synonymUS general election(US general election) generally refers to the US presidential election
Implemented by the United StatesPresidential system，presidential electionIt is held every four years.The American presidential election system is complex and the process is long.The main procedures of the election include preliminary elections, the holding of national congresses by all parties to determine presidential candidates, presidential candidates' election, national voters' election of presidential "electors", and the establishment of "electors"Electoral CollegeVote to formally elect the President and the President electinaugurationWait several stages.
according toAmerican electoral systemThe President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College, not directly by the voters. The person who obtains more than half of the electoral votes is elected President.When voters cast their ballots on election day, they should not only choose among presidential candidates, but also elect representatives from 50 states andWashington DC538 voters to form the Electoral College.Most states and Washington, D.C. implement the winner take all policyWinner takes all）Rules, that is to sayElectoral voteAll are given to presidential candidates who have obtained a relative majority of votes in their own state or territory.The elected elector must swear to vote for the candidate who wins in the state when the electoral college votes.Therefore, the results of the general election can usually be calculated according to the results of the state elections on the polling day of the general election.
According to the procedure,United States Senate and House of RepresentativesThere will also be a joint meeting to count the voting results of the Electoral College and announce the winner. Until then, the election process of the new president will be completed.However, for a long time, the results of the presidential election in the United States have usually been finalized on the polling day of the general election. Voting by the Electoral College and counting the votes in Congress are just ceremonial procedures and have no practical significance.
17 states in the United Statespresidential electionVoting rulesPrecedents, pass relevant legislation to2016 US Presidential ElectionFor the first time, multiple voting restrictions were implemented.Eleven of these states will require voters to show their photosIDOtherwise, you will not be entitled to vote.[1]
On January 20, 2021, Biden was sworn in as the 46th President of the United States.[2]
Chinese name
American presidential election system
Foreign name
American presidential election system
Frequency
Held every four years
Features
The electoral system is complex and the process is long
Preelection is the first stage of the US presidential election, which usually starts at the beginning of the election year and ends at the middle of the year.There are two forms of pre election, namely, party grassroots meeting and direct pre election.The former means that the two parties hold representative meetings from the bottom to the top in each state, from the election point, county, electoral district to the state level, and finally elect representatives representing their own party's voters in the state to participate in the National Congress.The latter is in the form of universal suffrage. Voters from both parties in a state go to the polling station on the same day to vote for their party's voters in the state to participate in the National Congress. This is the primary election method adopted by most states.
After the primary election, the two parties usually hold national congresses in July and August respectively.The main task of the meeting is to finally determine the President of the Partyvice presidentCandidates, and discuss and adopt the presidential election platform.
After the National Congress, the PresidentCampaignThe curtain was officially opened.This process usually lasts 8 to 9 weeks.During this period, presidential candidates from both parties will spend huge amounts of money traveling around the country, conducting advertising wars, delivering campaign speeches, meeting voters, and holding meetingsPress conferenceAnd open debate.In addition, candidates will also elaborate their policies and opinions on domestic and foreign affairs in various forms to win the trust of voters and win votes.
National voters cast their ballots on the day after the first Monday in November of the election year (November 4 in 2008 and November 6 in 2012), which is calledpresidential electionDay.according toElectoral CollegeThe number of electoral college members (also called electors) in each statefederalThe number of members is equal.Washington, D.C. also has three candidatesvote。There are 538 electoral votes in the country, and the presidential candidate must win at least 270 of them to be elected.exceptMaineandNebraskaExcept that the two states distribute the electors' votes according to the proportion of ordinary votes, all other states implement the winner's inclusion of all votes, that is, the candidate who wins the majority of the electors' votes in this state gets all the votes of the electors in that state.In most states, electors are elected by regional and state party congresses.The electors of the winning candidate's party participate in the final vote of the state electoral college.Electors usually meet in December to vote in the state capital.The voting results of the electoral college were then reported to Washington, where they were counted at the joint session of the two houses of Congress in January.Although there are some proposals from time to time in the Congress to abolish the electoral college system and replace it with votersDirect votingElect a president, but such proposals often receive little response.In addition, on the presidential election day, voters have to conduct the Senate and House of Representatives elections within the federal scope.according to1787 Constitution of the United States, Senators are directly elected by the voters of each state. Two Senators are elected from each state for a six-year term, and one-third of them are re elected every two years;The members of the House of Representatives are elected by the states according to the proportion of the population. The term of office is two years. After the expiration of the term, all members are re elected.
In this way, the United States Congress has 100 senators (with a term of six years and one third of them will be re elected every two years), 435 representatives (with a term of two years and all of them will be re elected after the expiration), plusWashington, D.CThe total number of presidential electoral votes was 538.A candidate who wins more than half of the total number of electoral votes (270) is elected president.
The real presidential election was held on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December (December 15 in 2008).At that time, the "electors" elected by the states and the District of Columbia will go to the state capitals to vote.The candidate who has won more than 270 votes will be elected president and sworn in on January 20 of the next year.
inaugurationIt is the last procedure of the presidential election in the United States. Only when the elected president touches the Bible on January 20 of the next year (historyUp divisionTheodore Roosevelt）The presidential election in the United States came to an end when he was sworn in.
stayAmerican politicsIn China, the Vice President does not work in practice.His official duty is to serve as the chairman of the Senate, but this is mainly ceremonial, because he only votes in favor of andNegative voteVote only when equal.The daily work of the Vice President is usually determined according to the requirements of the President, which is generally insignificant, such as representing the President to attend the funeral activities of foreign leaders.
According to the Constitution of the United States, if the President dies or loses his ability to work, the Vice President takes over the presidency.Becoming vice president first is one of the ways to ascend the presidency of the United States.the Second World WarSince then, three vice presidents have taken over the presidency during their term of office.Truman died because of Roosevelt,JohnsonbecauseKennedy Assassination, FordrinNixonStep down and take over as president respectively.In addition, several vice presidents also served as presidential candidates, including NixonHumphrey、MondaleAnd Bush.
Vice President of the United StatesIt is not directly elected by the American public, but selected by the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates and elected by the national congresses of both parties.When selecting a vice presidential candidate, the presidential candidate should first consider the political qualifications and conditions of the candidate, but it mainly depends on which part of the party he represents in order to achieve balance and strive for the support of the largest majority of voters.
However, the election results do not depend on the choice of the vice president by the voters, but on the presidential candidates.During the 1988 U.S. election, many Americans believed that the Republican presidential candidate Bush's running mateQueerToo young, inexperienced and unworthy of consideration, but thinks Democratic presidential candidate DukaKeithBentsen, our running mate, is experienced and popular.However, as a result of the election, Bush won and became President, and Quayle naturally became Vice President.
Vice presidential candidates are usually members of Congress, but senators have a better chance of being selected as vice presidential candidates.The reason is that once elected as Vice President, the Senator will serve as the President of the Senate, which can strengthen the relationship between the President and the Senate.
Preselection
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The first stage of the US presidential election - primary election
The quadrennial presidential election process in the United States is long and complex, mainly including preliminary elections, national congresses of all parties to determine presidential candidates, presidential candidate elections, national electionsElectoral CollegeVote and the inauguration of the President elect.The primary election is the first stage of the US presidential election and is regarded as the prelude to the US general election.This phase usually starts in February of the election year and ends in June.The majority of the party primaries are held on Tuesday.In the pre election stage, the two major political parties of the United States, Democratic and Republican, will respectively elect representatives to participate in their party's national congress in most states of the country.For a few states that do not hold primary elections, the bipartisan state committees or state congresses select representatives to participate in the party's national congress.These representatives will put forward their party's presidential candidates at the party congress.Therefore, the primary election is actually for the PresidentCandidacyThe competition for.
Voters are voting
The primary election system of each state was gradually developed after 1902.There are two forms of pre election, namely, party grassroots meetings (or "party caucus meetings") and direct pre election.
The "primary election" is in the form of a general election. Two party voters in a state arrive on the same dayPolling stationVote to elect their "committed representatives" (or "sworn representatives", which must be sworn in before the National Party Congress, that is, the nomination meeting, and the local will as the basis for voting) to attend the party's National Congress (nomination meeting),And indicate thatA candidate who supports his party.The form of "primary selection" is more formal.Most states in the United States use this form of primaries.
State presidential primaries will produceHonshu"Commitment delegates" who participate in the National Congress promise to support a candidate of their own party based on the pre election results.The number and distribution mechanism of "commitment representatives" of the two parties are different.The Democratic Party generally allocates the number of delegates according to the support rate of each candidate in the primary election.In some states, the Republican Party allocates the number of delegates according to the support rate of the candidates, and in other states, it implements the rule of "all wins".In addition to the "committed representatives", a small number of "uncommitted representatives" (referred to as "super representatives" by the Democratic Party) also participated in the party congress.They are mainly party celebrities, such as members of the party's National Committee, senators or governors, and party leaders;They are not elected through primary elections, and can not promise to support a candidate before the party congress.
The performance of candidates in the primary election is mainly measured by the proportion of the "committed representatives" of the party they have won, rather than the level of their support rate.If the candidates of both parties want to win the presidential nomination, they need at least the support of more than half of the representatives of the National Party Congress.
In the Democratic Party, each state has a certain number of representatives, and the candidates can get the corresponding number of representatives according to the voter support rate in the primary election.Of the 4049 delegates in 2008, 3253 were elected in state primaries, and the remaining 796 "super delegates" were elected byDemocratic National CommitteeMembers, Democratic senators or governors, and party leaders are automatically awarded.At the end of AugustDenverAt the nomination meeting, the candidates who have won the support of more than 2025 delegates will run for president on behalf of the Democratic Party.
In terms of the Republican Party, some states, like the Democratic Party, allocate the number of delegates according to the support rate of the candidates, while others implement the "winner takes all" rule (such as New Jersey, New YorkVirginia15 states).At the Republican nomination conference held in Minneapolis in early September 2008, a total of 2380 delegates voted for the presidential candidate, including 1917 "committed delegates", that is, the delegates who indicated their support for the candidate before the meeting.There are also 463 "uncommitted representatives", 123 of whom are members of the Republican National Committee. The candidate who has won the support of more than 1191 delegates will win.
For decades,IowaandNew HampshireIt has always been the state where the first grass-roots party meeting and the first primary election are held in the US election year.In the pre election stage, the size and population of a state are not directly proportional to the state's influence on the whole election. The most important thing is the pre election date - the earlier the date, the greater the impact.Therefore, although Iowa and New Hampshire are small states“Wind vane”And“barometer”The role of the two parties has attracted great attention from candidates of both parties and various media.
After the primary election, the two parties will usually hold national congresses in July and August respectively to determine their presidential candidates.At the national congress of both parties, the candidate who gets the support of the most attendees can be elected as the presidential candidate of the party.
according toConstitution of the United StatesThe electoral college system is adopted in the presidential election of the United States.The Electoral College system has experienced more than 200 years of development and evolution since it was first implemented in 1788.
The Electoral College system stipulates that the President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College elected by the state legislatures, rather than by the voters directly.The presidential candidate has won 50 states andWashington DC538 in totalElectoral voteMore than half (more than 270) can be elected.
According to the law, the national voter vote is held on the day following the first Monday in November of the election year (Tuesday).National Voting Day is also called Presidential Election Day.Since the electoral college system is adopted in the US presidential election, the presidential election day is actually the "elector" who elects to represent the voters.
Each state of the United States has the same number of electoral votes as it has in Congress.according to hoyle,United States CongresssenateIt is composed of two members elected by each state, and the number of members of the House of Representatives is determined according to the population proportion of each state, and the proportion is adjusted every 10 years.As a result, states with large populations have more House members and more electoral votes in presidential elections.Such as the most populousCalifornia55 electoral votesAlaskaThere were only three electoral votes.In view of this situation, in previous presidential elections, states with large populations have become important targets for presidential candidates.
Number of electoral votes, reflecting state powerThe principle of equality, depending on the number of members of Congress in each state.For example, each state has two senators and at least one representative in Congress, so any state has at least three votes.But in large states with large populations, in addition to these three votes, the more members of the House of Representatives, the more voters will vote.In 1961,Amendments to the Constitution of the United StatesApproving Washington, D.C., can have presidential electors like states.Thus, the United States Congress has 100 senators, 435 representatives, plusWashington, D.CThe total number of presidential electoral votes is 538.
The Electoral College system also stipulates that, in addition toMaineandNebraskaThe two states arevoteIn addition to the distribution of voter votes, the remaining 48 states and Washington, D.C., implement the "winner wins all" system, that is, give all the electoral votes of the state to the presidential candidates who have obtained the relatively majority of popular votes in the state.Due to the large difference in the number of electoral votes in each state, it is possible that the presidential candidate who accumulates more votes in the national general election cannot win the presidential election.American historyThe above situation has occurred many times in the past (1876, 1888, 2000, 2016). Although some presidential candidates obtained less thancompetitorBut was elected because of the large number of electoral votes.The most recent one happened in 2016, when the Republican presidential candidate Trump was nearly 3 million votes behind the Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the general election, he defeated the Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton with 306-232 electoral votes and was elected as the new president.
The United States Constitution also stipulates that if all candidates fail to obtain more than half of the electoral votes, the House of Representatives will elect the President from the top three candidates who obtain the most votes.In 1824,John Quincy Adams It was under such circumstances that he was finally designated as President after a vote by the House of Representatives.
Electoral college systemIt's the United Statesrepublic、federalismandPrinciple of decentralization and checks and balancesThe combination is also the result of compromise and coordination among various interests, so there must be defects and drawbacks that are difficult to overcome.The United States has been calling for the reform of the Electoral College system, but due to various factors, the reform has been unable to proceed.
Electoral vote
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The President of the United States is elected by national voters, but not by direct election, but by the Electoral College.Voters voted for 50 states andDistrict of Columbia538 voters.The presidential candidate won more than halfElectoral vote(at least 270) to win.
Each state of the United States has the same number of electoral votes as it has in Congress and the House of Representatives.senateIt is composed of two members elected by each state, andHouse of RepresentativesThe number of legislators is determined by the proportion of the population of each state.States with large populations have more House members, andpresidential electionThey also had many electoral votes.Such as the most populousCalifornia55 electoral votesAlaskaThere are only three electoral votes in other states.Although the District of Columbia does not participate in the House of Representatives, it still has three electoral votes.
exceptMaineandNebraskaIn addition to the two states' distribution of electoral votes according to the winning rate, the other 48 states and the District of Columbia all implement the "winner wins all" system, that is, all the electoral votes in the state are given to the presidential candidate who has won the most popular votes in the state.
Voting time
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The polling day of the US general election is the day after the first Monday in November (that is, Tuesday between November 2 and November 8).Since the United States spans six time zones, and some states cross time zones, the start and end times of voting vary from state to state, or even from east to west in the same state.
be locatedNortheast United StatesTwo small towns in New HampshireUS Eastern TimeAt 00:00 (13:00 Beijing time), voting began.The latest voters were Alaska andHawaii, about half a day later (early morning Beijing time the next day).
Voting stations around the country are generally open for 12 hours.beautifulEastern Time18: 00 (07:00 the next day Beijing time),IndianaMost regions andKentuckyThe eastern half ended voting at the earliest.At 00:00 a.m. EDT (13:00 p.m. Beijing time) the next day, the vote in Alaska will be closed at the latest.
The results of the local vote counting can be announced after the polling stations are closed.The national preliminary voting results are generally produced after 22:00 Eastern Time (11:00 the next day Beijing Time).
Battleground state
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Every time in the presidential election of the United States, the election of the "battleground states" is of particular concern.
"Battlefield State", also known as“Swing state”States where there is a small gap between the support rates of candidates from both parties.Battlefield states includeIndiana、Virginia, Ohio andFloridaEtc.Compared with the "battleground state", if the candidate has obvious advantages in a state, that state is called the "safe state".During the campaign, candidates usually focus on "battleground states" to try to expand their advantages.
Voting method
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According to US media reports, two-thirds of voters will manually fill in paper ballots, which will be scanned and counted by machines, and the remaining one-third will vote by machines.
Both voting methods have advantages and disadvantages.Paper ballots are considered more reliable, butScannerSometimes there are problems, resulting in slow voting process and improper selectionVoided ticketAnd so on.
Machine voting is divided into electronic voting and touch-screen voting.About a quarter of voters use electronic voting. Because there is no written record, voters have no way to know whether their votes have been recorded,Indiana、Kentucky, PennsylvaniaVirginia、Texas、TennesseeThese states use electronic voting.Georgia、New JerseyEight other states used touch screen voting.This voting method has written records, but sometimes the machine will have problems, resulting in record errors.
17 states in the United Statespresidential electionVoting rulesPrecedents, pass relevant legislation to2016 US Presidential ElectionFor the first time, multiple voting restrictions were implemented.Eleven of these states, includingWisconsin、North CarolinaAnd Texas will require voters to show their photosID(Among the certificates with photos, the driver's license is the most commonly used. People who can't drive can apply for "stateID”Substitution), otherwise they will not be entitled to participate in the voting.[1]According to statistics in 2012, about 21 million voters in the United States did not have any photo certificates issued by the government.The vast majority of these people are low-income people who can neither afford to buy a car nor have the opportunity to fly, especially a large number of ethnic minorities at the bottom of society.The U.S. Voter Registration Act of 1993 stipulates that the government providespublic serviceIn the process of registration, eligible voters receiving services must be registered at any time.here we areElection Day, voters need toa registration formFind your name on.Next, most states require voters to use photo IDSocial Security numberCard, electricity bill, bank certificatesocial welfareCheck your name and vote in any way.There are also dozens of states that do not require anyIdentificationOnly the voters need to check the name of the registration form and sign to confirm the correspondinglegal responsibilityOK.
Voting rate
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according toamerican university U.S.AvoterThe Research Center predicted on the 2nd that the number of voters in the US general election is expected to reach 135 millionVoting rateIt may be close to 65%, thus reaching the highest level since 1960.In 2004, the number of voters in the United States was 122 million, with a 55% turnout.
Exit Poll
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Shortly after the presidential election votecivil mediationOrganizations or media inPolling stationThe exit conducted a survey of voters, and most of the polls were consistent with the final election results.Exit Poll With its timeliness andAccuracyGet eachBig mediafavor.
Dispatched by pollstersVisitorIt will appear in front of more than 1300 polling stations in the United States, and the survey will sample more than 100000 voters.In order to avoid prejudice, the interviewer selects one person from every five voters or every ten voters to inquire according to the number of polling stations.The interviewers will record their age, race, gender and other characteristics for experts to analyze their voting intentions.
In the second half of 2017, the famous American actor Dwayne Johnson confirmed in an interview with Variety that he would consider participating in the US presidential election.He said that he could not have an acting career and politics at the same time, considering that the next two or three years have been scheduledmovie theater scheduleThe most realistic is to consider the 2024 election.[5]
Dwayne Johnson
Disturb the election
Both democratic and republican parties are right2020 US Presidential ElectionThe results of the counting of votes and possible electoral disputes are tense.Worried about the social unrest after the election, many businesses and even some in Washingtonfederal governmentThe door and window of the department are reinforced with wood plates,national guardA relevant response force was established.industrydata displayThe sales of guns and ammunition in the United States continued to rise this year.《the atlantic 》Quoted in the reportamerican university Academician Cynthia Miller Idris said, "All indications indicate that the current risk of violence is high."[6]
AI election situation
Reported on May 3, 2023Biden After announcing his re-election last week, the Republican National Committee immediately released an advertisement attacking him. This 30 second short film proudly attached a disclaimer: "This film is completely generated by artificial intelligence (AI) graphics tools." Experts said that this advertisement foreshadowed the presidential election in 2024, which is expected to become the first AI election cycle in American history,AI may play a key role in determining votes.
Democratic Representative Yvette Clark proposed a bill to require political advertisements to disclose the use of AI to generate images.Clark said in a statement: "In the upcoming 2024 election cycle, for the first time in the history of the United States, AI generated content will be used for political advertisements of campaigns, political parties and super political action committees. If AI generated content can manipulate and deceive people on a large scale, it may have devastating consequences for our national security and electoral security."[7]
US Media Measurement
In January 2024, it was reported that according to the estimation of several American media, Trump won the Republican Iowa primary election in the 2024 presidential election in the United States.[8]
