreme Court And stipulate the composition of the Supreme Court; The mutual relations and obligations of the states; Procedures for proposing and passing constitutional amendments; The Federal Constitution and the laws formulated in accordance with the Constitution are the highest laws in the country; This Constitution shall come into force after being approved by the Constituent Assembly of nine states.

This Constitution shows that for the first time in the world, the United States has created British constitutional monarchy Of Democratic Republic , also different from the parliamentary cabinet system Presidential system To make the United States a central power with national unity Federalism 。 This form of political system and state structure was later emulated by many countries.

The Constitution of the United States makes it clear that an elected government has the sole legitimacy. The people exercise their power through elected or appointed government officials and members of parliament. Members of Congress can also amend the United States Constitution and other basic laws, and even draft a new constitution.

Various government officials have different restrictions on their power according to the different ways of production. Elected officials can remain in their posts only through elections. The head of the government or other officials designated by the department decide whether to stay or not according to the wishes of the designee, and can be dismissed at any time. There are exceptions to this rule: United States Federal Court After the system judge accepts the appointment of the President of the United States, the appointment will be valid for life. The purpose of creating this exception is to ensure that judges will not be subject to improper interference and pressure from the administrative power due to the change of their positions in the judicial process.

In 1803, shortly after the United States Constitution came into force, Justice Marshall of the Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison Established the United States Supreme Court's Unconstitutional review power That is, the court has the power to judge whether the legislation of Congress is contrary to the spirit of the Constitution, so that it can declare the legislation of Congress constitutionality Or invalid. This case also established that the court can interpret the Constitution and apply it to actual judgments when trying specific cases. Such precedents often reflect the changes in politics, economy, society and culture in different periods. Therefore, the U.S. Constitution can be flexible to adapt to historical development without modifying its provisions. Over the years, from the government's management policy on radio and television to criminal cases defendant A series of famous cases have had a noticeable impact on American politics and society.

According to the judgment of Justice Marshall in the case of Marbury v. Madison, courts at all levels in the United States have the right to interpret the Constitution in individual cases, and the Federal Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress Unconstitutional 。 Today, the judicial review power of the US courts has become an important part of the US constitutional system.

amendment by interpretation

In addition to directly amending the constitutional provisions, the US judiciary can also make substantive amendments to the Constitution through precedents. The United States traditionally belongs to Common law system Therefore, the court is obliged to follow the previous jurisprudence when deciding the case. When the Supreme Court judges the relationship between some provisions of the United States Constitution and existing laws, it is in fact exercising the right to interpret the Constitution.

According to the procedures set forth in Chapter 5 of the United States Constitution, the United States Congress can pass constitutional amendments. In addition, more than two-thirds of the states in the United States can jointly propose a bill to amend the Constitution. Once the amendment is passed, it will be regarded as a part of the United States Constitution, and its effect is equal to the main text of the United States Constitution.^[5]

Some theories believe that, because the population of each state in the United States is very different, and each state maintains equality in status, the amendment procedure provided by the United States Constitution leads to the minority being able to veto the decision of the majority. In extreme cases, states with only 4% of the population of the United States can veto more than 90% of American bills. But the opposition believes that this extreme situation will not occur. However, according to the Constitution, any amendment to the constitutional amendment procedure needs to pass a new amendment, which will lead to the same situation as Article 22 of the Military Regulations.

The Constitution of 1787 did not《 Declaration of Independence 》And the constitutions of some states at that time Democratic rights Including, it was strongly opposed by the broad masses of the people. Later on Bourgeois democrats And 1789 French bourgeois revolution Under the influence of, the United States Congress passed 10 amendments to the Constitution on September 25, 1789, as supplementary provisions of the United States Constitution, which came into force on December 15, 1791 after being approved by nine states at that time.

These 10 amendments are generally called“ Bill of Rights ”。 The main content is that the Congress shall not make statements, publications, peaceful assemblies and petitions that deprive citizens free The law of; The person, residence, documents and property of citizens shall not be subject to illegal search or seizure; No one shall be deprived of his freedom, life or property, as well as some democratic rights in the judicial process, without due process of law.^[6]

Later, 17 constitutional amendments were successively added, including: Civil War The 13th to 15th amendments that came into force after the abolition of slavery and guaranteed the rights of blacks; In 1920, American women enjoyed The right to vote Amendment to Article 19 of; Effective in 1964, cancellation at election Poll tax Amendment to article 24 of the restrictions; The amendment to article 26, which came into force in 1971, on lowering the voting age of citizens. Eventually, the 27 amendments became part of the United States Constitution.^[7]

For more than 200 years, the content of the United States Constitution has been changed not only through constitutional amendments, but also through Federal Supreme Court Exercising the power of judicial review, interpreting the federal constitution, and forming through the activities of political parties, the President and Congress Constitutional practice To change the content of the Constitution to meet the changing needs of society.^[7]

List of constitutional amendments
S/N	Date of adoption	Content of amendment
one	December 15, 1791	Belief, publishing assembly 、 demonstration free
two	December 15, 1791	Freedom to carry arms
three	December 15, 1791	The army is not allowed to enter civilian houses
four	December 15, 1791	Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
five	December 15, 1791	Due process, non bis in idem innocence presumption 、 expropriation Private property needs compensation
six	December 15, 1791	Acceptance of criminal cases jury Right to trial
seven	December 15, 1791	Right to be tried by jury in civil cases
eight	December 15, 1791	Prohibition of excessively severe penalties and fines
nine	December 15, 1791	Rights not listed in the Constitution are also protected
ten	December 15, 1791	The rights not granted to the government by the Constitution belong to the states and the people
eleven	February 7, 1795	Limiting the jurisdiction of federal courts over states
twelve	June 15, 1804	Presidential election method
thirteen	December 6, 1865	abolish slavery
fourteen	July 9, 1868	Nationality a member of the House of Representatives Elections, citizens have equal rights to be protected
fifteen	February 3, 1870	Citizens shall not be restricted by the right to vote (due to factors other than gender).
sixteen	February 3, 1913	Congress income tax The right to levy
seventeen	April 8, 1913	The Commonwealth representing the states senator Must be directly elected
eighteen	January 16, 1919	Prohibition of manufacturing and transporting alcohol in the United States (later repealed by Article 21)
nineteen	August 18, 1920	Citizens' right to vote is not restricted by gender (i.e. women are given the right to vote)
twenty	January 23, 1933	Stipulate the term of office of the President and the procedures of Congress
twenty-one	December 5, 1933	Repeal of the 18th Amendment
twenty-two	February 27, 1951	The president can be re elected at most once
twenty-three	March 19, 1961	capital Washington, D.C Designate the President Electors Approach
twenty-four	January 23, 1964	The right to vote Not subject to tax restrictions
twenty-five	February 10, 1967	Succession rules for the President and Vice President
twenty-six	July 1, 1971	Protection of the right to vote for citizens over the age of 18
twenty-seven	May 7, 1992	Prohibition of Arbitrary Alteration of Members' Remuneration

Constitutional principles

Announce

edit

The Constitution of the United States is the basic law of American citizens, and it is the guiding principle of the operation of the United States government. American citizens should also follow it. The framers of the Constitution have worked hard to formulate flexible legal norms that are conducive to the future of the country.

The Constitution of the United States is based on seven basic principles: People's sovereignty 、 republic 、 federalism 、 Separation of powers 、 Restriction and balance 、 limited government 、 individual rights 。

1. People's sovereignty ——It means that the people are the masters of the country, which is not direct rule. For example, you can't do what you want or create laws. But American citizens have the right to choose representatives to make laws.

2. Republic ——People's sovereignty is also a principle of republicanism. no democrat Only the United States is a republic. American citizens vote political agent To exercise their rights.

3. Federalism ——It is a system of national management by sharing power between the state government and the federal government. The federal government only enjoys the delegated powers explicitly listed in the Constitution, while the reserved powers not listed belong to the states. That is to say, the United States, as a country, only enjoys the power conferred by the Constitution, such as the right to issue currency, and the right to declare war against foreign countries. The powers owned by the states include those that are not listed in the federal government and are not prohibited by the Constitution, such as making schools and new marriage laws. There are also some powers shared by the federal government and state governments, such as taxation. These are called concurrent powers.

4. Separation of three powers ——Articles 1, 2 and 3 of the Constitution divide the power of the government into: executive power ， legislative power , and jurisdiction 。 The separation of powers ensures that each government will not enjoy too much power. A legislature composed of representatives of Congress makes laws. The executive branch headed by the President executes the law. The judiciary, including the court system, is responsible for interpreting laws.

5. Restriction and balance ——Laws need to be passed by Congress, but the President has veto power. Even if the President passes, the Supreme Court can point out that one of the laws in it violates one of the Constitution basic principle 。 Therefore, without the approval of the other party, no department can be completely in charge.

6. Limited Government ——There is the concept of limited government in restriction and equilibrium. This ensures the mutual restriction and cooperation between various government departments. And no one can waste their power. Everyone must obey the law, without exception.

7. Individual rights—— Is a real focus of the US Constitution. It allows people to have freedom of speech and freedom of the press. be-all individual rights They are all written in the Bill of Rights, which is the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States. You can propose amendments to the Constitution. If they pass strict approval, they will become part of the Constitution. The Constitution of the United States is a legal document that can be amended and improved over time, but it still adheres to the Constitution of the United States basic principle 。

Constitutional disputes

Announce

edit

Constitution of the United States of America

Since the establishment of the US Constitution, scholars have begun to doubt its legitimacy.

For example, the historian Joseph Ellis pointed out that the members of the United States Constitutional Assembly only had the authority to amend the Confederation Act, and could not formulate a new law to replace it, so the representatives' actions exceeded their authority. In the process of constitutional voting, the Constituent Assembly did not adopt the Constitution by implementing the principle of "unanimous adoption" as stipulated in the Confederation Regulations.

However, some scholars oppose this question.

For example, Michael Farris, a constitutional lawyer, pointed out that the representatives of the Constitutional Assembly had no limits on their authority when formulating amendments. Moreover, the U.S. Constitution is, in essence Confederation Regulations One of Amendments 。 The United States Congress and all 13 states voted in accordance with the requirements of the regulations. First of all, the eleven states approved the draft constitution through a voting session held by Parliament before July 26, 1788. Second, the other two states（ North Carolina and Rhode Island ）Although they opposed the draft constitution at the beginning, they also held special meetings to approve the constitution. Therefore, in the Voting procedure The amendment on has been approved by all states.

World influence

Announce

edit

The Constitution of the United States is the earliest written constitution in world history. Since then, many countries have developed their own constitutions based on the U.S. Constitution, such as the May Constitution of Poland in 1791. in addition French Revolution His thoughts were also greatly influenced by the Constitution of the United States. After the Second World War, the United States, through its occupation of Japan and its guidance on the formulation of the Constitution《 Constitution of Japan 》It also has a very obvious impact.

original Constitution

Announce

edit

preface

First original

The original text is as follows:

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Chinese translation is as follows:

We, together with all our citizens, have formulated this Constitution for the United States of America in order to establish a good alliance, establish justice, protect national security, protect the common people, and promote public interests, so that our generation and future generations can enjoy the privilege of freedom.

(This preamble does not give or restrict the power of any subject, but only clarifies the theoretical basis and purpose of the formulation of the U.S. Constitution. Nevertheless, this preamble is especially the first“ We the people of the United States "（“ We the People ”）This paragraph has become the most frequently cited part of the United States Constitution.)

text

Article 1

Section 1 All the items granted by the Constitution legislative power Are owned by senate and House of Representatives The Congress of the United States.

Section 2 The House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected by the people of each state every two years. The electors of each state shall have the qualifications required by the electors of the largest house of the state legislature of that state.

No member of the House of Representatives shall be under the age of 25 years, a citizen of the United States less than seven years old, or a resident of a state other than his or her elected state at the time of election.

The number of the House of Representatives and the direct tax amount shall be distributed among the states according to the population proportion of the states under the jurisdiction of the Federation. The population of each state refers to the total number of free people plus 3/5 of all other populations. The total number of free people includes those who must serve for a certain number of years, but does not include Indians who are not taxed. The actual census of the population shall be conducted within three years of the first session of the Congress of the United States and every ten years thereafter in the manner prescribed by law. The number of representatives shall be limited to one for every 30000 people, but each state shall have at least one representative. Before carrying out such demographic statistics, New Hampshire 3 people can be elected, 8 people in Massachusetts, Rhode Island And Providence Plantation, 5 in Connecticut, New York 6, 4 in New Jersey, Pennsylvania 8, 1 in Delaware, Maryland 6, 10 in Virginia, 5 in North Carolina, 5 in South Carolina, Georgia 3 people.

When there is a vacancy among the elected representatives of any state, the chief executive of that state shall issue an election order to fill the vacancy.

The House of Representatives shall elect its Speaker and other officials, and shall have the sole right of impeachment.

Section 3 The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators elected by the state legislatures of each state. The term of office of the senators shall be six years, and each senator shall have one vote.

When the senators meet after the first election, they should be equally divided into three groups as far as possible: the first group of senators should be re elected at the end of the second year, the second group of senators should be re elected at the end of the fourth year, and the third group of senators should be re elected at the end of the sixth year, so that 1/3 of the total number of senators can be re elected every two years.

In any state Parliament adjourns During the period, if there is a vacancy of senators due to resignation or other reasons, the chief executive of the state can appoint temporary senators before the next meeting of the state legislature to fill the vacancy.

No member of the Senate shall be a person under the age of 30 years, a citizen of the United States less than nine years old, or a resident of a state other than his or her elected state at the time of election.

The Vice President of the United States shall be the President of the Senate, but shall not have the right to vote unless the affirmative and negative votes of all the senators of that House are equal.

The Senate shall select other officers of the Senate, and in the absence of the Vice President or in the exercise of the powers of President of the United States, shall elect a temporary President.

The Senate has full power to hear all impeachment cases. When the hearing is held for impeachment, the senator shall take an oath or make a solemn declaration. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside over the trial. No one shall be convicted without the consent of two thirds of the senators present.

Judgments in impeachment cases shall be limited to removal from office and disqualification from holding and enjoying honorary, fiduciary, or high-yield positions in the United States; However, convicted persons shall still be prosecuted, tried, sentenced and punished according to law.

Paragraph 4 The time, place and manner of the election of senators and representatives shall be determined by the state legislatures themselves, but except for the place of the election of senators, the Congress may at any time prescribe or change such provisions by law.

The Congress shall meet at least once a year, and shall meet on the first Monday of December, unless otherwise specified by law.

Section 5 Each House shall examine the election of its members, the report on the results of the election and the qualifications of its members; The presence of more than half of the members of each House shall constitute a quorum; If the quorum is not enough, the meeting can be adjourned day by day, and the absent members can be forced to attend the meeting in accordance with the methods and penalties prescribed by each House.

Each House may formulate its rules of procedure to punish members who disturb order, and may expel members with the consent of two-thirds of the members.

Each court shall keep the minutes of its own meetings and publish them from time to time, except for those parts that it deems necessary to keep confidential; The affirmative and negative votes cast by members of each House on any question shall be recorded in the minutes of the meeting at the request of 1/5 of the members present.

During the session of Congress, one House may not adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other House, nor may it move from the meeting place of the two Houses to another place.

Section 6. Senators and representatives shall receive such remuneration for their services as may be prescribed by law and paid from the treasury of the United States. Members of both houses of Congress, except for treason, felony and crimes against public order, shall not be arrested while attending meetings of their respective houses of parliament and on the way to and from their respective houses of parliament; They shall not be questioned anywhere else for their speeches or debates in their respective houses of parliament.

During the period of their election, senators or representatives shall not hold any civil office established or increased by the United States authorities during that period; A person serving under the United States shall not serve as a member of any House of Congress while he continues to serve.

Section 7 All tax collection bills shall first be proposed by the House of Representatives; However, the Senate can propose or endorse amendments as it does other bills.

Every bill passed by the House of Representatives or the Senate shall be sent to the President of the United States before it becomes law; The President shall sign the bill if he approves it; If it is not approved, the bill shall be returned to the House that proposed the bill with a letter of objection. The House shall record the presidential objection in detail in the minutes of the meeting of the House and conduct reconsideration. If, after reconsideration, 2/3 members of the House agree to pass the motion, it shall be sent to the other House together with the objection, and the other House shall also be reconsidered. If approved by 2/3 members of the House, the motion shall become law. However, in this case, the votes of both houses shall be decided by affirmative votes and negative votes, and the names of the members who voted for or against shall be recorded in the minutes of each house. If the bill is not returned within 10 days (except Sunday) after it is sent to the President, it shall be deemed to have been signed by the President, and the bill shall become a law; However, if the Congress adjourns and prevents the return of the bill, the bill cannot become law.

All orders, resolutions or votes (except those relating to the question of adjournment) that require the unanimous consent of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall be sent to the President of the United States. The above orders, resolutions or votes shall not take effect until they are approved by the President. If the President does not approve the bill, it shall be passed by 2/3 members of the Senate and the House of Representatives in accordance with the rules and restrictions specified for the bill.

Section 8. The Congress shall have the following powers:

To regulate and collect direct taxes, indirect taxes, import taxes and excise taxes in order to repay national debts, provide common defense and public welfare of the United States, but all indirect taxes, import taxes and excise taxes shall be unified nationwide;

To borrow money in the name of the United States;

To regulate trade between the United States and foreign countries, between states, and with Indian tribes;

To formulate national uniform naturalization regulations and bankruptcy law;

To coin money, determine the value of national currency and foreign currency, and determine the standards of weights and measures;

To establish penalties for counterfeiting United States securities and currency;

Set up post offices and open up postal routes;

Protect the patent rights of authors and inventors for their works and inventions within a limited period of time, so as to promote the development of science and practical skills;

The establishment of courts at all levels lower than the Supreme Court;

Clearly define and punish the crimes of piracy and serious crimes committed on the high seas, as well as those violating international law criminal act ；

Declare war, issue arrest permits and retaliatory arrest permits for enemy ships, and formulate regulations on land and water arrest;

To recruit and provide for the army, but the period of appropriation for this purpose shall not exceed two years;

Equip the navy and provide supplies; To provide for the organization, equipment and discipline of the militia to be called up, and to provide for the management of the part of the militia that may be called up to serve the United States; However, the power to appoint militia officers and to train the militia in accordance with the provisions of Congress shall be reserved by the states;

In any case, exercise exclusive legislative power over the area (not exceeding 10 square miles in area) transferred by certain states to the United States and accepted by Congress as the seat of the government of the United States; And exercise the same power over all places purchased by the United States in the State with the consent of the legislature of the State for the construction of fortresses, arsenals, arsenals, shipyards and other necessary buildings.

To make such laws as may be necessary and proper for the exercise of the foregoing powers and all other powers conferred by this Constitution on the Government of the United States or any agency or officer thereof.

Section 9 The Congress shall not prohibit the immigration or entry of persons that any of the existing states deems acceptable until 1808; However, taxes or duties not exceeding US $10 per person may be levied on the entrants. The privilege enjoyed under the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless the public security needs to stop this privilege in the event of rebellion or invasion.

No passing Civil rights Act of deprivation or retroactive law.

No poll tax or other direct tax shall be levied, except for the tax levied according to the proportion specified in the previous article of this Constitution for the census or statistical results.

No direct or indirect taxes shall be levied on goods imported from any state.

No trade or tax regulations shall give preferential treatment to ports in one state over ports in another state, and no vessel sailing to or from one state shall be compelled to enter, leave or pay customs duties in another state.

except on the merits of law It is not allowed to draw money from the national treasury beyond the specified appropriation; Reports and accounts of the receipts and payments of all public funds shall be published from time to time.

The United States may not grant Nobility ； A person who holds any position of trust or high profit in the United States shall not accept any gift, gratuity, office or title from any foreign monarch or country without the permission of Congress.

Article 10 No state may conclude a treaty or join any alliance or confederation; No permit for seizing enemy ships or retaliatory arrest permit shall be issued; No coins shall be minted; No credit bonds shall be issued; You must not Gold and silver coins Anything other than Legal tender ； No civil rights deprivation act, retroactive law or law impairing contractual obligations shall be passed; No title of nobility shall be granted.

No state may impose import duties or indirect taxes on imports or exports without the consent of Congress, except those absolutely necessary to implement the inspection laws of that state. The net proceeds of all indirect taxes and import duties levied by any State on imports and exports of goods shall be used in the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to revision and control by Congress.

No state, without the consent of the Congress, shall levy tonnage taxes on ships, maintain troops or warships in peacetime, conclude agreements or treaties with another state or foreign country, and carry out war unless it has actually suffered invasion or encountered imminent danger.

Article 2

Paragraph 1 executive power Belongs to the President of the United States of America. The term of office of the President is four years, and the term of office of the Vice President is the same as that of the President. The method for electing the President and Vice President is as follows:

Each state shall appoint a number of electors in the manner prescribed by its legislature, the number of whom shall be equal to the total number of senators and representatives that the state shall appoint to Congress; However, no Senator or Representative or any person holding a trust or high-yield office in the Government of the United States shall be elected as an elector.

The electors shall meet in this state and vote for two persons, at least one of whom shall not be a resident of the same state as the elector. The voters shall make a list of all the candidates and the number of votes each person has received, and calculate the number of votes. The person who gets the most votes will be elected president if the number of votes exceeds half of the total number of voters.

If more than one person obtains half of the votes and the number of votes is equal, the House of Representatives shall immediately vote for one of them to be the President. If no one obtains more than half of the votes, the House of Representatives shall, in the same manner, elect one person as President from among the five persons with the largest number of votes on the list. However, when the House of Representatives elects the President, it shall vote by state, and the representatives of each state shall have one vote; The quorum for electing the President in this way is 2/3 of the states in the country. Each state has one or more representatives present, and must obtain more than half of the votes of all states before being elected. After the election of the President, the person who gets the most votes from the electors is elected as the Vice President; However, if two or more persons obtain equal votes, the Senate shall vote to elect one of them as Vice President.

The Congress may determine the time of election of the electors and the date of their voting, which shall be uniform throughout the country.

No person shall be elected President except a citizen born in the United States or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. A person under the age of 35 and living in the United States for less than 14 years shall not be elected President.

If the President is removed from office, dies, resigns, or loses the ability to perform the powers and duties of the President, the office shall be transferred to the Vice President; When both the President and the Vice President are removed from office, die, resign, or lose the ability to perform the powers and duties of the President, the Congress may, in accordance with the law, declare an official to act as President, and that official shall be the President until the President resumes his capacity to serve or a new President is elected.

The President shall be remunerated for his services within the specified time, which shall not be increased or decreased during his election as President. The President shall not receive any other remuneration from the United States or any State during his term of office.

The President shall make the following oath or solemn declaration before taking office:

"I solemnly swear (or solemnly declare) that I will faithfully perform my duties as President of the United States and do my utmost to scrupulously abide by, safeguard and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section 2. The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and shall act as Commander in Chief when the militia of each state is called upon to perform tasks for the United States; He may require the competent officials of each administrative department to submit written opinions on any matter concerning their duties. In addition to impeachment, he has the right to grant probation and amnesty to those who violate the laws of the United States.

The President has the right to conclude treaties, but he must seek the views and consent of the Senate, which must be approved by two-thirds of the senators present; The President shall propose candidates and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, envoys and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officials of the United States not expressly provided for in this Constitution but to be appointed in accordance with the law. Congress may make laws to delegate the power of appointment of these lower level officials to the President himself, or to the courts, or to ministers, as appropriate.

During the recess of the Senate, if there is a vacancy, the President has the right to appoint officials to fill the vacancy. The term of office ends at the end of the next session of the Senate.

Section 3 The President shall regularly provide the Congress with reports on national conditions and propose to the Congress such measures as he deems necessary and appropriate for its consideration; In extraordinary times, the President may call two or one of the two chambers to meet. If the two chambers disagree on the time of recess, the President may adjourn the two chambers until such time as he deems appropriate; The President shall receive ambassadors and envoys; He shall supervise the effective implementation of all laws and appoint all officials of the United States.

Section 4. The President, Vice President, and all other civilian officials of the United States shall be removed from office when they are impeached and found guilty of treason, bribery, or other serious and minor crimes.

Article 3

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in the Supreme Court and in such lower courts as the Congress may from time to time order. Judges of the Supreme Court and lower courts shall be remunerated for their services within the specified time if they continue to serve faithfully. Such remuneration shall not be reduced during their continued service.

Paragraph 2 jurisdiction The scope of application is as follows: all common law and equitable cases arising from the Constitution, the laws of the United States and treaties concluded or to be concluded under the power of the United States; All cases involving ambassadors, other envoys and consuls; All cases relating to maritime law and maritime jurisdiction; Actions involving the United States; Litigation between two or more states; Litigation between citizens of one state and another; Litigation between citizens of one state and citizens of another state; Lawsuits between citizens of the same state against the ownership of land transferred by other states; Litigation between a state or its citizens and a foreign country or foreign citizens or nationals.

For all cases involving ambassadors, other envoys and consuls, as well as those involving states, the power of first instance belongs to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in all other cases mentioned above, whether legal or factual, subject to the exceptions and rules provided by Congress.

All crimes, except impeachment, shall be tried by jury; The trial shall be conducted in the state where the crime occurred; However, if it occurs in more than one state, the trial shall be conducted in one or more places as prescribed by the law of Congress.

Section 3. Only those who wage war against the United States, or who attach themselves to, help, or shelter the enemies of the United States, may commit treason. No person shall be convicted of treason unless two witnesses prove his flagrant act of treason or he pleads guilty in open court.

The Congress has the right to declare punishment for treason, but the deprivation of civil rights of treason criminals shall not affect the rights and interests of their heirs. Except for those who are deprived of civil rights for life, it shall not include Confiscation of property 。

Article 4

Section 1 Each state shall give full trust and respect to the public decrees, records and judicial proceedings of other states. The Congress may by general law prescribe the method and effect of such acts, records and judicial proceedings.

Article 2 Citizens of each state shall enjoy all the privileges and immunities of citizens of other states.

Where a person charged with treason, felony or other offences in any state is seized in another state, that state shall, at the request of the administrative authority of the state from which he fled, surrender him for custody to the state having jurisdiction over the offence.

When a person who is required by the law of one state to perform military service or servitude in that state escapes to another state, he shall not be released from military service or servitude under any law or regulation of the state he escapes to, but shall be surrendered at the request of the party entitled to military service or servitude.

Section 3. The Congress may permit new states to join the Union, but shall not form or establish new states within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor shall it merge parts of two or more states to establish new states without the consent of the relevant state legislature and Congress.

Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all necessary statutes and regulations of the territory or other property of the United States; Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to the detriment of any right of the United States or of any particular State.

Section 4. The United States shall safeguard the republican form of government of the Federal States, protect them from invasion, and shall, at the request of the State Legislature or the Chief Executive of the State (when the State Legislature cannot be convened), pacify civil strife.

Article 5

The Congress shall propose amendments to the Constitution when two thirds of the members of each house deem it necessary, or convene a public meeting to propose amendments at the request of two thirds of the state legislatures. The amendments proposed under any of the above circumstances, once approved by the national state parliament or the constitutional assembly of three quarters of the states, will become part of the Constitution and become effective; Which approval method can be proposed by Congress. However, the amendments enacted before 1808 shall not in any way affect the first and fourth paragraphs of the ninth paragraph of Article 1 of the Constitution; No State shall be deprived of its equal right to vote in the Senate without its consent.

Article 6

All debts incurred and all contracts signed before the entry into force of this Constitution shall remain valid for the United States after the entry into force of this Constitution, as in the days of the Confederacy.

This Constitution and the laws of the United States made thereunder and all treaties concluded or to be concluded under the powers of the United States shall be the supreme law of the country; The judges of each state shall abide by the Constitution or laws of any state even if they contradict them. Nothing in the Constitution or laws of any state that contradicts them shall violate this Constitution.

The said senators and representatives, members of the state legislatures, and all administrative and judicial officials of the United States Government and the states shall swear or solemnly declare their support for this Constitution; But religious belief shall not be taken as a necessary qualification for holding any office or public office in the United States.

Article 7

The ratification of the Constituent Assembly of nine states is enough to establish this Constitution in the states that have ratified it.

This Constitution was enacted on September 17, 1787, the 12th year after the independence of the United States of America, with the unanimous consent of the participants from all states attending the Constitutional Convention. We hereby sign our names in witness.

George Washington

Chairman Representative of Virginia

===============================================

Amendments

In accordance with the provisions of Article 5 of the Constitution, the Constitution of the United States of America proposed by the Congress and approved by the state legislatures has the following additions and amendments:

The following one to ten amendments, also known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791.

Article 1 of the Amendment to the Constitution, the Congress shall not make laws on the following matters: establishing state religion or prohibiting freedom of religious activities; Deprivation of freedom of speech or of the press; The people shall be deprived of the right to peaceful assembly and petition the government.

Article 2 of the Constitution Amendment: Well managed militia is the guarantee Free State The right of the people to hold and carry weapons must not be violated.

Article 3 of the Amendment to the Constitution: Soldiers shall not be stationed in any civilian house in peacetime without the permission of the owner of the house; During the war, people are not allowed to enter civilian houses except in accordance with the law.

Article 4 of the Amendment to the Constitution The right of the people to protect their person, housing, documents and property from unreasonable search and seizure shall not be infringed; No search and seizure warrant shall be issued unless there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is guilty, swear or solemnly declare and guarantee, and list in detail the place to be searched, the person or thing to be detained.

Article 5 of the Amendment to the Constitution, without a report or prosecution by a grand jury, no one will be punished for capital crimes and other felonies, except for cases that occurred in the army, navy or militia in service in wartime or in times of national crisis. No one shall be endangered by life or physical disability twice due to the same criminal act; They shall not be forced to testify against themselves in any criminal case; Unjustified legal proceedings , shall not deprive anyone of his life, liberty or property; Without proper compensation, it is not allowed to private property Act as public.

Article 6 of the Amendment to the Constitution In all criminal proceedings, the defendant shall enjoy the following rights: a prompt and public trial shall be conducted by a fair jury in the state or region where the crime occurred, and the region shall have been determined in advance by law; Know the nature and cause of the controlled event; Confront the plaintiff witness; Obtain evidence in his favor through compulsory procedures, and obtain the help of lawyers to defend him.

Article 7 of the Constitutional Amendment customary law In litigation, if the dispute value exceeds 20 dollars, the right to trial by jury should be protected; After the facts of the case have been determined by the jury, no court in the United States may try the case again unless in accordance with the rules of customary law.

Article 8 of the Amendment to the Constitution shall not require too much bail or impose too heavy fine Or inflict cruel and unusual punishment.

Article 9 of the Constitutional Amendment The enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution shall not be interpreted as denying or belittling other rights held by the people.

Article 10. The powers not granted to the United States nor prohibited by the Constitution to the states shall be reserved by the states or the people respectively.

Article 11 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified in 1798] The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed as extending the admissibility of any action at law or in equity brought or sued by citizens of another state or any foreign citizen or national against any state of the United States.

Article 12 of the Constitutional Amendment [approved and effective in 1804] The electors shall meet in this state to vote for the President and Vice President, and at least one of the President and Vice President shall not be a resident of the elector's state; The elector shall write the name of the person elected as President on the ballot paper and the name of the person elected as Vice President on the other ballot paper. The elector shall make a list of all the persons elected as President and Vice President respectively, indicating the number of votes each person has received, sign the list as a witness, seal it, and send it to the seat of the government of the United States and submit it to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall open all certificates in front of all members of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and then count the votes. The person who gets the most votes for the president will be elected president if he gets more than half of the total number of voters. If no one obtains more than half of the votes, the House of Representatives shall immediately vote to elect one of them as President from the list of persons elected as President (no more than three persons) with the largest number of votes. However, when the House of Representatives elects the President, it shall vote on a state by state basis. Representatives of each state shall have one vote. The election of the President requires more than half of the votes of all states. If the power to elect a President is transferred to the House of Representatives and the House has not elected a President before March 4 of the next year, the Vice President shall act as President in accordance with the death of the President or other provisions of the Constitution concerning incapacity. If the number of votes obtained by the person who receives the most votes from the Vice President exceeds half of the total number of voters, he or she will be elected as the Vice President. If no one obtains more than half of the votes, the Senate shall elect one of the two persons who obtain the most votes from the list as the Vice President. The quorum for the election of Vice President in this way is 2/3 of the total number of senators, and the election of Vice President requires more than half of the total number of senators. However, a person who is not eligible to be elected President of the United States according to the Constitution shall not be elected Vice President of the United States.

The first paragraph of Article 13 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified in 1865] shall not allow slavery or forced servitude in the United States or any place under its jurisdiction, except for the punishment of convicted criminals.

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to implement the provisions of this Article by appropriate legislation.

Article 14 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified and effective in 1868], paragraph 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction of the United States are citizens of the United States and the state in which they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law that deprives citizens of the privileges or immunities of the United States; No state may deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law; Nor shall they deny equal legal protection to anyone under their jurisdiction.

Section 2. The number of members of the House of Representatives shall be distributed in proportion to the total population of each state, with the exception of non tax Indians. When the right of male residents of each state who have reached the age of 21 and are citizens of the United States to elect the electors of the President and Vice President of the United States, the representatives of Congress, the administrative and judicial officials of the state, or the members of the state legislature is revoked or deprived, except for those who participate in rebellion or commit other crimes, The number of representatives of the state shall be reduced in proportion to the number of male citizens mentioned above and the total number of male citizens of the state who have reached the age of 21.

Section 3. Those who have been members of Congress, officials of the United States, members of the state legislature, or state administrative or judicial officials, who have sworn to uphold the Constitution of the United States, but who have participated in the riot or rebellion against the United States, or given help or shelter to the enemies of the United States, shall not be members of Congress or representatives, presidential and vice presidential electors, or serve as civil servants in the United States or any state Military officials. However, Congress can remove this restriction by two-thirds of the votes of each house.

Section 4. The validity of the legally recognized public debt of the United States, including the debt arising from the payment of pensions and bonuses for those who have rendered meritorious service in pacifying riots or rebellions, shall not be doubted. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation arising from the financing of insurrection or conspiracy against the United States, or any claim for compensation for the loss or liberation of any slave; All such debts, obligations and demands shall be deemed illegal and void.

Section 5. Congress shall have the power to implement the provisions of this article by appropriate legislation.

Article 15 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified in 1870] Paragraph 1 The United States or any state shall not deny or deprive citizens of the right to vote of the United States because of race, color, or previous slavery.

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to implement the provisions of this Article by appropriate legislation.

Article 16 of the amendment to the Constitution [approved and entered into force in 1913] The Congress has the power to regulate and levy income taxes on income from any source. Income tax income does not have to be distributed among the states in proportion, nor does it need to consider any census or statistics.

Article 17 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified and entered into force in 1913] The Senate of the United States is composed of two senators elected by the people of each state. The senators have a term of office of six years and each has one vote.

State electors shall have the qualifications necessary for the electors of the largest chamber of the state legislature.

When there is a vacancy in the Senate seat of any state, the administrative authority of that state shall issue an election order to fill the vacancy; However, the legislature of any state may authorize the chief executive to make a temporary appointment before the people elect to fill the vacancy in accordance with the direction of the legislature.

This amendment shall not affect the election or term of office of any Senator elected before the ratification and entry into force of this section as part of the Constitution of the United States.

The first paragraph of Article 18 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified in 1919] prohibits the brewing, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquor in the United States and all territories under its jurisdiction, and prohibits the import or export of such liquor to the United States and all territories under its jurisdiction.

Section 2. The Congress and the States shall have the power to implement the provisions of this section by appropriate legislation.

Section 3 This article shall not take effect unless it is approved as an amendment to the Constitution by the state legislatures in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution within seven years from the date when the Congress reaches the states.

Article 19 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified in 1920] The United States or any state shall not deny or deprive citizens of the right to vote in the United States on the basis of sex.

Congress shall have the power to enforce this provision by appropriate legislation.

Paragraph 1 of Article 20 of the Constitutional Amendment [approved and effective in 1933] If this article has not been approved, the terms of office of the President and Vice President shall be terminated at noon on January 20 of the year when the original term of office expires, and the terms of office of senators and representatives shall be terminated at noon on January 3 of the year when the original term of office expires; The term of office of his successor begins at this time.

Section 2 The Congress shall meet at least once a year, and the date of the meeting shall begin at noon on January 3, unless otherwise provided by law.

Paragraph 3 If the President elect dies before the beginning of the prescribed term of office, the Vice President elect shall become President. If the President has not been elected before the start time of the specified term of office of the President, or the President elect is unqualified, the Vice President elect shall act as President until one President elect is qualified; In the event that neither the President elect nor the Vice President elect is qualified, the Congress may decide by law on the candidate for acting President or on the way to choose acting President, and such person may act as President in accordance with the law until one President or Vice President is qualified.

Section 4 When the right to elect the President is transferred to the House of Representatives, and one of the persons who can be elected as President by the House of Representatives dies; Or the right to elect a Vice President is transferred to the Senate, and when one of the persons who can be elected as Vice President by that House dies, the Congress can make a decision on this situation by law.

Paragraph 5. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall enter into force on October 15 after the ratification of this article.

Article 6 This article shall cease to have effect if it is not approved as an amendment to the Constitution by three fourths of the state legislatures within seven years from the date when the Congress reaches the states.

Article 21 of the Constitution Amendment [ratified and entered into force in 1933] Section 1 Article 18 of the Constitution Amendment of the United States is hereby repealed.

Article 2 The transportation or importation of intoxicating liquor in the states, territories or possessions of the United States for the purpose of delivering or using intoxicating liquor in violation of relevant laws shall be prohibited.

Section 3 This article shall not be effective unless it is approved as an amendment to the Constitution by the three fourths of the state legislatures within seven years from the date when the Congress reaches the states.

The first paragraph of Article 22 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified and entered into force in 1951], no one may be elected to the presidency more than twice; No person who has served as President or Acting President for more than two years in another person's term of office shall be elected to the office of President more than once. Provided that this section shall not apply to any person who was holding the office of President at the time when this section was proposed by Congress; Nor shall it prevent any person who may hold the office of President or act as President during the term of office of the President in which this Article comes into effect from holding the office of President or acting President before the end of this term of office.

Paragraph 2 This article shall not come into force unless it is approved as an amendment to the Constitution by three fourths of the state legislatures within seven years from the date when the Congress submits it to the states.

Section 1 of Article 23 of the Amendment to the Constitution [ratified and entered into force in 1961] The special zone in which the government of the United States is located shall appoint a number of electors for the President and Vice President in the manner designated by Congress. For this purpose, the special zone shall be regarded as a state, and the number of electors shall be equal to the total number of senators and representatives of Congress that it has the right to elect, But not more than the number of electors in the least numerous state; The above electors are added in addition to the electors elected by the states, but for the purpose of electing the President and Vice President, they shall be regarded as the electors elected by a state. They shall meet in the Special Zone and perform their duties in accordance with Article 12 of the Constitutional Amendment.

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to implement the provisions of this Article by appropriate legislation.

Paragraph 1 of Article 24 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified and entered into force in 1964] The United States or any state shall not deny or deprive citizens of the United States of their right to vote in any primary or other election for the President or Vice President, the electors of the President or Vice President, or senators or representatives, on the ground that they have not paid poll tax or other taxes.

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to implement the provisions of this Article by appropriate legislation.

Paragraph 1 of Article 25 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified and entered into force in 1967] If the President is removed from office, dies or resigns, the Vice President shall become the President.

Section 2 In the event of a vacancy in the office of Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President, who shall take office with the approval of a majority vote of both houses of Congress.

Paragraph 3 If the President submits a written statement to the Provisional President of the Senate and the President of the House of Representatives declaring that he is unable to perform his powers and duties, his powers and duties shall be performed by the Vice President as Acting President until he submits a written statement to the contrary.

Paragraph 4 If the Vice President and most of the principal officials of the executive departments or such other institutions established by the Congress according to law submit a written statement to the provisional President of the Senate and the President of the House of Representatives about the President's inability to perform his powers and duties, the Vice President, as the Acting President, shall immediately assume the above powers and duties.

Thereafter, when the President submits a written statement to the Provisional President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives that his disability does not exist, unless the Vice President and most of the principal officials of the executive departments or such other institutions established by the Congress according to law submit a written statement to the Provisional President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives that the President is unable to perform his powers and duties within 4 days, The President shall restore his powers and duties. Congress should rule on this. If the meeting is adjourned, a meeting shall be convened for this purpose within 48 hours. If the Congress, within 21 days after receiving the written statement, or within 21 days after being called during the recess, decides by two-thirds of the votes of both houses that the President cannot perform his powers and duties, the Vice President shall continue to perform the above powers and duties as Acting President; Otherwise, the President shall restore his powers and responsibilities.

Article 26 of the Constitutional Amendment [ratified in 1971] Paragraph 1 The United States or any state shall not deny or deprive citizens of the United States of the right to vote who have reached the age of 18 years or over because of their age.

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to implement the provisions of this Article by appropriate legislation.

Article 27 of the Amendment to the Constitution [ratified and entered into force in 1992]

change senate and House of Representatives The law on the salary of members of Parliament must come into force after the election of the next deputy.^[5-7]

Signatory

There are 39 signatories in total.^[8-9]

Representative State State	Name		occupation Occupation	faith Religion
Representative State State	chinese	english	occupation Occupation	faith Religion
North Carolina North Carolina	William Blount	William Blount	politician	the Presbyterian Church member
	Richard Dobbs Specter	Richard Dobbs Spaight	politician	Anglican
	Hugh Williamson	Hugh Williamson	educator	Presbyterian Church Member/ Deism person
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania	George Clymer	George Clymer	businessman	Quakers Believers/Deists
	Thomas Fitzsimmons	Thomas Fitzsimons	businessman	Rome Catholicism Apprentice
	Benjamin Franklin	Benjamin Franklin	inventor	Deist
	Jared Ingersoll	Jared Ingersoll	lawyer	Presbyterian
	Thomas Mifflin	Thomas Mifflin	businessman	Quaker teaching Apprentice/ Ludezong believer
	Gouvernail Morris	Gouverneur Morris	lawyer	Anglican
	Robert Morris	Robert Morris	businessman	Anglican
	James Wilson	James Wilson	lawyer	Anglican Church Deist
Virginia Virginia	George Washington	George Washington	soldier	Anglican
	James Madison	James Madison	politician	Anglican
	John Blair	John Blair	lawyer	Anglican
Connecticut Connecticut	William Samuel Johnson	William Samuel Johnson	lawyer	Anglican
Connecticut Connecticut	Roger Sherman	Roger Sherman	Lawyer/businessman	Congregationalist
Maryland Maryland	Daniel Carroll	Daniel Carroll	a farmer	Roman Catholics
	Daniel St. Thomas Jennifer	Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer	lawyer	Episcopal Church Believers
	James McHenry	James McHenry	doctor	Presbyterian
Massachusetts Massachusetts	Nathaniel Golem	Nathaniel Gorham	businessman	Congregationalist
Massachusetts Massachusetts	Rufus King	Rufus King	lawyer	Anglican
South Carolina South Carolina	Pierce Butler	Pierce Butler	Soldiers/politicians	Anglican
	Charles Cotsworth Pinckney	Charles Cotesworth Pinckney	lawyer	Anglican
	Charles Pinkney	Charles Pinckney	lawyer	Anglican
	John Rutledge	John Rutledge	lawyer	Anglican
New York New York	Alexander Hamilton	Alexander Hamilton	lawyer	Anglican
Delaware Delaware	Richard Bassett	Richard Bassett	lawyer	Methodist Church cathars
	Little Ganning Bedford	Gunning Bedford Jr.	lawyer	Presbyterian
	Jacob Bloom	Jacob Broom	businessman	Ludezong believer
	John Dickinson	John Dickinson	lawyer	Quaker teaching Deist
	George Reed	George Read	lawyer	Anglican
New Hampshire New Hampshire	Nicholas Gilman	Nicholas Gilman	businessman	Congregationalist
New Hampshire New Hampshire	John Landen	John Langdon	businessman	Congregationalist
New Jersey New Jersey	David Brielly	David Brearly	lawyer	Anglican
	Jonathan Dayton	Jonathan Dayton	lawyer	Anglican
	William Livingston	William Livingston	lawyer	Presbyterian
	William Pedersen	William Paterson	lawyer	Presbyterian
Georgia Georgia	Abraham Baldwin	Abraham Baldwin	Pastor/Lawyer	Congregationalist
Georgia Georgia	William Few	William Few	lawyer	Methodist

Novice on the road

Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself

I have questions

Content query Online Service Official post bar Feedback

Complaints and suggestions

Report bad information Failed to appeal through entries Complaint of infringement information Blocking query and unblocking

Jinggong Network Anbei No. 1100000200001