synonymCalifornia, USA(California, USA) generally refers to California (the western administrative state of the United States)
California (English: California) is a state in the southwest of the United States. It is called California for short, and is also called the Golden State.It borders the Pacific Ocean in the west, Oregon in the north, Nevada in the east, Arizona in the southeast, and Mexico in the south.California has a coastline of 2030 kilometers long, with a total area of about 424000 square kilometers.[3]By 2024, the total population will be 38.88 million.There are 58 counties in California, with Sacramento as its capital.[2-4]California has a diverse population structure, including Hispanic, Asian and African Americans.[3]
California has a variety of landforms, among which Mount Whitney and Death Valley represent the highest and lowest points of the 48 states in the United States.[2]The hydrological system of California is affected by the topography and climate. The southern desert area is dry with little rain, while the northern coastal area is rainy and snowy in winter. The overall climate of California is humid and rainy in winter and dry in summer.[3]European expeditions in the 16th and 17th centuries opened Spain's colonial rule over California. In 1804, the region became part of the new Spanish governor's area.After Mexico's independence in 1821, California became part of Mexico until it was ceded to the United States after the Mexican American War in 1848.California became the 31st state of the United States on September 9, 1850.[5-6]
By 2022, California's GDP will reach 3.6 trillion US dollars and per capita GDP will be 92190 US dollars.[7]California's characteristic industries include information technology industry, biotechnology industry, environmental protection industry, agriculture, aerospace industry, film and television entertainment industry, etc.[3]It has gathered many top enterprises in the world, including Apple, Oracle, HP, Paramount, Fox, Warner Brothers, etc;As well as world-renowned universities, such as the University of California, California Conservatory of Music, etc.[8]
There are many versions of the story about the origin of the name of California, one of which is widely accepted that the name comes from the Spanish chivalric novel Esplendor de la California ó rnia (meaning "the glory of California") in the 16th century, where "California" refers to a fictional island located on the Indus River in Asia,The island in the novel is a place full of gold and precious stones.The explorer Hernando de Alarc ó n first used this name in geography. He was a Spanish explorer who explored the Gulf of California in 1542 and named it "California".[13]
In addition, there is another saying that the name "California" can be derived from the Spanish words "caliente" (meaning "hot") and "fornalha" (meaning "stove" or "stove"), which, when combined, means "hot stove", which may be related to the climate characteristics of some areas in California.[13]
Historical evolution
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Aboriginal Period
About 20000 years ago, the first humans in Asia migrated to California through the Bering Strait.On this land, due to the natural isolation of mountains and deserts, more than 500 Native American tribes have formed, and they have developed their own unique cultures, including the Pomo, Trova, Miwok, Maidu, Kato, Wentong, Kavira, Chemewei, Chumashi, Karok, Mojave, YokutPaiute and Modoc, etc.These tribes usually exist in the form of peaceful family clans, lacking complex political structures.[5]
By the middle of the 18th century, when Spanish missionaries first arrived in California, it was estimated that there were about 30000 aborigines, accounting for 13% of the total population of North American aborigines at that time.However, in the following centuries, due to disease, forced labor of the Spanish Mission, and the activities of American settlers at the end of the 19th century, the population began to decrease gradually.[5]
Spanish Period
The first Europeans to explore the coast of California were members of the Spanish maritime expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542.Entrusted by Antonio de Mendoza, the governor of New Spain, Cabrillo explored and searched for trade opportunities. They entered the Gulf of Santiago on September 28, 1542, and reached at least San Miguel Island northward.The privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed the undefined part of the California coast in 1579, and landed north of San Francisco.In 1587, the first group of Asians, namely Filipino sailors, arrived at Moro Bay by Spanish ships.Sebastian Wizcaino explored and mapped the coast of California for the New Spanish team in 1602, and landed in Monterey.Although California was explored in the field in the 16th century, it was still marked as an island on many European maps until the 18th century.[5-6]
The Potola Expedition in 1769-1770 was a key event for Spanish colonization in California, which led to the establishment of several missionary districts, fortresses and villages.The military and civilian units of the expedition were led by Gaspar de Potola, while the religious part was led by Junipero Serra.In 1769, they established a mission and a fortress in Santiago, the first religious and military settlement of the Spanish in California.In 1770, they established a fortress and mission in Monterey Bay.After the Potola expedition, the Spanish missionaries led by Serra began to establish 21 missionary districts along El Camino Rear, 16 of which were selected during the expedition.Many of California's major cities, including San Francisco, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara, grew out of these missionary districts.[5-6]
Juan Bautista de Anza led an expedition into the interior and north of California from 1775 to 1776. He chose many places to build missions, fortresses and villages.The expedition member Gabriel Moraga named many famous rivers in California, such as the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River.After the expedition, Jose Joaquin Moraga discovered San Jose Village in 1777, becoming the first city established by civilians in California.[5-6]
In 1776, Spain established the San Juan Capistrano Mission, the third mission in California.At the same time, sailors of the Russian Empire also explored the northern coast of California and established Rosburg Trade Station in 1812, which was mainly used to provide food for the Russian colony of Alaska. However, the settlement failed and was abandoned in 1841.[5-6]
Mexican Period
After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain.Then in 1822, California became a province of Mexico.Under the rule of Mexico, the region developed a ranch based culture, and Mexico's free trade policy promoted trade between California and the United States and Britain.[5-6]
In 1826, the hunter Jedediah Smith led the first group of American citizens to enter this area by land.In 1841, John Bidwell and John Bartelson led the first group of organized American immigrants to settle in California.Subsequently, American immigrants continued to pour in, and by the mid 1840s, their number had exceeded that of local Mexican citizens.[5-6]
Seeking independence
In 1846, American immigrants rebelled against Mexican rule and declared California an independent country. This event was called "Bear Flag Uprising" in history.[5-6]
However, what the leaders of what was later called the Bear Flag Uprising did not know was that the United States had declared war on Mexico. When Brigadier General John D. Slote of the United States occupied Monterey and raised the American flag in the city, the rebels gave up their rule.A few weeks after the concept of independence began, they declared their allegiance to the United States.[14]
Joining the United States
In the mid-19th century, with the tension between the United States and Mexico, American explorers and troops began to enter California.John Charles Fremont's exploration activities, as well as the actions of the United States Navy, have increased the suspicion of the Mexican government and local residents of the United States' intentions.During this period, the United States government showed interest in territorial expansion, and war broke out with Mexico.[15]
A month after the Bear Flag Uprising, the US military took control of California.In January 1847, California actually surrendered to the United States.With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, California was formally ceded to the United States.Finally, California joined the United States of America directly as the 31st state on September 9, 1850, without being established as a transitional territory of the United States.[5-6]
Gold Rush and Immigration
On January 24, 1848, James Marshall discovered gold in the sawmill built by Sutter Mill in Coloma, California, which triggered the famous California gold rush.Most of the original gold miners were immigrants from outside the United States, including Mexico, Chile and China.After President James Polk admitted the discovery the previous year, gold miners, known as "49 people", began to flow into California in 1849.[5]
In 1849 alone, more than 100000 people migrated to California from the United States and all over the world (including Europe, Australia, New Zealand and China).Some of them came to look for gold, while others opened bars and other business activities.Between 1847 and 1860, the population of the state tripled to 308000.The gold rush has greatly changed the lives of California's Native Americans, who were almost wiped out in a few years due to the large-scale migration.Although most gold miners did not get rich, between 1850 and 1859, miners did mine 28280711 ounces of pure gold.[5]
By the 1870s, almost all of the 63000 Chinese immigrants in the United States lived in California, and anti China sentiment rose accordingly.The Chinese participated in the construction of the transcontinental railway in the 1860s, and then turned to agriculture in the early 1870s.This, combined with the economic recession in the 1870s, led to the adoption of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which prohibited Chinese immigrants until China became an ally of the United States in the Second World War.[5]
The passage of the Immigration and Naturalization Act in 1965 opened up the immigration policy of the United States, and then people from all over the world began to flow into California, especially immigrants from Mexico, China, the Philippines, Central America and India.The passage of this bill marks a major change in the United States' immigration policy, bringing new demographic structure and cultural diversity to California.[5]
Divisive crisis
In the middle of the 19th century, there was a separatist trend in California, especially Spanish speaking residents and southern Californians who supported slavery were dissatisfied with the state government's tax and land laws, and they advocated that southern California should be independent from California.In 1855, the California House of Representatives passed a plan to split California into two new states: Colorado and Shasta.The reason behind this proposal is that the huge area of California is out of proportion to its number of representatives in the United States Congress, and the distance between the state capital and the southern region leads to governance difficulties.[16]
Although the House of Representatives passed the split plan, the California Senate did not, because in their view, the priority of splitting California is lower than other more urgent political matters.In 1859, considering the huge differences in culture and terrain, the legislature of California approved the "Bico Act", which planned to divide California into two parts according to the 36 degrees north latitude line, with Colorado Territory in the south and California in the north.This measure was supported by more than 75% of local voters.[16]
However, with the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and the emergence of the split crisis in the United States, the Congress did not vote on the split proposal of California.Shortly afterwards, the Civil War broke out. This historical event finally led to the shelving of the proposal for the separation of California. California maintained its status as a unified state and supported the Northern Federation during the war.[16]
Since the 20th century
On April 18, 1906, a large earthquake occurred on the coast of Northern California, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9, and the maximum McCalli intensity of VII to IX.From Eureka on the north coast to Salinas Valley, an agricultural area in the south of the San Francisco Bay Area, high intensity shocks were felt.A devastating fire broke out soon in San Francisco and lasted for several days.More than 3000 people died and more than 80% of the city was destroyed.[17]
Since 1908, the mild climate of California has attracted many film studios to move here from the east coast. At the same time, Thomas Edison has many film patents and frequently forced film producers to stop working by legal means, while California has not enforced these patent provisions, which provides a more relaxed creative environment for film producers.Therefore, Hollywood has rapidly risen to become the center of the American film industry, bringing huge economic profits and attracting a large number of talents and capital.[18]
In 1913, the California government promulgated the Alien Land Act, which prohibited Asian immigrants, including Japanese, from owning land.[19]
In 1939, William Hewlett and David Packard, students of Stanford University, invented the audio oscillator.Their success led Stanford University to establish the Stanford Research Institute, which gave birth to other successful companies such as GE, Kodak and Lockheed.So Silicon Valley was born.Apple, Microsoft, PlayStation and many other companies have all started here, promoting the economic take-off of California.[18]
In 1960, California passed the Master Plan of California Higher Education to develop an efficient public education system.[20]
In 1962, California surpassed New York as the most populous state.[21]
On January 7, 2019, in Sacramento, California, USA, Gavin Newson, the new governor of California, was sworn in as the 40th governor of California.[22]
On September 30, 2020, California Governor Gavin Newson signed and passed a bill to make the Chinese Lunar New Year a legal holiday in California.[23]
physical geography
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Location context
California is located in the southwest of the United States, between 32 and 42 degrees north latitude, with a total coastline of 2030 kilometers, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the west, Oregon in the north, Nevada in the east, Arizona in the southeast, and Mexico in the south.It is 1600 kilometers long from north to south and 413 kilometers wide from east to west. By 2022, the prefecture will cover an area of 403500 square kilometers[1], the third largest state in the United States (after Alaska and Texas).[3]
climate
The overall climate of California is temperate, rainy and humid in winter, with an average temperature of 7 ℃ - 17 ℃;It is dry and sunny in summer, with an average temperature of 15 ℃ - 26 ℃;The average annual precipitation is only 357 mm.[26] The climate conditions in the whole prefecture are diverse. The southern desert area is relatively dry, and the northern coastal area has more rain and snow in winter.【2】 The highest temperature ever recorded in California was 134 ° F (57 ° C) on July 10, 1913, which is also the highest temperature ever recorded on the earth.The lowest temperature was - 45 ° F (- 43 ° C) on January 20, 1937.[24]
geology
The geological history of California spans a long period. Its oldest rocks can be traced back to the Proterozoic era 1.8 billion years ago, mainly distributed in the San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains and the Mojave Desert.During the Paleozoic, a shallow continental shelf was formed in eastern California, where a large amount of limestone was deposited. These sediments are widely distributed in the Sierra Nevada, the Cramas and the eastern transverse mountains.During the Mesozoic Triassic, active subduction contributed to the beginning of the Nevada orogeny. With the formation of large granite intrusions, dry land conditions increased and the oceans retreated westward.During the Jurassic period, this orogeny was further accelerated, and deep sea basins were continuously filled with sediments, such as the large valley beds in coastal mountains.During the Cenozoic era, volcanic activity occurred in the marginal area of California, and marine sedimentary rocks were widely deposited in the central valley, transverse mountains and coastal mountains, forming deep sedimentary sequences in places such as the Los Angeles Basin, Eel River Basin and Ventura Basin.The San Andreas fault became very active after the Miocene, and had a profound impact on the geological structure of California, possibly leading to a crustal displacement of 560 kilometers.These geological activities together shape the topography of California, affect the distribution of its natural resources, and continue to have an impact on the geological stability and geomorphic evolution of California.[25]
topographic features
California is famous for its extreme geographical diversity, with a variety of landforms ranging from vast coasts to mountains and deserts.Mt. Whitney and Death Valley are the highest and lowest points of the 48 states in the United States, highlighting the changeable terrain of the state.The average altitude of California is about 885 meters. Its main geographical areas include the Sierra Nevada in the east, the coastal mountains in the west, the Central Valley, and the Mojave Desert and Colorado Desert in the southeast.The Central Valley is an important agricultural land irrigated by the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River, while the Coastal Mountains are a mountain system stretching more than 1900 kilometers, providing an important water source for California.In addition, California has many mountains with an altitude of more than 3000 meters, such as Williamson Mountain and Shasta Mountain.Yosemite Valley is a narrow canyon in the middle of high mountains, while the coastal mountains are composed of forest covered ridges and ridges.Due to the continuous uplift of the crust, the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coastal Mountains were formed, while the crust continued to sink, thus forming the Central Valley and the Great Basin.[3][26]
Hydrology and water conservancy
hydrology
There are many rivers and lakes in California, including Sacramento River, Smith River, Cramas River, Shasta Lake, New Melonese Lake, and Berissa Lake.[27]
Sacramento River
Sacramento River[28]
Sacramento River is the longest river in California. It originates near Shasta Lake in the Cascade Mountains, flows about 400 miles southward, passes through the Sacramento Valley, and finally flows into San Francisco Bay.This river is an important water source in California, which is mainly used for agricultural irrigation, urban water supply and hydropower generation. It is also an important habitat for biodiversity. Wetlands and marshes along the river support rich wildlife.The Sacramento River Basin is one of the major agricultural areas in California. It produces a variety of crops and makes an important contribution to the state economy.In addition, the Sacramento River is also connected to the huge water conservancy infrastructure in the state, including reservoirs, canals and hydropower stations. It is a key component of California's water resources management.[28]
water conservancy
The southern part of California is short of water resources, and adequate water supply is crucial for agriculture and industry, so California has built more than 1000 dams and reservoirs.[26]hisThey include Shasta Dam, Oroville Dam, Hoover Dam, Whiskey Town Dam, etc.[28]
Shasta Dam
Shasta Dam[29]
Shasta Dam is a concrete arch gravity dam located in Dorsino County, Northern California, USA, across the Sacramento River.The dam is about 183 meters high. It is the eighth highest dam in the United States, supporting Shasta Lake. It is one of the largest reservoirs in California, providing flood control, irrigation, hydropower and leisure activities.The Shasta Dam is an important water conservancy facility in California, which is particularly critical for regional water resources management and agricultural irrigation.[29]
natural disaster
Due to its special geographical location and changeable climate conditions, California is often faced with the threat of a variety of natural disasters, among which flood, fire and earthquake are the most important types of disasters in the state.Flood caused by excessive rainfall and fire accompanied by strong wind and drought are the most common disasters.For example, between 1950 and 2017, the Governor issued 309 emergency statements, of which about 40% were related to floods and about 30% were related to fires.Although the occurrence frequency of major earthquakes is relatively low, accounting for only 7% of the state of emergency declaration, their potential destructive power is enormous. Two of the three deadliest disasters in history were caused by earthquakes.[30]
flood
Some areas of California face higher flood risk due to geographical location and topographic characteristics.Since 1992, each county in the state has been declared a federal disaster area at least once due to flood events.In particular, Sacramento Valley and other areas are more vulnerable to floods due to their proximity to major rivers.Historically, California has experienced many major flood events, such as the serious floods in the central and northern regions in 1997, which caused 48 counties to be affected and caused economic losses of $1.8 billion.In recent years, the abnormally high precipitation in 2017 has triggered local floods, mudslides and road damage in many parts of the state, and the governor announced that 52 counties have entered a state of emergency.Especially when the spillway of Oroville Dam was damaged by erosion, it once faced the risk of catastrophic flood, which led to the evacuation of nearly 200000 residents, highlighting the seriousness of the flood disaster in the state and the urgency of disaster response.[30]
fire
Some parts of California are exposed to high to extreme wildfire risks due to terrain, climate and forest conditions, especially in most forest areas of the state.In recent years, the frequency of serious fires has increased, and many of the largest and destructive fires in history have occurred in the past 20 years.Forest health problems, such as drought and bark beetle infestation, lead to a large number of tree deaths and increase the risk of fire.In addition, previous forest management practices, such as excessive suppression of natural medium intensity fires, led to increased vegetation density and provided more fuel for fires.The expansion of urbanization to high-risk areas is also one of the reasons for the increase in fire losses.In 2018, California experienced the most destructive fires in history, including the Mendocino complex fire, which burned more than 400000 acres of land, and the Camp fire, which destroyed more than 18000 buildings. The latter caused an estimated insurance loss of $7 billion.[30]
earthquake
Some areas of California, especially the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles area close to important fault lines such as the San Andreas Fault, are faced with high-risk earthquake damage.The potential damage of an earthquake is not only determined by the magnitude, but also affected by such factors as the depth of the earthquake, the distance from the epicenter, the intensity of the earthquake, the type of soil, and the density and type of local construction.California has experienced many destructive strong earthquakes in its history, such as the Loma Prieta earthquake that killed 63 people and injured more than 3700 people in 1989, and the Northridge earthquake that killed 57 people and injured nearly 12000 people in 1994. The economic loss of the latter was more than 15 billion dollars at that time and 26 billion dollars in 2018.[30]
natural resources
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water resource
The groundwater resources in California are extremely important. Its total storage capacity is estimated to be between 8.5 million and 13 million acre feet, which makes the available storage capacity of groundwater about 8 to 12 times the total storage capacity of all major reservoirs in California.California has 515 defined groundwater basins, providing about 94% of the groundwater used throughout the state, and the remaining 6% comes from areas outside the basin.These groundwater basins provide key water resources for agricultural, urban and environmental purposes, especially in dry years, the utilization rate of groundwater has increased significantly.However, due to excessive pumping, the groundwater level in some areas has been declining, especially in the Central Valley, where the aquifer has lost more than 100 million acres of groundwater in the past 100 years.In addition, the depth of groundwater varies greatly in the state. The median depth in the spring of 2018 is 57 feet underground, ranging from about 25 feet in the North Coast, San Francisco Bay, Sacramento River and North Lahontan Hydrological Region to 195 feet in the Tulaili Lake Hydrological Region.[31]
California carries out water resource management by dividing it into ten major basins, including the North Coast, Sacramento River, North Lahontan, San Francisco Bay, San Joaquin River, Central Coast, Tuileries Lake, South Lahontan, South Coast and Colorado River areas.Each basin contains several river basins with similar climate conditions, and the upstream areas of many basins have been used for hydropower generation.California's surface water storage strategies are diversified, involving snow water, soil moisture, surface reservoirs and other forms.Snow water, as an important source of water, releases water during the peak of water use in spring and summer, while soil water plays a supporting role in plant growth and regulation of storm runoff.There are about 1500 reservoirs in the state, with a total storage capacity of 43 million acre feet, providing necessary water resources for agricultural, urban and environmental needs.[32]
land resource
The land resources of California are extremely rich and diverse, including mountains, deserts, beaches, waters, fertile valleys and other land types.In particular, the Central Valley is a highly fertile agricultural area with San Joaquin Series, which is the official state soil of California and is famous for its unique duripan.The San Joaquin soil covers the ancient, vast and nearly flat land surface of the eastern part of the Great Central Valley in California, covering an area of about 438000 acres.These soils are critical to California agriculture, although they have certain restrictions on irrigated crops and septic tank absorption sites.[33]
Forest and grass resources
As of 2016, California had approximately 33 million acres of forest, of which 57% (19 million acres) were controlled and managed by federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forestry Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Land Administration, and the National Park Service.State and local agencies, such as the California Fire Department, local open spaces, parks, waters, and land trusts, hold an additional 3 percent of the forest.The remaining 40% of the forest land belongs to families, Native American tribes or companies.The Industrial Timber Company owns 14% of the forest land, or 5 million acres.There are also 9 million acres of forest owned by individuals, of which nearly 90% of individual forest owners own no more than 50 acres.[34]There are about 52 conifer species in California, 14 of which are endemic and only grow naturally in the state.About 58% of the state's forests are dominated by conifers.[35]Mixed conifer types (mainly Douglas fir, yellow pine, sugar pine, Jeffrey pine, cedar and white fir) cover about 7.8 million acres.Huangsong type covers 2.2 million acres;The subalpine type (especially the foxtail pine and hemlock) covers about 390300 acres.Other western conifers cover an area of about 1.5 million acres.Oak (hardwood) woodland covers 13 million acres.[36]
plant resources
California has six unique life zones, including the lower reaches of Sonoran (desert), the upper reaches of Sonoran (foothills and some coastal areas), the transition zone (coastal and humid northeastern counties), and Canada, Hudson and the Arctic, the latter including the highest altitude area in California.These areas are rich in plant species, ranging from the native cactus and leguminous shrubs in Sonoran Desert to Fremont poplar and valley oak in the central valley, to the unique shrubbery and herbs in the upper reaches of Sonoran, as well as the ancient forests such as redwoods and giant redwoods in the transition area.The high altitude areas in Canada are dominated by Jeffrey pine and red fir, while the Hudson area is dominated by white pine and foxtail pine.The Arctic is a treeless area with a variety of wild flowers.In addition, California has introduced some exotic plants such as eucalyptus and acacia.The state is also home to many endangered species, including a variety of federally protected plants. As of December 1997, 85 plants had been listed as threatened or endangered.[26]
California is extremely rich in biodiversity.In the desert in the lower reaches of Sonoran, mammals such as long eared rabbits, kangaroos, squirrels and opossums can be found, as well as birds such as Texas night owls, cuckoos, cactus wrens and a variety of eagles. Representative reptiles in this area mainly include rattlesnakes, desert turtles and horned toads.The upstream area of Sonoran is the habitat of antelope, brown footed forest mouse, ring tailed cat and other mammals, and the unique birds include California thrush, bush titmouse and California bald eagle.The transitional zone forest is rich in animal resources such as Colombian black tailed deer, black bear, grey fox, puma, bobcat and Roosevelt elk. The garter snake and rattlesnake are common reptiles, while amphibians such as hydra and redwood newt also breed here.California's aquatic ecosystem is also rich and colorful. From alpine lakes to the Pacific coastline, there are a wide variety of trout, and deep-sea organisms include perch, yellowfin tuna, barracuda and a variety of whales.Seals, sea lions and a variety of shorebirds along the coast of Northern California, as well as migratory species, are also part of the state's natural landscape.However, California also faces conservation challenges. As of April 2003, 118 animals and 181 plants had been listed on the federal endangered list, including a variety of kangaroos, terns, vultures, salamanders, killifishes, and 11 butterflies.[26]
California is famous for its rich mineral resources, and is one of the states with the richest mineral resources in the United States.California's mineral resources include but are not limited to oil, natural gas, metal and non-metallic minerals.Oil and natural gas are important energy minerals in California. The state is the third largest oil producing state in the United States, with rich oil fields, such as Wilmington Oil Field near Los Angeles and fields around Bakersfield.Among the metal minerals, California is especially famous for its gold mines. The gold rush in history happened in this state. Although the gold production has declined, California is still one of the major gold producing states in the United States.In addition, California also produces copper, tungsten, lead, zinc and other metal minerals.Non metallic minerals such as sand, gravel, limestone and other building materials are also very rich.[3][37-38]
Natural Reserve
California has a total of 290821 acres (117679 hectares) of land designated as a national wildlife refuge.[26]Including Antelope Valley California Poppy National Nature Reserve, Armstrong Sequoia State Nature Reserve, Azalea National Nature Reserve, etc.[39]
Antelope Valley California Poppy Sanctuary National Nature Reserve
Antelope Valley California Poppy Sanctuary National Nature Reserve
The Antelope Valley State Nature Reserve is located in the high desert environment in the west of the Mojave Desert, with an altitude between 2600 and 3000 feet. It is the main poppy planting area in California. Every spring, wild flowers such as owl clover, lupin, goldenrod, buttercup and goldenrod compete to open here, forming a colorful and fragrant picture that changes with the forces of nature,It is an original ecological protection area that retains the beauty of nature without artificial watering or other intervention, providing a perfect place for tourists who like natural landscapes to enjoy wild flowers from afar or near.[40]
Mono Lake Travertine National Nature Reserve
Mono Lake Travertine National Nature Reserve
The Monuo Lake Travertine National Nature Reserve is a place with extremely unique geological characteristics. It is famous for its unusual shape and abundant tuff formations. Through in-depth research by scientists, these formations provide us with valuable historical information about the climate of the region.The salinity and alkalinity of Mono Lake are extremely high, forming a rare ecosystem, maintaining a complex food chain composed of green algae, bumper shrimp, alkali flies and more than 80 kinds of migratory birds. It is an important site for ecological research and natural protection.[41]
administrative division
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Political district
According to the study of the U.S. Census Bureau in 2022, the local government of California is composed of 58 counties, 482 cities, towns and villages, and 2949 special districts.[42]Major cities include San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, etc.The capital, Sacramento, is located in northern California, 160 kilometers northeast of San Francisco.[3]The first city in California was Sacramento, which was founded on February 27, 1850. The most recent city was the Jurupa Valley, which was founded on July 1, 2011.[43]
List of 58 counties in California
county
county town
Establishment time
population
(2023)
the measure of area
Alameda County
Auckland
1853
1,622,188
738 square miles
(1911 square kilometers)
Gaoshan County
Mark Revere
1864
1,141
739 square miles
(1914 square kilometers)
Amador County
Jackson
1854
41,811
606 square miles
(1570 square kilometers)
Biute County
Oroville
1850
207,172
1640 square miles
(4248 square kilometers)
Calaveras County
San Antilles
1850
46,565
1020 square miles
(2642 square kilometers)
Kolusa County
Kolusa
1850
22,037
1151 square miles
(2981 square kilometers)
County of Contracosta
Martinez
1850
1,155,025
720 square miles
(1865 square kilometers)
Del Norte County
New Moon City
1857
26,589
1008 square miles
(2611 square kilometers)
Eldorado County
Preserville
1850
192,215
1712 square miles
(4434 square kilometers)
Fresno County
Fresno
1856
1,017,162
5963 square miles
(15444 square kilometers)
Glenn County
Willow
1891
28,129
1315 square miles
(3406 square kilometers)
Humboldt County
Eureka
1853
133,985
3573 sq mi
(9254 square kilometers)
Imperial County
El Centro
1907
179,057
4175 sq mi
(10813 square kilometers)
Inyo County
independent
1866
18,527
10192 square miles
(26397 square kilometers)
Kern County
Bakersfield
1866
913,820
8142 sq mi
(21088 square kilometers)
Kings County
Hanford
1893
152,682
1390 square miles
(3600 square kilometers)
Lake County
Lakeport
1861
67,878
1258 square miles
(3258 square kilometers)
Larsen County
Susanville
1864
28,861
4558 square miles
(11805 square kilometers)
Los Angeles County
Los Angeles
1850
9,663,345
4060 square miles
(10515 square kilometers)
Madera County
madera
1893
162,858
2138 square miles
(5537 square kilometers)
Malin County
Saint Raphael
1850
254,407
520 square miles
(1347 square kilometers)
Mariposa County
Mariposa
1850
16,919
1451 square miles
(3758 square kilometers)
Mendocino County
Yukaya
1850
89,108
3509 square miles
(9088 square kilometers)
Merced County
Merced
1855
291,920
1929 square miles
(4996 square kilometers)
Modoc County
Arturas
1874
8,500
3944 sq mi
(10215 square kilometers)
Mono County
Bridgeport
1861
13,066
3044 sq mi
(7884 square kilometers)
Monterey County
Salinas
1850
430,723
3322 square miles
(8604 square kilometers)
Napa County
Napa
1850
133,216
754 square miles
(1953 square kilometers)
Nevada County
Nevada City
1851
102,037
958 square miles
(2481 square kilometers)
Orange County
Santa Ana
1889
3,135,755
948 square miles
(2455 square kilometers)
Placer County
Auburn
1851
423,561
1407 square miles
(3644 square kilometers)
Pramas County
Quincy
1854
19,131
2554 square miles
(6615 square kilometers)
Riverside County
the river front
1893
2,492,442
7208 square miles
(18669 square kilometers)
Sacramento County
Sacramento
1850
1,584,288
966 sq mi
(2502 square kilometers)
San Benito County
Hollister
1874
68,175
1389 square miles
(3597 square kilometers)
San Bernardino County
San Bernardino
1853
2,195,611
20062 square miles
(51960 square kilometers)
San Diego County
Santiago
1850
3,269,973
4204 square miles
(10888 square kilometers)
San Francisco
San Francisco
1850
808,988
47 square miles
(122 square kilometers)
Shenghuajin County
Stockton
1850
800,965
1399 square miles
(3623 square kilometers)
St. Louis Obispo County
san luis obispo
1850
281,639
3304 square miles
(8557 square kilometers)
San Mateo County
Redwood City
1856
726,353
449 square miles
(1163 square kilometers)
Santa Barbara County
Santa Barbara
1850
441,257
2738 square miles
(7091 square kilometers)
Santa Clara County
San Jose
1850
1,877,592
1291 square miles
(3344 square kilometers)
Santa Cruz County
Santa Claus
1850
261,547
446 square miles
(1155 square kilometers)
Shasta County
Reading
1850
180,366
3786 square miles
(9806 square kilometers)
Sera County
Donyville
1852
3,200
953 square miles
(2468 square kilometers)
Siskiyu County
Wairika
1852
42,905
6287 square miles
(16283 square kilometers)
Solano County
Fairfield
1850
449,218
828 square miles
(2145 square kilometers)
Sonoma County
Santa Rosa
1850
481,812
1576 square miles
(4082 square kilometers)
Stanislaus County
Modesto
1854
551,430
1495 square miles
(3872 square kilometers)
Sutter County
Yuba City
1850
97,948
603 square miles
(1562 square kilometers)
Tehama County
Redbluff
1856
64,896
2951 square miles
(7643 square kilometers)
Sany County
Weaverville
1850
15,670
3179 sq mi
(8234 square kilometers)
Tulaili County
Visalia
1852
479,468
4824 square miles
(12494 square kilometers)
Tuolumi County
Sonora
1850
54,204
2236 square miles
(5791 square kilometers)
Ventura County
Ventura
1872
829,590
1846 square miles
(4781 square kilometers)
Youluo County
woodland
1850
220,544
1012 square miles
(2621 square kilometers)
Yuba County
Marisville
1850
85,722
630 square miles
(1632 square kilometers)
Source of the above data[44-45]
Important cities
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento, the capital of California, is located at the intersection of the Sacramento River and the American River in the Sacramento Valley of Northern California. Its population will be 524943 in 2020.[3][46]Founded in 1849, Sacramento is the oldest organic city in California.[47]
Sacramento is an important city of education and health care in California. Here are California State University Sacramento and the famous University of California Davis, which is famous for its medical center and medical school.As the main center of California's health care industry, Sacramento also has important medical institutions such as Sartre Health Center.In the field of culture and history, Sacramento is also rich and colorful, with cultural facilities such as the California Museum, Crocker Art Museum, California Railway Museum, and landmark buildings such as the California Parliament Building Museum and Sacramento Convention Center.[48]
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco, located on the San Francisco Peninsula on the west coast of California, is a mountain city surrounded by water on three sides. It is famous for its subtropical Mediterranean climate and pleasant weather conditions throughout the year.This city not only attracts many tourists with its beautiful environment and sunny weather, but also is near the famous Yosemite National Park and Napa Valley wine producing area, known as "the most popular city among Americans".[49]
In the field of education and science and technology, San Francisco is an important science, education and cultural center in the world, with world top universities and medical centers such as the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco.These universities have cultivated many Nobel Prize, Fields Prize, Turing Prize winners and Olympic champions, making great contributions to the development of global academic and scientific research.[49]
In terms of economy, San Francisco is the largest financial center in the west, with various industrial sectors, including aviation, metal processing, shipbuilding, instrument manufacturing, electronic equipment, food processing, petrochemical and printing.In addition, San Francisco has a huge Chinese community, and the "Chinatown" in the urban area is one of the largest concentrations of Chinese Americans.[49]
As a famous tourist city, San Francisco is famous for its landmark Golden Gate Bridge and Bay Bridge, and has many institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions such as the University of San Francisco.This city is famous for its unique nicknames "Golden Gate City", "City by the Bay" and "Fog City". It combines rich culture, history and natural beauty, and becomes one of the most iconic cities in the United States.[49]
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
As the most populous city in California, Los Angeles has about 3.9 million residents by 2020, covering an area of 469.49 square miles (about 1215.97 square kilometers).[50]This city is not only the core of the global entertainment industry, with many well-known studios, but also has outstanding performance in tourism, international trade, digital media, science and technology, fashion, art and other fields, forming a diversified economic structure.The aerospace industry in Los Angeles is particularly prominent. It is the headquarters or offices of SpaceX, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Boeing and other top companies. It has attracted a large number of top engineering talents and brought rich employment opportunities to the region.As an important center of the manufacturing industry, Los Angeles operates the largest dual port complex in the Western Hemisphere, handling more than 40% of goods entering and leaving the United States.The economic output of Los Angeles County is up to 807 billion US dollars. If it were an independent country, its GDP would rank 19th in the world, surpassing Switzerland and Saudi Arabia, and closely following the Netherlands and Turkey.In terms of education, Los Angeles has 107 accredited colleges and universities, including the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of Southern California (USC), the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Design Institute of the Arts Center, which reflects its academic and educational excellence.In addition, Los Angeles also has many world-famous landmarks and attractions, such as the Hollywood logo to celebrate the century, Universal Studios Hollywood, Warner Brothers Studio Tour, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Hollywood Walk of FameTCL China Theater and California Science Center, which displays the space shuttle Endeavour, these landmarks and attractions attract thousands of tourists every year.[51]
Politics
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The capital of California is Sacramento. The state's political system is divided into three government departments: the executive department is composed of the governor and other independently elected constitutional officials;The legislative branch consists of Parliament and Senate;The Judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of California and its lower courts.In addition, California's electoral system allows voters to directly participate in the decision-making process through initiatives, referendums, recall and approval mechanisms.[52]Before the adoption of Proposal No. 14 in 2010, political parties can decide whether to adopt a closed primary election or a primary election limited to members and independents.After the proposal is passed, except for the positions of the President of the United States and the County Central Committee, all candidates in the primary election will be marked with their preferred party next to their names, but the candidates are not official party nominees.In the primary election, the first two candidates with the largest number of votes will enter the general election regardless of party affiliation. If a candidate obtains more than 50% of the votes in the special primary election, the candidate will be directly elected without holding a special general election.[52-53]
party
By September 2022, California has officially recognized six political parties: the American Independence Party, the Democratic Party, the Green Party, the Liberal Party, the Peace and Freedom Party and the Republican Party.[54]
Governor
Gavin Newson
Gavin Newsom is the governor of California and a member of the Democratic Party. He graduated from Santa Clara University and has been involved in catering, wine making and hotel business.Newson's political career began in 1996. He was elected mayor of San Francisco for the first time in 2003 and was re elected successfully in 2007.During his tenure as mayor, he also hosted a television interview program.Since then, Newson served as the deputy governor of California from 2011 to 2019, and officially became the governor of California from January 2019.It is reported that he plans to continue his week-long visit to China after completing his one-day visit to Israel.[55-56]
Major political figures
Major political figures
post
full name
Lieutenant governor
Eleni Kounalakis
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Robert Rivas
President of the Provisional Senate
Mike McGuire
United States Senator
Julia Brownley
Data source:[57-58]The above data will be available as of April 2024.
population
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population size
In 2024, the total population of California will be 38889770.[4]Among them, male accounts for 50.1% and female accounts for 49.9%;The population aged 0 to 5 accounts for 5.5%, and the population aged 6 to 18 accounts for 21.8%;The population aged 19-65 accounts for 42.1%;The proportion of people over 65 years old is 15.8%.[59]
ethnic groups
California has diverse ethnic groups from all over the world.It is estimated that in 2023, African Americans will account for 6.5% of the total population of the Special District.White people are also an important ethnic group in California. According to the latest data in 2023, white people account for 34.7% of the total population.Hispanic groups also have a significant presence in the Special Economic Zone. They come from various Latin American countries or Spanish speaking countries. The Hispanic population accounts for 40.3% of the total population in the Special Economic Zone.The Asian American community is also growing in California. They come from various Asian countries, and the Asian American population accounts for 16.3% of the total population of the special region.California also includes many other ethnic and racial groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, and Alaska Natives.[2][59]
language
California is a region with rich linguistic diversity. As the main language of the United States, English is widely used in California.Since it was once a Mexican territory in history, Spanish is also the second most widely used language in California.California has diverse immigrant backgrounds. Although most immigrants come from Latin America, more than half of the new immigrants were born in Asia between 2012 and 2021, making Chinese the third largest language in California, followed by Tagalog as the fourth largest language.In addition, California also uses many other languages, including Vietnamese, Korean, Persian, Armenian, Hindi, Arabic, Russian, Japanese and Punjabi.[60-61]
religious belief
In California, according to the proportion of believers in the total population, the Catholic Church is the largest religious group, with 28% believers.Evangelical Protestants accounted for 20%, while mainstream Protestants accounted for 10%, and all kinds of Protestants accounted for 32%.At the same time, 27 per cent of the population does not believe in any religion.Other religious groups are scattered, with Muslims accounting for 1%, Hindus for 2%, and Buddhists for 2%.[62]
Catholicism
California is the state with the largest number of Catholics in the United States. Its Catholic community has a multicultural background, including Mexico, Central America, Ireland, Germany, Italy, Vietnam, the Philippines and South Korea.[63]Due to the influx of Christian immigrants from Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, the Catholic population in California is growing rapidly.The Catholic Mass in the Diocese of Los Angeles was held in 42 different languages, reflecting the multiculturalism of more than 30 different nationalities.In addition, California also has the largest Vietnamese Catholic diaspora in the world. There are about 250000 to 300000 Vietnamese Catholics in Orange, Los Angeles and San Jose dioceses alone.[64]
Economics
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overview
As the most powerful state in the United States, California's GDP reached 3.1 trillion US dollars in 2019, and its per capita income was 66700 US dollars. If calculated independently, its economic scale would rank the fifth largest economy in the world.The state's total trade in goods in 2019 was $581.46 billion, including $173.33 billion in exports and $408.13 billion in imports.The economic characteristics of California lie in the modernization and diversification of its industries, especially in the fields of computer and information industry, life science, environmental protection industry, agriculture, international trade, entertainment and service industry, aerospace, etc.The transportation infrastructure is perfect, and the resources are rich in science and technology, education, culture, medical treatment, tourism and other fields.By 2020, California's nominal GDP will be 3.09 trillion US dollars, accounting for 4.75% of the US GDP, ranking first among the states;In November of the same year, California's unemployment rate was 8.2%, ranking 45th.[2-3]
California has significant industrial complementarity and broad cooperation space with China in the information technology industry, biotechnology industry, environmental protection industry, agriculture, aerospace industry and other characteristic industries.As the center of global information technology, Silicon Valley has made significant contributions to California's economic growth.The biotechnology industry occupies a leading position in the United States in terms of job creation and medical device production.The environmental protection industry is outstanding in promoting clean energy.In terms of agriculture, California accounts for an important proportion of the production of fruits, nuts and vegetables in the United States.The aerospace industry is particularly concentrated in Southern California.The film and television entertainment industry, with Hollywood as its core, has a profound impact on the global entertainment industry.[2-3]
primary industry
California is famous for its rich agricultural resources, producing more than 400 kinds of goods, contributing more than one third of vegetables and nearly three quarters of fruits and nuts in the United States.In the 2022 crop year, California's top ten most valuable agricultural products are dairy products and milk (US $10.4 billion), grapes (US $5.54 billion), cattle and calves (US $3.63 billion), almonds (US $3.52 billion), lettuce (US $3.15 billion), strawberries (US $2.68 billion), pistachios (US $1.86 billion), broilers (US $1.59 billion), tomatoes (US $1.46 billion)And carrots ($1.11 billion).In the same year, the total sales market value of California's agricultural products reached $59 billion, an increase of $13.8 billion over 2017.In 2021, the total export of California's agricultural products will be $22.5 billion, up 7.0% year on year. The main export products include almonds, dairy products, pistachios, wine and walnuts. These data are compiled by the Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics of the University of California.In addition, California is also outstanding in organic product sales. In 2021, the sales volume will be 14 billion dollars, an increase of 16.4% over the previous year. The organic production area will exceed 2.13 million acres. California is also the only state in the United States that has a state organic plan authorized by the National Organic Plan (NOP).[65]
the secondary industry
California's manufacturing industry plays a key role in promoting the state's economy. Manufacturers account for 10.67% of California's total output and employ 7.66% of the workforce.In 2018, the total output value of California's manufacturing industry reached $316.76 billion.In 2019, there were about 1338000 manufacturing employees in California on average, and their average annual salary in 2018 was 109875.79 dollars.The export activities of the manufacturing industry are particularly significant. In 2019, the export volume of manufactured goods reached 149.56 billion dollars, including 61.85 billion dollars with free trade agreement (FTA) partners. These export activities greatly promoted employment. In 2011, 25.20% of California's employment opportunities were driven by exports.Small enterprises play an important role in this process, accounting for 96.00% of all California exporters.According to the data provided by IndustrySelect, California currently has 22255 manufacturers, making it the largest manufacturing state in the United States.Among the primary industries in California, the electronics manufacturing industry ranks first, accounting for 17% of the manufacturing employment in the state, followed by the food and related products industry accounting for 13%, and the industrial machinery industry accounting for 12%.[66-67]
the service sector; the tertiary industry
California's industrial structure is characterized by modernization and diversification, of which the tertiary industry accounts for more than 70% of the gross domestic product (GDP).A unique advantage of California's economy lies in its multiple leading industrial sectors, which not only provide impetus for the growth of the state economy, but also provide a solid foundation for other industries such as manufacturing and information technology.These industrial sectors, including finance and insurance, trade, transport and utilities, professional and commercial services, are considered tradable sectors, which means that their products and services have the potential for international trade.According to the data in 2020, California's largest industrial sectors are finance, insurance, real estate, leasing and leasing (19.0% of the state's GDP), trade, transportation and utilities (14.5%), professional and commercial services (14.2%), manufacturing (11.8%), information (10.5%), education and health services (7.5%), and construction (4.0%).In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the contribution of tourism and art to GDP has declined, from 4.5% in 2019 to 3.3%.[3][68]
Important enterprises
California, with its GDP of 3.09 trillion US dollars and economic proportion of 4.75% in the United States, ranks first in the economic scale of all states in the United States.The state is the birthplace of many global technology giants, including Apple, Google, Facebook, Hewlett Packard, Intel and Tesla, which have changed their names to Meta. At the same time, Hollywood, the core of the entertainment industry, and famous film studios such as Paramount Pictures and Warner BrosAnd Walt Disney Company also set up their headquarters here.In addition, leading enterprises in the aerospace field, such as SpaceX and Lockheed Martin, also have a noticeable impact on California and even the global economy.These companies not only play a key role in California's economy, but also show strong competitiveness and influence in the global market.[3][69]
Apple Inc
Apple Inc
Apple Inc. is a world-renowned American technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California.This company was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ron Wayne on April 1, 1976.The current CEO of Apple is Tim Cook.The company's business scope covers the design, manufacturing and sales of smart phones, personal computers, tablets, wearable devices, accessories and related services.In the Hurun Global 500 list in 2023, Apple ranked first.[70-73]
HP
HP
Hewlett Packard Company (HP) is an American information technology enterprise with global influence, focusing on providing consumers with a wide range of computers and office equipment, as well as corresponding hardware components, software and related services.HP was founded in 1939 by two inventors, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, in a garage in Palo Alto, California. This garage, known as "HP Garage", has been designated as the official historical landmark of California, and is widely regarded as the birthplace of "Silicon Valley".HP has a wide range of business areas, including IT infrastructure, global services, commercial and home computing, printing and imaging.Its product line covers desktops and workstations, laptops and tablets, printing and multi-function computers, palmtop computers, projectors, scanners, digital imaging products, storage devices, servers, network equipment, consumables and accessories.HP has established a strong brand influence in the global market with its innovative products and services, and was rated as one of the top 25 corporate social responsibility companies by the Chinese version of Fortune in 2013.By the first quarter of 2024, HP's revenue had reached 13.19 billion dollars.[74][75-76]
social undertakings
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education
California's higher education system is one of the largest and most diverse systems in the United States.The state's education system includes the University of California (UC), California State University (CSU) and California Community College, as well as more than 150 private non-profit colleges and about 160 for-profit institutions.California's public universities and colleges enroll nearly 3 million students, more than 80% of whom study in public institutions, and more than half of them study in community colleges.[77]
California is an important center of American higher education, with many world-famous universities and colleges.These educational institutions include Stanford University, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), University of Southern California, Claremont College Alliance, University of Santa Clara, Loyola Marimont University and University of San Diego.It is particularly noteworthy that California has significant advantages in the field of art education, with a high density of art colleges, such as the California Art Institute, the San Francisco Art Institute, the Art Center Design Institute, and the University of the Art Institute.[78]
medical care
California has a comprehensive and advanced medical system, including many hospitals, clinics and research institutions, providing a wide range of medical services for residents in the state and its surrounding areas.Some well-known medical institutions include UCLA Health Medical Center, Stanford Health Care, UCSF Medical Center and Children's Hospital Oakland.[79]
There are also several social assistance organizations in California, which provide medical assistance, health education and services, and pay special attention to the needs of vulnerable groups.These organizations include the California Department of Public Health, the California Medicaid Program, and various aid organizations that provide help to homeless people.[80]
In addition, there are many charities in California, which are committed to providing medical services and financial assistance to the public.These include the American Red Cross of Northern California and several Charitable Medical Services.[81]
media
California is the center of the entertainment industry in the United States. Five major television broadcasting networks - ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox and MyNetworkTV - all have production facilities and offices in California.In addition, major Spanish language television networks, including Telemundo, Univision, UniM á s and Estrella TV, also own and operate television stations providing services in California.In terms of newspaper publishing, California is the location of many important newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times, the former San Francisco Phone (later renamed the Telephone Bulletin), the San Francisco Observer, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the Daily News published by Scripps Howard Newspaper Group.[82]
science and technology
By 2020, California's science and technology industry has continued to flourish, especially the information technology industry, biotechnology industry and aerospace industry, which have had a profound impact on the economic development of California and even the world.Silicon Valley, as the birthplace and center of global information technology, has spawned many world-famous technology companies, such as Apple, Google, and Facebook (now renamed Meta). These enterprises not only promote technological innovation, but also significantly improve the GDP growth rate of California. Among them, the contribution of information technology industry to the real GDP growth of California reached 0.78 percentage points.In terms of biotechnology industry, California has nearly 30% of the headquarters of bioengineering companies in the United States, creating nearly half of the biotechnology jobs in the United States. The output of medical devices and measurement and control instruments accounts for 20% of the United States.The aerospace industry also occupies an important position in California, mainly concentrated in southern California, such as Los Angeles and Long Beach.California's science and technology industry, including information technology, telecommunications and biotechnology, continues to flourish, becoming an important driving force for the state's economic growth, attracting the attention of global investors and top talents, and also closely related to the needs of the federal government. Many information technology work focuses on the field of computer system design,This proportion is far higher than the national average.[3][69]
Cultural undertakings
California actively promotes cultural protection and promotion, and meticulously maintains and displays its rich and colorful cultural heritage.Especially in Southern California, this area is considered as the important birthplace of modern automobile culture, and also the center of art and entertainment.California has many famous concert halls and theaters, such as the Greek Theatre, Paramount Theatre and Walt Disney Concert Hall, which are important venues for various cultural activities and performances.[83-85]
In addition, California has many museums covering a wide range of cultural and historical themes.The Crocker Art Museum is the largest of its kind in the west of the Mississippi River. It collects and displays some of the most important California art works in the world.California State Railroad Museum and Haggin Museum respectively display the railway history and art collections of the state.[84]
Sports
California, known as the "Golden State", is not only a representative of beautiful scenery, cultural diversity and the prosperity of the entertainment industry, but also an important center of professional sports in the United States.California has 21 major professional sports franchises, including the iconic teams of NBA, NFL, MLB, NHL and other leagues. These teams not only have rich legendary history and enthusiastic fan groups, but also emerge many legendary players.For example, the Los Angeles Lakers are famous for their glorious history of 17 NBA championships and many Hall of Famers;The San Francisco 49ers won the Super Bowl five times and are one of the strong teams in the NFL;The historic duel between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants in MLB, as well as the fierce competition between the Los Angeles Kings in NHL, have added infinite passion to California sports.California also successfully hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics, and is about to host the 2028 Summer Olympics. It is also the only state that has hosted the summer and winter Olympics.These sports achievements and events not only demonstrate the strength of California in the field of sports, but also promote the development of local economy and culture, and enhance California's position in the international sports arena.[86]
traffic
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overview
California has a significant position and many achievements in transportation. Its transportation location advantages are obvious. It is located in the center of the west coast of the United States and connects with the vast Pacific market.California's transportation network system is developed, including a huge highway network, multiple railway lines and numerous aviation hubs. Among them, Los Angeles and San Francisco International Airport are among the busiest airports in the world, providing routes to all parts of the world.In addition, California also has advanced public transportation systems, such as the Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) in San Francisco and the subway system in Los Angeles. These systems not only serve the interior of the city, but also connect the surrounding suburbs and cities.California's port facilities are also world leading. The Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach are the busiest container ports in the Western Hemisphere and have an important impact on global trade.Through these transportation facilities, California has successfully built itself into a key transportation hub connecting Asia and the Americas.[87]
highway
By 2020, California has 175589 miles of public roads, of which 58.7% are in good or fair condition[88]。California is famous for its car culture and traffic congestion problems, and has a wide traffic network consisting of controlled access highways, restricted access roads and highways.The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is mainly responsible for the construction and maintenance of state roads and the transportation planning of the whole state.Despite the pressure of population growth, California has always been a leader in road construction, with landmark buildings such as the Golden Gate Bridge and the San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge.California Highway 1 is one of the most famous highways in the state, with a total length of 656 miles, connecting San Francisco and Los Angeles.In addition, California also has important resources such as PeMS traffic data set, which provides valuable speed data for traffic research and network analysis, including time hours, average time, lane points and other information.[89]
Railway
The intercity railway in California includes Capitol Corridor, Pacific Surfliner and San Joaquin.These railway lines are the busiest intercity railway service outside the Northeast Corridor of the United States, and the passenger flow continues to record high.At the same time, air routes, especially the route from Los Angeles (LAX) to San Francisco (SFO), have become more and more popular with passengers.In terms of urban transportation, Los Angeles has Los Angeles Metro Rail integrated subway and light rail network, while San Francisco has Muni Metro.In addition, light rail systems such as VTA light rail in San Jose, streetcar in San Diego, RT light rail in Sacramento and Sprinter in Northern San Diego County are also providing services for local residents.In addition, the commuter rail network in the San Francisco Bay Area includes Altamont Corridor Express, Bay Area Rapid Transit, California Trains and Sonoma Marin Railway;Metrolink serves the Greater Los Angeles area;San Diego County provides commuter rail services through Coast.[90]
aviation
California is one of the states with the most developed air traffic network in the United States. It has 9 major hub airports and more than 10 small airports, which together constitute a large and complete air transport system.As the busiest and largest airport in California, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) plays an important role in global air transport.Followed by San Francisco International Airport (SFO) and San Diego International Airport (SAN), these two airports also play an important role in domestic and international routes.These key airports provide services for hundreds of millions of passengers every year, which not only promotes the flow of people, but also strengthens the connection between California and the rest of the world, playing a vital role in the economic development and cultural exchanges in the state.[91]
shipping
California plays an important role in American waterway shipping, with several important shipping ports.The Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach constitute one of the busiest port complexes in the world. Located in San Pedro Bay, they are the main trade routes between the United States and Asia.The Port of Los Angeles has 25 cargo terminals, with a total tonnage of 59452139 tons in 2020, while the Port of Long Beach handled 79178087 tons of cargo in the same year.In addition, as a commercial port on the west coast of the United States, Port of Oakland, located on the east coast of San Francisco Bay, is the fourth largest container port in the United States, with a total tonnage of 19439762 in 2020.The Port of Seattle and Port of Tacoma, located in Washington State, are the main starting and ending points of the North Pacific route, which together form the main ports in the Pacific Northwest.These ports not only play a vital role in the economic exchanges between China and the United States, but also are the key nodes of the main sea routes connecting China and the United States. They handle a large number of international trade goods and have a significant impact on global trade flows.[92]
Public transportation
The public transportation system of California is the core component of the transportation infrastructure of the state, especially in large cities.The system includes a wide range of bus, light rail, subway and train services, covering almost all cities and large towns in the state.Bus has become the most common mode of transportation because of its affordable fare (1.50 to 3 dollars per ride on average). Although the speed is slow, it provides a wide network of metropolitan areas, such as the municipal tram service in Santiago, and its lines even extend to the Mexican border.[88][93]
Caltrain in Northern California provides high-frequency commuter train service, connecting the southern part of San Francisco to San Jose, while BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) connects San Francisco with East Bay cities such as Auckland and Berkeley, as well as the airports of the two cities.Metrolink in Southern California is a commuter railway network composed of 7 lines, with Los Angeles as the center, serving several important stations, including Burbank Airport and Disneyland.Los Angeles itself has a subway network consisting of two subway lines, four light rail lines and several bus lines, connecting Hollywood, Santa Monica, Venice, Los Angeles International Airport and other key areas.[88][93]
Culture
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overview
California is the melting pot of American culture, famous for its diversity and innovative spirit.California is the global center of the film and entertainment industry, and Hollywood's influence spreads all over the world. The Oscar Awards are an annual event held here to honor outstanding achievements in film art and science.As the heart of global technological innovation, Silicon Valley has nurtured many technology companies and entrepreneurial cultures that have changed the world.In addition, California is also famous for its rich natural landscape, beach culture, wine producing areas and diversified food scenes.In the field of art, California has many world-class museums and art galleries, such as Diyang Art Museum in San Francisco and Los Angeles County Art Museum in Los Angeles.In terms of music, California is the birthplace of many music genres, including surf rock, beach boys and electronic music.[94-95]
diet
California's food culture originated in the gold rush period in the mid-19th century, when a large number of immigrants from different regions poured into California, bringing a variety of cooking styles, laying the foundation for the diversity of California cuisine.In the middle of the 20th century, Helen Evans Brown had a profound impact on modern California cuisine through her "Helen Brown's West Coast Recipe" published in 1952. In her book, she emphasized the use of the freshest local ingredients and agricultural products, which was adopted and developed by later chefs.[96]
California's food culture is characterized by fresh vegetables, seasonal ingredients, creativity, sustainability and the integration of different cuisines.The state is known for its emphasis on ingredients, its use of fresh ingredients, and its innovation in multiculturalism.California's geographical location makes it rich in agricultural products, including avocados, artichokes, figs, dates and other local specialties.In addition, California's cooking style combines the cooking skills and ingredients of various cultures to form a unique multi-cultural cuisine.[97]Representative foods include California style pizza, Ciopino, Cobb salad, sour dough bread, etc.[96]
Cioppino
Cioppino
Cioppino is a seafood stew popular in San Francisco, which is characterized by the use of tomatoes and wine as the basic broth, and the addition of rich Pacific seafood.The origin of this dish can be traced back to Italian fishermen in the region, especially at the famous Fisherman's Wharf.According to legend, fishermen use the seafood fragments and leftovers they catch to make this stew, hence the name.[97]
Today's Cioppino retains the tradition of using fresh seafood caught on the same day, which may include coarse crabs, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels or various fish.These seafood, mixed with fresh tomatoes and herbs, are stewed together in wine sauce to create a delicious food with full color, aroma and taste.Cioppino is usually served with toast. The local sour dough bread or baking stick in San Francisco is an ideal companion, which can absorb and carry the delicious soup of stew.[97]
French dip sauce
French dip sauce
French Dip, also known as beef dip, is a classic hot sandwich, featuring roast beef slices, piled on French rolls or sticks, and dipped with meat juice ("au jus" means "with juice" in French).This sandwich usually comes with extra gravy for customers to add according to their own taste.[97]
As for the origin of French dip sandwiches, two historic restaurants in Los Angeles claim to have created this delicacy.Although the exact origin is still controversial, French dip sauce has become a classic food widely recognized and loved in the United States.The popularity of this sandwich also reflects the characteristics of California as a place where culture and food are integrated. Simple ingredients are combined in an innovative way to form a food culture with local characteristics.[97]
custom
California's customs and culture are diverse and inclusive, reflecting the wave of immigrants and the integration of different cultures in its history.Special festivals include the Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco, which is one of the largest such celebrations outside Asia, as well as Gilroy Garlic Festival, Bigfoot Festival, etc.Among the traditional ceremonies, California's aboriginal culture retains rich ceremonies and celebrations, such as the White Deerskin Dance of Yurok Tribe, an ancient ceremony to express gratitude and respect for nature.In terms of lifestyle, California is famous for its leisure and outdoor lifestyle, including beach culture, hiking and extreme sports.National costumes are diverse in California, from the traditional costumes of indigenous people to the modern casual style of Silicon Valley.Folk handicrafts are embodied in such traditions as the wine making in Napa Valley and the navigation craft in the San Francisco Bay area.The folk culture is rich and colorful, including the influence of Mexican culture in Latin America, such as the Mariachi band and Salsa dance, which are common in festivals.[98-101]
Chinese New Year Parade
Chinese New Year Parade
The Lunar New Year Parade in San Francisco, USA is a traditional activity with a long history. It began in 1860. As the largest New Year Parade outside Asia and one of the largest night parades in the United States, it is known as one of the top ten parades in the world.During the Spring Festival every year, the government departments, commercial institutions and civil society organizations in San Francisco will dress up to participate in this grand parade, attracting many people to watch and celebrate the arrival of the Lunar New Year through dragon and lion dances, martial arts, acrobatics, singing and dancing and other colorful performances.[102]
Bigfoot Feet
Bigfoot Feet
Bigfoot Festival is a festival activity with the theme of celebrating Bigfoot, which is held in Willow Creek, California.Activities include appearances and speeches of Bigfoot celebrities and experts, stories of Colorado Bigfoot, film screening, outdoor theme activities, handicraft and food vendors, Bigfoot Call Contest, and so on.[103]
Gilroy Garlic Festival
Gilroy Garlic Festival
Gilroy Garlic Festival has become a popular food festival in California since 1979.This festival features garlic and provides a series of garlic based delicacies, including garlic ice cream, garlic bread, garlic roasted chicken, etc., bringing unique taste buds to tourists.In addition to rich food, the festival also arranged live music performances, cooking displays, and handicraft stalls.[104]
Art
music
California's rich and colorful music history has had a profound impact on the global music industry and art forms.From the early secular Spanish social music in the 18th century, to the Bakersfield sound and West Coast jazz in the middle of the 20th century, to the surf rock and psychedelic rock in the 1960s, California has always been a hotbed of music innovation.Famous artists such as Merle Haggard, Chet Baker, Dick Dale, The Beach Boys, The Doors, etc. have left a strong mark in the history of California music.In the 1970s, country rock, Funk and gorgeous metal, in the 1980s, punk and heavy metal, in the 1990s, West Coast hip-hop and alternative rock, and in the early 21st century, independent rock, California has constantly promoted the evolution and integration of music styles.[105]
California's music scene is not limited to pop music, and its professional music education is also developed. California State University Northridge, Pacific University, University of Southern California Thornton School of Music and San Francisco Conservatory of Music are important bases for training music talents.California also has many legendary music venues and festivals, such as Whiskey a Go GoRoxy、Troubadour、Fillmore Music Festival, Cochra Music Festival, etc. provide world-class performance and viewing platforms for musicians and music fans.[105]
film
California, especially Hollywood, has long been the center of the global film industry and has had a profound impact on American and world culture.Hollywood is not only the holy land of film production, but also the core of the American cultural industry. It has gathered many well-known film and television giants, including 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney, Columbia Pictures (under SONY), Warner Brothers (under Time Warner) and Universal Pictures (under GE).The films produced by these companies not only spread American values and ideals, but also played a key role in shaping popular culture, social norms and promoting global cultural diversity and tolerance.[106-107]
Architecture
California's architectural style shows its cultural diversity and geographical characteristics. The Mediterranean Revival style, with its stucco exterior walls and red tile roofs, has become a landmark building in southern California, while the Spanish colonial Revival architecture, with its white stucco walls and terra cotta tile roofs, highlights California's Spanish heritage.Contemporary modern architecture is popular in California with its simple lines and open floor plans. The floor to ceiling window design realizes the seamless connection between indoor and outdoor spaces.The low roof and wide layout of the ranch style residence emphasize the connection with nature, while the French castle style residence presents the grandeur of the French countryside with its symmetry and exquisite details.[108]
The art deco style residence reflects the modernist design in the early 20th century, featuring bold colors and streamlined shapes.The exquisite craftsmanship and natural materials of artisan style residence emphasize the harmonious coexistence with nature, while the medieval modern architecture is characterized by innovative design and open space, which continues to influence the design of luxury residence in California.Tuscan style houses bring the charm of Italian countryside, while Cape Cod style houses integrate traditional and modern design, reflecting the coastal style of the east coast.These architectural styles not only enrich the architectural landscape of California, but also provide a variety of residential options. From luxury castle style houses to natural ranch style houses, each one reflects the unique lifestyle and aesthetic concept of California.[108]
Regional symbol
California has rich natural and cultural symbols, which reflect the unique geographical characteristics and cultural spirit of the state.California Poppy, the provincial flower of California, is famous for its bright orange color and its toughness to grow in harsh environments, symbolizing hope and opportunity.The provincial bird is California Quail, which reflects the social and group spirit of Californians with its unique song and social characteristics.The provincial tree of California is California Redwood, also known as Sequoia, which is famous for its magnificent height and long life span, representing strength and durability.These natural symbols not only show the biodiversity of California, but also reflect the importance California people attach to nature conservation and environmental sustainability.[3][109]
famous scenery
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overview
California attracts global tourists with its rich and diverse tourism resources and unique tourism characteristics.California has 840 miles of magnificent coastline, more than 1.6 million acres of national parks and 145 national historical landmarks, providing visitors with rich natural and historical exploration opportunities.Representative natural landscapes include the magnificent Yosemite National Park, the picturesque Pacific Coast Highway and the famous Sequoia Forest National Park.The cultural landscape covers the Hollywood Museum, the Griffith Observatory and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.[110-112]
Important scenic spots
Yosemite National Park
Yosemite National Park
Yosemite Valley is a landmark scenic spot in Yosemite National Park in California, famous for its magnificent natural scenery and unique geological structure.El Capitan and Half Dome are two of the most famous granite peaks in the valley. Their majestic posture has become a dream place for countless photographers and rock climbing enthusiasts.Bridal Veil Fall, like the bride's veil, adds a bit of romance to this natural beauty with its soft and ethereal water mist.The wild flowers everywhere in the valley are in full bloom, which makes Yosemite Valley picturesque. Different flowers bloom in each season, providing visitors with a colorful visual feast.These elements together form the postcard like beauty of Yosemite Valley, which is one of the most popular tourist destinations in California and even the United States.[113]
Fisherman's Wharf and Alcatraz Island
Fisherman's Wharf and Alcatraz Island
Fisherman's Wharf is a famous coastal area in San Francisco, famous for its fresh seafood.Tourists can taste the delicious crabs, shrimps, fish and other delicacies just fished from the sea in several restaurants here, among which Dungeness Crab is a local specialty.Pier 39 is one of the popular places of Fisherman's Wharf. In addition to various shops and restaurants, there is also a large group of lovely sea lions living here. They either bask in the sun on driftwood or play in the water, becoming a unique scenic line, attracting many tourists to watch.[113]
In addition, Fisherman's Wharf is also the starting point for taking a cruise ship to Alcatraz Island.Alcatraz used to be a federal prison, where some of the most notorious criminals in American history were held. Because of its tight defense, Alcatraz is known as an "inescapable prison".Today, Alcatraz has become a popular tourist attraction. Tourists can take part in guided tours, learn about the history of prisons, visit cells, and enjoy the natural beauty of the island.[113]
TCL China Grand Theater and Xingguang Avenue
TCL China Grand Theater and Xingguang Avenue
TCL Chinese Theatre, formerly known as Grouman's Chinese Theatre, is a landmark building in Hollywood, famous for its luxurious oriental style scenery and rich film history.This historic cinema is located on Hollywood Avenue. Since its opening in 1927, it has been the host of many important film premieres and witnessed countless brilliant moments in the film industry.[113]
The cement floor in the front yard of the theater is printed with the handprints, footprints and signatures of many Hollywood movie stars, which has become a traditional project for tourists to visit.From Marilyn Monroe to Sylvester Stallone, from Mickey Mouse of Disney to Darth Vader of Star Wars, these marks are the eternal proof of the film legend, attracting fans from all over the world to make pilgrimages.[113]
Hollywood Walk of Fame is another famous tourist attraction in Hollywood. It is located on both sides of Hollywood Avenue and Grape Street. It is composed of a series of five star medals embedded in the sidewalk, engraved with the names of stars who have made outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry.The Avenue of Stars not only recognizes the achievements of these stars, but also becomes a symbol of Los Angeles culture.[113]
There are also the famous Madame Tussauds Hollywood, Hollywood Museum and many other film related attractions.[113]
Moore Forest National Park
Moore Forest National Park
The Muir Woods National Monument is located in Mount Tamalpais, not far north of San Francisco, less than an hour's drive away.This reserve is an ancient and mysterious redwood forest, surrounded by a layer of soft fog all the year round, creating a quiet and mysterious atmosphere.Redwood, as one of the oldest and highest tree species on the earth, forms a spectacular forest landscape here.[113]
The Moor Forest National Landmark maintains about 10 kilometers of hiking trails, which shuttle between giant redwoods.The air in the forest is fresh and rich in negative oxygen ions. For urban residents, this is the best place to relax and take a forest bath.[113]
Foreign exchange
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foreign trade
Foreign trade plays an important role in California's economy.For many years, California has been the second largest exporter (the first is Texas) and the first largest importer.In 2020, the total export of California will be 156.1 billion dollars.The main export products are computer and electronic products, transportation equipment, machinery products, chemicals, etc.[3]
Trade relations with China
California is one of the most important markets in China's economic and trade cooperation with the United States.Since 2010, China has become the largest source of imports and an important export market for California.In 2020, California's trade volume with China was 145.3 billion US dollars, an increase of 1.37% over the previous year, and its imports from China were 159.1 billion US dollars, an increase of 10.5% over the previous year.The main export products of California to China are machinery products and parts, electrical equipment and parts, medical equipment, precision instruments, automobiles and parts, etc. The main import products from China are computer and electronic products, electrical appliances and accessories, miscellaneous products, clothing, leather products, etc.[3]
Relations with China
California and China have close political and economic relations and frequent exchanges.Governor Brown visited China in 2013.In June 2013, President Xi Jinping met with Governor Brown of California during his visit to the United States and his bilateral meeting with President Obama at Annaberg Manor in California.President Xi Jinping spoke positively of the achievements of California's exchanges and cooperation with China, stressed that local cooperation is the broadest social foundation for China US relations, and believed that California's exchanges and cooperation with China will make greater progress.Governor Brown of California successfully visited China again in June 2017. President Xi Jinping met with Governor Brown in Beijing. The two sides had in-depth discussions on strengthening economic and trade investment, clean technology, low-carbon environmental protection and people to people and cultural exchanges.[3]
In 2000, California established friendly provincial (regional) relations with Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.In 2011, California signed a sister province state agreement with Jiangsu Province.In 2014, California and Guangdong Province signed an agreement on establishing friendly provincial state relations.In 2017, California and Sichuan established friendly provincial state relations.California cities have close contacts with China Friendship City. Northern California has more than 30 pairs of sister cities and sister cities in China.[3]
In February 2012, when the then Vice President Xi Jinping visited California, Governor Brown of California proposed to use California as a gateway for China's investment and trade with the United States, and proposed to establish a China California Trade and Investment Cooperation Working Group.The Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China and the California government subsequently carried out negotiations and consultations. During the visit of Governor Brown of California to China in April 2013, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Joint Working Group on Trade and Investment between China and California, marking the official launch of "provincial state cooperation".This is the first Sino US economic and trade cooperation mechanism between provinces, states and cities.Under this mechanism, six provinces and cities in China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangdong, Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, Chongqing), under the coordination of the Ministry of Commerce, have carried out cooperation with California, focusing on nine aspects, including information, biopharmaceuticals, new energy, environmental protection, agriculture, key manufacturing, infrastructure, transportation equipment, tourism, etc.Hebei Province joined the mechanism in 2014. At present, there are 7 Chinese member units.Since the establishment of the "provincial state cooperation" mechanism, it has played a good role. Under this cooperation mechanism, the two sides have frequent exchanges, strengthened cooperation and achieved remarkable economic and trade results.California also reopened its first overseas trade and investment representative office in Shanghai.[3]
California business community groups actively promote trade and investment in China.Major business associations in Northern California include the California Chamber of Commerce, the Bay Area Committee, the San Francisco Office in China, the Asian Association, the Canadian Association, and the Northern California World Trade Center.[3]
Sister city
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The main sister cities in California are (main cities):
Los Angeles Sister City
city
country
Time (year)
city
country
Time (year)
Eilat
Israel
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine
St.Petersburg
Russia
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-four
Nagoya
Japan
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine
Vancouver
Canada
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-six
El Salvador
Brazil
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-two
Giza
Egypt
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine
Bordeaux
France
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-four
Jakarta
Indonesia
one thousand nine hundred and ninety
Berlin
Germany
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-seven
Kaunas
Lithuania
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one
Lusaka
Zambia
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight
Makati
the Philippines
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two
mexico city
Mexico
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine
Split
Croatia
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-three
Auckland
New Zealand
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one
San Salvador
El Salvador
two thousand and five
Busan
the republic of korea
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one
Beirut
Lebanon
two thousand and six
bombay
India
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two
Iskya
Italy
two thousand and six
teheran or tehran
Iran
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two
Yerevan
Armenia
two thousand and seven
Guangzhou
China
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-one
Data source:[114]The above data will be available as of April 2024.
Athens
Greece
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-four
Santiago Sister City
city
country
Alcala de Anares
Spain
Campinas
Brazil
Hamidi City
the Philippines
Edinburgh
Scotland
Jalalabad
Afghanistan
Quanzhou
the republic of korea
Leon
Mexico
Masovian
poland
Panama City
Panama
Perth
Australia
Garnatma
Ghana
Tijuana
Mexico
Vladivostok
Russia
Yantai
China
Yokohama.
Japan
Data source:[115]The above data will be available as of April 2024.
San Francisco Sister City
city
country
Time (year)
Osaka
Japan
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven
Sydney
Australia
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight
Assisi
Italy
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine
Haifa
Israel
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-three
Seoul
the republic of korea
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-five
Shanghai
China
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine
Manila
the Philippines
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-one
Kirk
Ireland
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-four
Abidjan
Cote d'Ivoire
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-six
Thessaloniki
Greece
one thousand nine hundred and ninety
Ho Chi Ming City
Vietnam?
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five
Paris
France
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven
Zurich
Switzerland
two thousand and three
Bangalore
India
two thousand and nine
Krakow
poland
two thousand and nine
Amman
Jordan
two thousand and ten
Barcelona
Spain
two thousand and ten
Kiel
Germany
two thousand and seventeen
Data source:[116]The above data will be available as of April 2024.
