USGSIts main responsibilities are: responsible for natural disasters, geology, resources, geography, environmentBioinformationScientific research, monitoring, collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination in such fields as;Long term monitoring and assessment of natural resources nationwide;Provide decision-making departments and the public with extensive, high-quality and timely scientific information, serve the country and the worldMinistry of the InteriorOther bureaus provide the required data and information.
USGS
The scientists of this organization mainly study the topography, natural resources and natural disasters of the United States and their coping methods (such as earthquakesVolcano eruption、Debris flowEtc.).This department is responsible for four major sciencescategory: Physicsgeography、geologyAnd hydrology.
Organization
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For more than 100 years, in order to meet the needs of rapid economic and social development, its organizational structure has undergone many adaptive changes and adjustments, and derivedU.S. governmentMany other institutions, such asU.S. Bureau of Reclamation（1902）、U.S. Bureau of Mines（1910）、Federal Power Commission(1920), U.S. Bureau of Animal Husbandry (1934)USMA（1982）。In 1982, USGS carried out a large-scale institutional adjustment. A quarter of the overall staff and funds were transferred to the newly established Mineral Administration, the Land and Mineral Protection Division and the Geoscience Application Division were abolished, and the Information System Division and USGS Information System Committee were established.In 1995, USGS experienced a survival crisis and was almost withdrawn.In 1996,Ministry of the InteriorNational Institute of BiologyIncorporated into USGS.USGS hasBiologyDivisionGeographyDivisiongeologyAndwater resource4 operation offices, budget office, liaison office, geographic information officeAdministrative policyWith the service office andHuman Resources Office5administrative managementDepartment.USGS is headquartered inVirginiaReston, stillColoradoDenverandCaliforniaMenlo ParkTwo central and western offices (the central center and the western center) have been set up, and nearly 400 offices have been set up in states and some countries.
Development history
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The United States Geological Survey was established on March 3, 1879, with a history of more than 100 years.It is one of the few government agencies in the United States that has maintained its original name and mission for such a long time.The US GS is part of the United States Department of the Interior and is staffed byassistant ministerDirector, whose purpose is to "classify public land and investigate nationalgeological structure Mineral resources and products ".USGS is different from development andcoordinating bodyIt is basically a scientific research organization.
Although the basic direction of USGS has not changed in its development history of more than one hundred years, in each historical period, the political, economic, science and technology of the United States at that timeDevelopment levelIts focus is different, and its research fields and objects are also changing.From the initial establishment of only 38 members, with an annual financial expenditure of only 106000 dollars, to 1993, there were 8620 permanent staff, 1730 temporary members, and an annual expenditure of up to 670 million dollarsEarth sciencemajorThe development history of research institutions is thought-provoking, and the successful experience is worth learning.[1]
Scientific research team
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At the beginning, USGS Construction Bureau had only 38 people, and in 2000, it had various disciplinesDomain experts、Engineering techniciansandAdministrative personnelThere are more than 10000 in total.Personnel are mainly concentrated in three regional centers.Among more than 10000 employees,scientific and technical personnel75%, 60% of them have bachelor's degree or above, and 13% have doctor's degree.The distribution of the central squadrons in the three regions is that the eastern central squadrons are distributed in 26 states in the eastern United States, with 3300 employees and 200Field base(including 24 regional hydrological offices, 6 biological science offices, 7Geological teamAnd 4 geological surveying and mapping teams), and set up offices in LEETOWN, RESTON and NORCROSS.Central regionThe center team is distributed in 15 states in the central United States, with 3130 employees, 60% of whom haveSenior professional title13% have doctor's degree, 890 stations, 74 dispatched offices, 5 biologicalScience Center, 5 geological science centers, 3 mapping and data processing centers, 15Regional hydrologyTeam.The central teams in the western region are distributed in 9 states (including 7 western states, Hawaii andAlaska）There are 2700 employees in total.
The United States engages in basicPublic geological workIn addition to the 10000 person federal geological survey team directly under the USGS, there are also survey teams from the geological survey agencies of each state.According to the relevant data provided by the American Association of Geologists, there are 50
The state geological survey organization has a team of more than 1000 people, most of whom are between 30 and 100 in each state. However, due to the different conditions in each state, the distribution of local survey personnel is extremely uneven, with nearly 100 people at most (such asGary Fornia Prefecture Geological SurveyInstitute 80Many people), and only a few people (such asHawaiiOnly two people), and some states do not have special teams (such asMassachusetts）。The state geological survey team is mainly concentrated in 32 states of the United States. In 2001, there were 810 people, of which 389 were engaged in resource geology, accounting for 48%Environmental geology335 people, accounting for 41%,Other personnel86, accounting for 11%.US relatedGeologistIt is believed that the reasonable structure of the geological survey team of the prefecture in the future should be:HydrogeologyPersonnel account for 30%, engineering geological personnel account for 20%,GISPersonnel account for 20%,Energy mineralsGeological personnel account for 15%, and other geological personnel account for 15%.
Business area
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When USGS was first established in 1879, it was mainly engaged in water exploration in the west.Subsequently, the field of work gradually widened.Two major changes are that in 1900, he began to work internationallyGeological workThe work field has expanded from home to abroad;Since 1960Lunar geologyThe working field extends from the earth to the moon.But over the years, USGS's mainjob contentfocus onGeological mappingandmineral resourcesSurvey, mappingGeographical surveyandTopographic surveyandWater resources surveyThree main aspects.With the development of the situation and the adjustment of the institutions, especially after the survival crisis in 1995, the experience and lesson USGS gained is that the survival and development of USGS depends on the demand capacity of the whole society, and it must maintain better contact with users to meet the changing national needs.The key areas of its work have also changed, mainly as follows: environmental geological work has been strengthened, and geological disaster research has been increased;The geological research work has been strengthened, and the nationalGeological mappingCooperation plan(1:2000 geological mapping in the United States has covered 25% of the land area);Greatly enhancedcomputer technologyThe GEONET network and a series of geosciences special databases have been built,Research and developmentOut“Earth information system”And so on, greatly improvedinformation serviceFunctions (Since 1992, all mapping has been required to be digitized, and by the beginning of this century, only 1%geological mapDigitization);But mineral resourcesResearchThe position of the work has declined (as far as mapping is concerned, 15 years ago the focus was on mineral resources, while this century the focus was on environment and water).In 1997-2005strategic planUSGS focuses on resources, environment, geological and hydrological disasters, anddata Integration andinformation managementOn the four major themes, we emphasize the use of our own science andTechnical advantagesAddress the most important concerns of the countryresources, environmental, disaster and information issues.
AsUnited States Department of the InteriorThe only natural science institutionnatural resourcesCarry out nationwide long-term investigation, monitoring and evaluation;Provide decision-making departments and the public with extensive, high-quality and timely scientific information, serve the country and the worldMinistry of the InteriorOther bureaus provide the required data and information.Specifically
Carry out large-scale and multi-disciplinary investigation on the earth to establish the earthknowledge base；
yesnatural disasterThe possible areas and the possible hazards and risks to citizens shall be scientifically assessed;
Long term monitoring of natural disasters in order to detect and report natural disasters in a timely manner;
Assist federal, state, and local governments in responding to disaster emergencies;Provide scientific information to minimize the loss of human life and property caused by natural disasters;
On the quantity, quality andAvailabilityConduct scientific assessment;
Establish long-termEnvironment databaseAnd monitoring, analysisprediction model To enhance the understanding of the evolution of substances, chemistry and biology in nature and the causes ofhuman activityTo provide scientific information, reduce adverse impacts and maintain the health of the national environment.
In the long runworking processIn China, the USGS not only has relations with the bureaus of the Ministry of the Interior, but also has relations withfederal governmentMinistry of Agriculture、Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of DefenseNational Science Foundation、Environmental Protection BureauFederal Emergency Management Agency, Ministry of Energy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NationalAerospaceGood cooperation and service relations have been established among the Administration, state governments, local governments, industry and universities, with stable contact institutions and pragmatic cooperation mechanisms.Through cooperation, we not only won project funds, but also learned about government departments, enterprises andThe publicDemand for geological work and timely provision of geological achievementssocialized services。At the same time, USGS has also established extensive business cooperation and contacts with international organizations and abroadthe United NationsAnd some projects entrusted by some countries.USGS and the Ministry of Water Resources, the State Seismological BureauState Bureau of Surveying and Mapping、China Geological SurveySigned a cooperation agreementMineral Resources Evaluation, coalNatural gas hydrateAnd other aspects of business cooperation.USGS believes that they are world leaders in the field of geological science.
The funds of USGS are mainlyGovernment appropriation。Since the beginning of this century, the annual budget of the government has been about 900 million dollarsOther incomeWith more than 200 million dollars, the government appropriation accounts for about 80% of the total expenditure, with a relatively stable growth every year. From 1997 to 2003, the government appropriation increased from 744701 million dollars to 919272 million dollars, with an average annual growth of 20.57%.
Strategic direction
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In response to national needs and changes in the forefront of global development, USGS released the report "Facing Tomorrow's Challenges - U.S. Geological Survey's Science Strategy 2007-2017" in 2007.In the report, USGS proposed that the U.S. Geological Surveyscientific researchOfStrategic direction: Improve the rightecosystemOfCognitive level, predict ecosystem changes and ensureNational economyAnd the future of the environment;climateVariabilityUnderstand the past and assess the consequences with climate change;The future energy and mineral resources of the United States areResource security, environmental healthEconomic vitalityandland administrationProvide scientific basis;National disaster, risk and recovery assessment to ensure the long-term life andProperty security；Environment andWildlifeThe effect on human health and the establishment ofRisk identificationSystem;U.S. Water Resources Survey,quantitative study Predict and guarantee the safety of freshwater resources in the future.
October 2009Academician of the American Academy of SciencesMcNutt, a famous geophysicist, was appointed Director of the US Geological Survey, becoming the first female leader of USGS since its founding 130 years ago.After taking office, McNutt conducted a comprehensive assessment of the scientific work of USGS and found that its existing management structure was not conducive to scientists' interdisciplinary scientific research work, so he called for lobbying to reform and adjust the internal management organization of USGS, and obtainedHouse of RepresentativesAnd the Ministry of the Interior.McNutt believes that the natural disasters facing the United StatesWater security、energy resourcesDemand, disease control, climate change, etcMajor issuesInterrelated and interlaced, requiring multidisciplinaryCross domainJoint research;USGS must adapt to this situation, break the traditional disciplinary boundaries, andStrategic issuesOrganize and carry out scientific research.Based on this idea, McNutt made the following adjustments to the internal organization of USGS: revoke the compliance with theTraditional disciplinesThe established business management organization shall set up a new business management organization in accordance with the strategic direction for major strategic issues;Three regional centers in the east, middle and west were removed, and the original eight regional centers were reduced to Alaska, Northwestthe pacific oceanWait for 7 regional centers to promote businessFlat Management ；Based on the "Facing Tomorrow's Challenge - U.S. Geological Survey's Science Strategy 2007~2017", the scientific strategic plan is prepared according to the strategic direction.[2]
Norms of translated names
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United States Department of the InteriorThe English full text of USGS is the United States Geological Survey, and there are usually two translations in Chinese, namely, USGS andUSGS。
But, inUSGSThe Chinese page of the website uses“USGS”The words are not consistent with the common translation method in mainland China, and some overseas Chinese media also use this translation method.
