In the summer of 1926, he was admitted to Beijing from Shanghai Zhengzheng UniversityNational Tsinghua UniversityDepartment of History, majoring in social anthropology.In the summer of 1930, after graduating from Tsinghua University, he was promoted to the Research Institute of his alma materHistory of Tang DynastyAndBaiyueOrigin problem, part-time studyYenching UniversityResearch Institute.In 1936, he was appointed as Guangzhou Municipal GovernmentZhongshan LibraryCurator concurrentlySun Yat-sen UniversityAssociate professor, teachinghistoriography, with colleagues in the museum, founded Guangzhou Journal quarterly and Shulin semimonthly.From November 1, 1945 to July 1, 1946Guangdong Provincial College of Arts and Sciencesdean[1]。The whole family moved in 1949Hong Kong, successively inXinya Academy、University of Hong KongTeaching in other schools[2]。Mr. Luo Xianglin is a famous historian in modern China, an expert in overseas Chinese historyethnologist、hakkaology He is the founder of genealogy and an outstanding figure in the academic circles of modern humanities and societyMeizhou Baxianone of.[3-4][12]
Luo Xianglin has written extensively throughout his life.According to incomplete statistics, general history in his works includes《Chinese National History》《General History of China》"Yitang Archives", "Tang Dynasty Cultural History", "Tang Dynasty Guilin Cliff Buddha Statue", "Ming and Qing Dynasties Historical Records of Tibet", "Historical Knowledge", the writings on religious and cultural history include "Nestorianism in the Tang and Yuan Dynasties", "Research on Chinese Genealogy", "Chronicle of Youshan Mansion · Volume 1", "Liang Cheng's Mission to the United States", "Fu Bingchang and Modern China""The Vacuum Religion Popular in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Malaya", "The Origin and Culture of Baiyue", "The Research on the Chief Executive Lan Fang of Boluo Kundian" built by Luo Fangbo, "The Research on the Republic built by Luo Fangbo and others in West Borneo", "The Research on Pu Shougeng", "Chen Lanfu and Guangdong Style of Study", "Yan Shigu Chronicle", etc.[5]
Luo Xianglin, Yuanyi, Yitang, GuangdongXingningShuilou Village, Ningxin Town.famoushistorianA pioneer of Hakka research.Early graduated fromHistory Department of Tsinghua University, apprenticeLiang Qichao、Wang GuoweiAnd other famous scholars.Successive postsSun Yat-sen University、University of Hong KongProfessor of Zhuhai Academy, awarded the honorary professor title of Hong Kong University.He is knowledgeable and rigorous in his studies. He has written 41 kinds of books and published nearly 300 academic papers.He pioneered genealogyOnychology、Dunhuang StudiesAfter Jiandu School, a new field of historical research was opened up;Its《Introduction to Hakka Studies》《Hakka originTexts, Collection of Hakka Historical Materials and other pioneering works laid the foundation for the study of Hakka.Counter-Japanese WarDuring this period, Luo XianglinGuangzhou Zhongshan LibraryThe curator made great efforts to ship the rare books and important books to Shilong, Liuzhou, to avoid war.Luo Xianglin devoted his whole life to learning, devoted himself to education, and promoted Chinese culture. He is famous in Chinese and foreign literary and historical circles and one of the eight sages in Meizhou.
After graduating from Xingmin Middle School in the summer of 1924 (the 13th year of the Republic of China), he went to Shanghai Zhengzheng University to study.Two years later, he was admitted to the Department of History of Tsinghua UniversityWang Guowei、Liang Qichao、Zhu Xizu、internationally known sinologist、Gu JiegangAnd AmericansHan TingdunMany famous scholars have followed the spirit and attitude of scholars all their lives and achieved remarkable results.During the semester, he was elected as the chief editor of Tsinghua Weekly.
In the summer of the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930), after graduating from Tsinghua University, he stayed in the Institute to deal with the history of the Tang Dynasty and the origin of Baiyue.In the spring of the next year, he also studied in Yanjing University Research Institute.Obtainedharvard-yenching institute Scholarship, went to South China to investigate folk issues and Hakka origin, and got a lot of first-hand information.After returning to Beijing, I attended classes in Tsinghua University and Yanjing University.In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932)Sun Yat sen University, GuangzhouAppointed as the secretary of the president's office and the editor of Guangdong General Annals Museum.In the next spring, he became an associate professor of Sun Yat sen University and editor of the Monthly Journal of the Institute of Literature and History.At the end of the year, he sorted out the Hakka historical materials he had collected over the years, wrote and published Introduction to Hakka Studies, which was later translated into Japanese by Japanese Yuan Gang and published.Later, he wrote a Textual Research on the Origin of Hakka, a Collection of Hakka Historical Materials, and a Map of Hakka Migration and Distribution to further explore the origin, migration, and specific distribution of Hakka.He is the first Chinese scholar who systematically studies Hakka issues and is praised as an expert on Hakka issues by the academic community.
In the autumn of the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), he resigned from Sun Yat sen University and taught at Nanjing National Central UniversityCentral Antiquities Preservation CommitteeAudit matters.In March of the next year, he married Zhu Ru, the daughter of Zhu Xizu, in Nanjing.Served concurrently in SeptemberShanghai Jinan UniversityProfessor.
Two years later, he returned to Guangdong, served as the curator of Guangzhou Zhongshan Library, and founded the quarterly Journal of Guangzhou and the semimonthly Book Forest with colleagues in the library.When Luo Xianglin was sorting out the books in the library, he found that Lin Fengchao had written "The History of Paradise" and "The Annals of Lanfang Company". After reading carefully, he knew that Luo Fangbo had established a grand general system in West Borneo, which was actually a republican regime, while Luo Fangbo was actually a member of the Shishan people in Mei County.
Luo Xianglin believed that such a Hakka person with pioneering spirit and advanced ideas should actually write a special book, which is the book "Research on the Republic Built by Luo Fangbo in West Borneo".This general system was known to the world as the republican regime.Shortly after the War of Resistance against Japan, the Japanese invaders landed in Daya Bay. Guangzhou was in an emergency. He chose rare books and precious maps from the library day and night and shipped them to Guangxi.As soon as we arrived at Cangwu, Guangzhou was conquered. The book was transported to Guiping for storage by a boat sailing upstream the Liujiang River. The precious books survived the war.At this time, the departments of Sun Yat sen University have also moved to the rear areas.Luo Xianglin stayed with Zhu Xizu, his father-in-law in Chongqing for a short time, and jointly proposed that the Kuomintang authorities set up a National History Museum and draw up regulations for the museum.
In the spring of the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), Luo Xianglin went to Chongqing to serve as a special member of the Kuomintang Central Committee, planned academic conferences and carried out regular academic research, and completed the publication of Cultural History of the Tang Dynasty.At the end of the year, he returned to Ruyuan University of Arts College in northern Guangdong to give lectures.In May of the next year, I asked Sun Guixiang's family in Zhongba, Zijin County for an old banknote of the Sun's Genealogy. It was known that Sun Yat sen originally lived in Zijin (Hakka area), Guangdong Province, in order to fight against the failure of the Qing Dynasty, moved to Zengcheng, and then moved to Xiangshan, where he had never served in the Qing Dynasty, and encouraged himself by farming.On this basis, Luo Xianglin wrote a Textual Research on the Origin of the Father's Family, which was affirmed by Mr. Sun Yat sen and Sun Ke, the former president of the Legislative Yuan of the National Government, and began to write a preface.In September, CUHK moved back from Yunnan to northern Guangdong.
Luo Xianglin once led some researchers of the Institute of Liberal Arts to Guilin to investigate cultural relics and historic sites, and found the Buddha statue and related stone carvings in the first year of Emperor Gaozong's Diaolu's reign (679) at Guanyinfeng, Xishan, Guilin.Later, he translated the relics of the previous generation seen in Guangxiao Temple in Guangzhou as classics, visiting eminent monks, iron towers and Buddha statues.As well as the Kohler tree which is still growing well and the Banyan tree, we have devoted ourselves to research.It was found that Buddhism, which was introduced into Guangdong and Guangdong from the sea, had a different system and unique status from those from the Western Regions, regardless of the sects and artistic development it performed, and from this we could see its relationship with the developed maritime transportation between China and India.He specially wrote his research results into a monograph "Guangxiao Temple of Tang Dynasty and Guilin Cliff Buddha Statue", which was highly valued by Buddhist circles and Japanese historians.
After the victory of the Anti Japanese War, the Guangdong Provincial Government was reorganized. Luo Xianglin became a member of the Guangdong Provincial Government and president of the Guangdong Provincial College of Arts and Sciences, and founded the quarterly Guangdong Construction Research.At the beginning of the next year, Guangdong Literature Museum was proposed to be established.In September, the Guangdong Literature Museum was established. As one of the nine members of the Council, he made remarkable achievements in maintaining and developing Guangzhou's literature industry.
Before long, he resigned from his post as a member of the Guangdong Provincial Government and a full-time professor of Sun Yat sen University.Later, he served as the chief editor of Sing Tao Daily and Literary and Historical Supplement in Hong Kong and the director of the History Department of the Institute of Guangzhou University of Culture.He resigned in June 1949 and moved to Hong Kong with his family. He has successively taught in the Hong Kong Academy of Culture, the Guangda Academy, the New Asia Academy, the official Chinese evening school and the University of Hong Kong.
From the autumn of 1956 to the end of 1963, he was invited to Europe, Japan, the Americas, Taiwan and other places to make academic speeches and surveys, which had a great impact on sinology and historical research.
In October 1965, he delivered a series of lecture materials of the Chinese Department of the University of Hong Kong. He delivered a speech entitled "Research on Chinese Genealogy" in English.This is his first research topic, which can be said to be another new discipline field after oracle bone science.In addition to the relevant monographs and papers on the data in the genealogy, he also expressed his own unique views on the historical significance of genealogy research, the origin and characteristics of Chinese genealogy, the spread and preservation of Chinese genealogy, and later supplemented and wrote the book "Research on Chinese Genealogy", which has since established the academic status of Chinese genealogy and become an important branch of history.This is one of the outstanding contributions of Luo Xianglin in academic research.
In 1967, he became the Vice Chairman of the Management Committee of the Hong Kong Center for Greater Asian Studies, making contributions to the promotion of Asian academic and cultural research.At that time, various research institutions and institutions of higher learning in Hong Kong employed him one after another. He only served as the dean of the College of Arts of Zhuhai Academy. The focus was to consider the doctoral program of the Institute and the school's publishing matters. In the spare time, he mostly participated in guest conferences, Chinese and foreign academic and cultural activities, and edited Xingning Family Literature.
At the end of 1968, when his term of office expired and he retired, the University of Hong Kong gave him the honorary title of professor for life.In the 10 years after retirement, he traveled to Taiwan and the United States, gave lectures, and worked hard for Xiangzi culture and Hakka literature.He died on April 29, 1978 at the age of 73, due to diabetes and liver cirrhosis in his later years, although the medical effect of various medical treatments was not good.[8][12]
-In 1932, he won the Harvard Yenching Society Award.
-In 1932, he served as a nationalSun Yat-sen UniversitySecretary of the President's Office and editor of Guangdong General Records Museum.
-In 1941, it was launched“Chinese Historical Society”。Chang and Sun Yat sen UniversityHuang XianfanThe professor discussed the problem of ethnic studies together.
-In 1940, he compiled the book "A Study of the Origin of the Father's Family".
-In 1934, he taught in the Department of History of Sun Yat sen University, and served concurrently in September of the same yearJinan UniversityProfessor of the Faculty of Arts.
-1956-1968University of Hong KongHe is a professor of the Chinese Department and serves as the head of the Chinese Department of the University.[1]
-In 1969, he was appointed to Zhuhai Academy in Hong Kongdean of the college of artsAnd the director of the Institute of Chinese Literature and History.[4]
Publications
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Luo Xianglin has written 42 kinds of books and published nearly 300 academic papers throughout his life.[12]
Luo Xianglin's main works include: Collection of Luo Xianglin's Works, Research on Chinese Genealogy《Chinese National History》, General History of China, Yitang Wencun, Fu Bingchang and Modern China, Cultural History of the Tang Dynasty, Cliff Buddha Statue in Guilin in the Tang Dynasty, Nestorianism in the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, Collection of Hakka Historical Materials, Research on the Origin of Hakka, Introduction to Hakka Studies, Map of Hakka Migration and Distribution, Chronicle of Youshan Mansion, Volume IHistorical Materials of Tibet in Records of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Understanding of History, Liang Cheng's Missions to the United States, Vacuum Religion Popular in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Malaya, Origin and Culture of Baiyue, Research on the Establishment of Boluo Kundian Lan Fang Grand President by Luo Fangbo, Research on the Republic by Luo Fangbo in West Borneo, Research on Pu Shougeng, Chen Lanfu and Guangdong Style of StudyYan Shigu's Chronicle, The History of the Previous Generation of Hong Kong, Hong Kong and the Cultural Exchange between China and the West, National Survival Theory《The University Age of the National Father》, Research on the Origin of the Father's Family, Historical Relics of the Father in Hong Kong, Friendship between the Father and Europe and America, Folklore Collection, etc.[5][12]
Academic achievements
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Successive roles of Luo XianglinSun Yat-sen University、Jinan UniversityCentral Political UniversityNanjing University）GuangzhouNational University, Guangzhou University of Culture and other universities, andGuangzhou Zhongshan LibraryCurator, member of Guangdong Provincial Government and president of Guangdong Provincial College of Arts and Sciences.In 1949, he moved to Hong KongXinya Academy、University of Hong KongHe was awarded the honorary professor title for life by the University of Hong Kong.Luo Xianglin is erudite, rigorous, and devoted to writing in his spare time of teaching. He has written 42 kinds of books and nearly 300 academic papers all his life. He has a high scientific attitudeAcademic valueIt is highly praised by the historians.
Luo Xianglin has two achievements in historiography:
1、 Pioneering Hakka Studies
In the 1930s, the Guangdong local history and geography textbooks and some newspapers and local chronicles compiled by Huang and other scholars insulted the Hakka, falsely claiming that the Hakka was "non Han", and adding the word "ke" to the word "dog", which triggered many debates about the Hakka nationality.Luo Xianglin actively participated in the debate, and based on his years of research on national history and Hakka culture, he wrote an Introduction to Hakka Studies, which scientifically proved that "Hakka is a branch of the Han people", effectively refuted the false accusation of Hakka as "language chirping is not very civilized", "barbaric tribes, degraded people", and defendedHakka peopleSocial status.
In the early 1950s, Luo Xianglin launched another masterpiece of Hakka research《Hakka originTextual Research, starting from the composition and evolution of the Chinese nation, makes a detailed analysis and textual research on the origin and system of Hakka in the Chinese nation, the distribution and natural environment of Hakka, and the characteristics of Hakka language. It is a classic work in Hakka research and lays a solid foundation for Hakka research.Here are the records about pure guest counties and non pure guest counties in the Research on the Origin of Hakka:
（1） Jiangxi Province: one province in Jiangxi Province, with pure guest county: Xunwu AnyuanDingnanLongnanQiannan XinfengNankangDayuChongyiShangyou；It is not a purely guest county, but the known ones are:Gan CountyXingguo Cloud City Huichangningdu ShichengRuijinGuangchang Yongfeng Wan'an Suichuan Ji'anWanzaiPingxiangXiushuiJishui Taihe
（2） Fujian Province: Fujian Province, a pure guest county, only:NinghuaChangting ShanghangWupingYongdingGeneral musicShaxian CountyNanping；The counties that are not purely residential include: Qingliu LianchengMingxipeacefulImperial edictChong'an
（5） Hunan Province: Hunan is a province, and there is no pure guest county, but its non pure guest county is RuchengChenxian CountyLiuyang Pingjiang Yizhang
（6） Sichuan Province: Sichuan is a province, and there are no pure guest counties, but there are more non pure guest counties than Hunan, including FulingBaxian CountyRongchangprosperousLuxian CountyNeijiang Zizhong XinduGuanghanChengduHuayangXinfanguan County
（8） Guizhou Province: Hakkas moved to Guizhou, but only those in non pure guest countiesRongjiang CountyOne county.
（9） Taiwan Province: Taiwan has no pure guest counties, but its non pure guest counties are ChanghuaHsinchuKaohsiung PingdongMiao chestnut
2、 Has established the position of Chinese genealogy
In the 1960s, Luo Xianglin wrote a book called "Research on Chinese Genealogy", which revealed the writing object of Chinese genealogy, clarified the migration of Chinese nation, social evolution, the rise and fall of cultural relics, genetic eugenics, and its relationship with Chinese history, and the future development direction of Chinese genealogyOnychology、Dunhuang Studies、Bamboo slipsAfter learning, another new discipline of historiography has become an important branch of Chinese historical science.
What is "Hakka"?Chinese historians have always believed that the Han people who migrated south from the Central Plains were called Hakkas.As there was a "customer giving system" in the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a "customer" status, compared with the local aborigines.According to the entry of "Hakka" in Cihai, "It is said that during the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty (early 4th century), a part of the Han people in the Yellow River basin migrated south to cross the river due to war, and by the end of the Tang Dynasty (late 9th century) and the Southern Song Dynasty (late 13th century), a large number of Han people also crossed the south of the Yangtze River to Jiangxi, Fujian and eastern Guangdongguangdong And other places, known as' Hakka ', were different from the original local residents, and later became the local Han people's self identification. "In recent years, many scholars have published many academic papers and have different views on the definition of "Hakka", including the following:
(1) The word "Hakka" asEthnic systemThe connotation of the title "" is prescriptive, which is determined by its characteristics different from other ethnic groups, and is not a relative title to the indigenous people who originally lived there.If the term "Hakka" can be established as a relative term to the original local aborigines, then the refugees in other places in history can be called "Hakka" after settling down, but this is not the case.
(2) The so-called customer of the "customer giving system" in history is actually the cruel feudal exploitation andLand annexationThe peasants displaced by war and oppression are called "refugees" or "displaced persons"“peasant”In the Tang Dynasty, there were more names of "main account" and "customer" on the household register."Customer" actually refers to tenantstenant。The difference between the main household and the customer is based on whether they occupy land. If the main household loses land, it is a "customer". If the customer can have land, it is also a "main household".It can be seen that the title of "Hakka" cannot be the word "customer" from the "customer giving system".
(3) If the "customer" of the "customer giving system" refers to the ethnic groups from the Central Plains, then the Han people from the Central Plains who settled in the Zhangquan area in southern Fujian are called“Heluo people”Its dialect is "Heluo dialect";The people who settled in eastern Fujian are generally called "Fulao people", and their dialect is "Fulao dialect";Settle in Guangzhou area (including most ofZhujiang delta）Of is called“Guangfu people”Its dialect is "Cantonese".They are not called "Hakka people".
(4) It is believed that the Han people who cross the south areCompile household Qi MinIt is the main household, and the aborigines are not editorial households, so they should be customers without paying tribute. Therefore, the customers of the "customer giving system" are not Han people who migrated from Zhinan.
(5) It is believed that the Han people who moved before the Tang and Song dynasties are the main householdsTime ShiftIt's the customer.
In short, there are different opinions.We believe that the definition of Hakka people should be based on scientific criteria, which can neither be determined completely from the origin nor be assumed or inferred by abandoning historical facts.Although the theory of origin and development can explain the historical fact that the ethnic groups in the Central Plains migrated southward to form Hakkas, it can not explain that there are many Han ethnic groupsEthnic systemThe historical fact that the complex evolution of the Han nationality into Hakka people does not explain the complex evolution of the Han nationality's multi-ethnic system, especially the evolution results after the southward migration."... To define Hakka people, we should comprehensively and essentiallyHakka peopleTo make a scientific summary, we should make a scientific summary from the perspective of combining the common connotation of the national concept with the characteristics of the people, that is, the personality. In particular, we should make a scientific summary of the personality characteristics of the Hakka people and give an accurate definition... Then, what is called the Hakka people?I think it can be summarized as follows: the unique and stable Hakka people of the Han nationality formed due to historical reasons have common interests, unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (i.eHakka spirit）。Those who meet the above stability criteria are called Hakka people, otherwise they cannot be called Hakka people. "
"HakkaEthnic systemAs Han DynastyNational communityIn the process of its formation and development, an important ethnic group in China, in addition to the region, language, economic life and psychological quality of its own nation, it also has many characteristics of its own, so it has similarities and differences, similarities and differences with the various historical and cultural characteristics of its own nation, showing the relationship between the unity of generality and individuality, and the coexistence of generality and particularity. ""The Han people in the Central Plains, the Hakka ancestors and their descendants who migrated south encountered various challenges in the process of migration and the formation and development of their own ethnic system, which is naturally different from the Central Plains. On the one hand, the objective living environment forced them to make some adjustments to their original psychological quality;On the other hand, the mutual influence, integration and even struggle with the natives and other ethnic groups in the guest place that occurred naturally in the migration process will also change their original psychological factors in one way or another.In this way, the geographical environment, historical traditionsEthnic integrationAs well as the interaction of many functions such as the economic life in the relocation area, the Han nationality in the Central Plains who migrated south will naturally have one or another adjustment, change and re integration in terms of psychological quality.Once such adjustment, change and re integration are completed, HakkaEthnic systemAnd finally formed. "
It is particularly important to point out that Hakka language is still used in ancient Chinese“living fossil”It is popular in Hakka areas such as eastern Guangdong, western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, and has becomeModern ChineseAn independent dialect system in Chinese.The final formation of this unique dialect system is also an important symbol of the formation of the Hakka people.Therefore, the formation of the Hakka people should also be marked by the four elements of common region, common language, common economic life and common psychological quality."Of course, the first element to form a people's lineage is people. Only when there is an advantageous crowd force can we form a self advantageous environment and develop a personality that is based on our own ancestors and integrates with the new environment, and continue to maintain and develop." HakkaEthnic systemThe formation period ofZhao SongIt has a history of nearly a thousand years.
In general:
1. Hakka people are one of the unique and stable ethnic groups of the Han nationality (the Central Plains nationality).In ancient history, the ethnic groups in the Central Plains moved south andBaiyue nationalityOr other ethnic minorities, after thousands of years of integration, but its shape and spirit are still the Central Plains ethnic groups without variation, with unique stability.
2、hakka dialectyesHakka peopleThe unique language of.The Hakka people in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces are basically the same or similar in language (except that the languages of some counties are influenced by other language families, but they also retain the basis of Hakka, but differ in tone).asChangting CityThe language is exactly the same as that of Zhiping people in Ninghua;The Hakka dialect of Changting City is completely connected with the Hakka dialect of Meizhou in Guangdong Province and Gannan in Jiangxi Province.The overseas Chinese who have returned after 50 or 60 years of leaving their hometown will never forget and can naturally speak Hakka fluently.Hakka and Cantonese (Cantonese)Hokkien (East Fujian) and Heluo dialect (Zhangquan) dialects have nothing to do with HenanZhongzhou(Zhengzhou area) There are many similarities in phonology.Yale UniversityHan TingdunThe professor said: "Hakka dialect originates from the north, and their dialect... is like the dialect of Henan in Zhongzhou." Zhongzhou dialect is the local dialect of Zhengzhou in Henan, andhakka dialectVery similar.
3. Hakka people have specialHakka cultureAnd customs.The Yongding round and square earth buildings left over from the Ming and Qing dynasties are thick, tall and magnificent.NinghuaAnleAnyuan，ChangtingTufang, Xuancheng, GuangdongXingningMulti storey building in Meixian District, Meizhou CityDragon enclosure house, ChangtingJiuting 18th Well, which symbolizes the architectural art of Hakka. Its unique structure isHakka peoplelive in a strange landLive together, witness to the group style "Hakka House".especiallyYongding Earth BuildingThe unique architecture has attracted the attention and appreciation of the world's architectural circles."Yongding Tulou is the cultural wealth of the Yongding people, the cultural wealth of the Chinese people, and the cultural wealth of the people of the world."WupingZhongshan's "Hundred Family Name Settlements" and "Military Family"Dialect island”It is a cultural phenomenon worthy of attention in Hakka studies.
The Book of Jin · Biography of Wang Daozhuan says: "LuojingOverturning,ZhongzhouGentry and women avoid chaosJiangzuoSixteen and seventeen...... "As a result of southward migrationDongting Lake、Poyang LakeHan people from three tribes of Taihu LakeEthnic system。The Poyang Lake tribe is the ancestor of the Hakka people.They were Han people who originally lived in Shanxi and Henan, fled to Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu and Jiangxi, and then moved to southern Jiangxi and western Fujian along Poyang Lake.
According to the Records of Jiaying Prefecture, "today's aborigines are mostly from the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. People who have been interviewed with their ears and eyes are mostly fromTingzhouofNinghuaThere were also people from Ganzhou.Their language and voice are all close to Tinggan... "The genealogy and genealogy of many clans of Jia now moved from the late Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, which is sufficient evidence.
Hakka is a branch of the Han nationality of the Chinese nation that migrated southward, namely, the Min, Yue and Gan families.Hakka people live in the area connected by the three provinces of western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi.There are 33 pure Hakka countiesHakka peopleA pioneering land with a history of thousands of years.Tingzhou NinghuaShibi VillageIt was the transfer station for Hakka to move south before the Song and Yuan Dynasties;Meizhou CityXingning, Tai Po and other places are the transfer stations for Hakka people in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.To develop overseasSouth FujianIs many.Shantou and Xiamen have been two famous overseas Chinese ports in China since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.Hong Kong, ShenzhenNanyang IslandsPreserved by Hong Kong residents and overseas Chinese (some of whom are Hakka people and their descendants) in various commercial portsGenealogy, and related overseasHakka originTheir ancestors were Han people from the Central Plains who moved south to Fujian and stayed thereTingzhouNinghuaShek Pik, after ChangtingShanghang、YongdingGoing to sea in Shantou, Guangdong, or from western and southern Fujian via Xiamen, or migrating to Hong Kong, Shenzhen and other places in Nanyang via Guangzhou.
Several times in Hakka historyGreat MigrationIt has a long history in the south.Hakka children are distributed on five continents of the world, and their footprints enlighten the whole world.They drifted far away from home, lived in a foreign country, and the tradition of loving their country and hometown has been handed down from generation to generation.Hakka people are the most widely distributed and influential people in the contemporary worldEthnic systemone of.
Appendix II:
Luo Xianglin's Migration of Hakka People
Hakka people are a systematic branch of the Han nationality.The Hakka ancestors moved from the Central Plains to the south gradually because they were invaded by Chinese frontier tribes.First Emperor of QinAfter the destruction of the six countries and the unification of China, the Great Wall was built and heavily garrisoned to prevent the invasion of nomadic people in the border areas.Xuan Youpai LieutenantSlaughter a faultLead the large military region to garrison 500000 people in Lingnan to preventNanyue nationalityThe invasion of.Emperor QinThey also drove the exiled guests who had stayed in Henan, Anhui and Fujian to Xing'an, Guangxi, which was unpopular. They built flexible canals and canals, and drove the exiled guests who had stayed in Henan, Anhui and Fujian to Guangxi at HuazuiXing'an CountyBuildingLinqu canalCanal, Yu Huazui willDinjan andXiangjiang RiverandLijiang RiverDrill through to transport the army and grain. Continue toSouthern XinjiangUse of troops.After the death of the Qin Dynasty, this huge army did not return to the north, and continued to stay there as a guest, which was the beginning of a large number of Han people moving south.
Hakka ancestors migrated from the Central Plains to the south, a total of 5 times.Other sporadic immigration or from various placesServing officialOr those who have moved to the place due to business, they cannot know the plan.During the Qin and Han Dynasties,Zhao TuoSelf-relianceNanyue King。During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, soldiers were sent south to pacifySouth VietnamThen nine prefectures were set up on the basis of the three prefectures in southern Xinjiang in the Qin Dynasty, includingMinzhong County。In the late Eastern Han Dynasty,Huangjin Uprising，Separatist regime, frequent wars and flames of war.A large number of Han people living in the Yellow River basin have moved to the south, which is the so-called "all the heroes fight for the middle land, and Li Shu goes to the south".During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei adopted the policy of inviting border people to move in, which was extended to the Western Jin Dynasty.During the Jianwu period,Jin Yuan EmperorHe led his subjects to the south, which is famous in history“Yongjia RebellionAnd travel to the south in clothes ".From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved southward to the Yangtze River basin, which was the first great migration.During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Yangtze River Basin was in flames of war, and the Han people continued to move southward.Professor Luo Xianglin《Hakka originAccording to the textual research, "Up to now, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty has unified China, and with the sole view of the origin of the Three Kingdoms separatism, he has eliminated the military power of prefectures and counties, leaving the border states empty. The Eight Kings of the Qing Dynasty have made trouble one after another, weakening the national strength, and the tribes migrating into the border areas have to take the opportunity to build their ownSeparatist regime。The central government of the Jin Dynasty had to move toJiankangIn Nanjing today, people in the mainland who have the power or opportunity to move to the south are all willing to lead the southward migration, which was called "exile" at that time. "At that time, Fujian was located on the southeast coast, and the situation was relatively stable. Therefore, the people from the Central Plains who moved southward poured in one after anotherWuyi MountGoing south or from GannanTingzhou、NinghuaOfShek PikZhai (current nameShibi Village）And then continue to move to various territories of Tingzhou County;Some people scattered from northern Jiangxi.The Central Plains People and the Local People Entering TingtingMinyue nationality、the She ethnic groupGradually merged and became an early Hakka in Tingzhou.Former Xiamen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversityProfessor Wei Yinglin once said: "The Hakka people in Tingzhou come from the combination of the clan in the Central Plains and the Minyue clan."《Hakka originThe book pointed out: "These southbound people, politically, have supported the situation of the dynasties since the Eastern Jin Dynasty; economically, they have developed the industries in the south and improved the livelihood of the south; and ethnically, they have increased the number of inland people and southern tribes, such asBaiyue nationality(including Minyue nationality), part of Miao nationality (including She nationality)... "
according toLi JifuAccording to the Records of Wuhe County, there were 29690 households with 100000 people entering Fujian in the past two years at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty.A large number of immigrants entered Ting at this time.Due to the continuous inflow of Han people from the Central Plains and the increasing population, it was set up in the 24th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang DynastyTingzhou。Tingzhou is located in the west of Fujian, bordering on the east of Guangdong and the south of Jiangxi（Ninghua）、SillaYiyi has a vast area, nearly 400 kilometers in length and breadth.According to《A synopsis》Before Tang Zhenyuan, there were 5330 households with a population of 16000.The statistics of household registration mainly show Han people.
In the second year of the General Manager of the Tang Dynasty, there were ethnic minorities between Fujian and Guangdong who were dissatisfied with the government's oppression and gathered people to resist.The Imperial Court orders General Zuo LangChen ZhengHe was the administrative director of Lingnan and led the army to Fujian to guard.During the reign of Xiantong in the Tang Dynasty, the garrison rebelled for some reason, led by Chong Xun, and led the army to attack the Central Plains. The court spent considerable strength to pacify it.Soon,Unjust sentencepeoplerebel leaderunionPang XunRemaining public，start an uprisingIt marched from Henan and Shannan to Huainan, eastern Zhejiang, northern JiangxiCentral Jiangxi, North Fujian, Central Fujian, then turn back to Jiangxi, Hunan, and East Guangxi, go south to Guangzhou, go out to Hunan, Chu, and Anhui, cross the Huaihe River, capture Luoyang, and enterChang'an。More than a decade of turmoil has led to people from all over China moving separately.During the reign of Emperor Zhaozong,Wang Chao、Wang ShenzhiParticipate in ShouzhouWang XuDuring the uprising, more than 5000 people crossed the river south.Most of these people are from HenanKwangjuThe area is called Zhongyuan Clan, and most of the people who enter Minting live here.
Huang Chao's subordinatesZhu WenSurrender to the Tang Dynasty and be awarded Xuanwugovernor of one or more provincesPosition.God blessIn the first year, Zhu Wen killedTang Zhaozong, more than two yearsaccept the abdicated throne from the previous ruler other than by inheritanceAs the emperor, he finally usurped the power of the Tang Dynasty, changed the name of the country to Liang, and started the separatist situation of the Five Dynasties.According to records:Rear sillIn 897, Wang Shenzhi was appointed King of Min by Zhu Wen.Wang ShenzhiIn order to respond to people in a timely manner, we did something beneficial to the people.He "broke ranks with the corporal, opened the door to start education, and took talent education as an urgent task. All the scholar bureaucrats in the late Tang Dynasty who fled from the south were generous and willing to accept, and built a 'Recruitment Institute' to house them." So the scholar bureaucrats in the Central Plains took their families with them, did not avoid hardships, climbed mountains and mountains, and divided their way into Fujian to serve the king.From Eastern Jin Dynasty toFive DynastiesThe Han people moved southward from the Yangtze River basin for the second timeGreat migration。At that time, thousands of people from the Central Plains Clan entered the Ting.So Tingcheng hasWhite Horse Temple, offering sacrifices to Wang Shenzhi.
Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty went south, the Jin people went south, the Yuan people became the masters, and part of the Hakka people moved from Fujian and Jiangxi to eastern Guangdongguangdong 。This is the third great migration.During this period, the exiles of the Zhongyuan clan became more and more popular.allegedlyChen Dynastya royal houseChen Yuanguangremote descendantsChen ShumingThere were nine sons in total, and they became a huge family. They were told that every huge family lived separately, but they were scattered in Jiuzhou."Nine sons are divided into nine states, and full sons are grantedTingzhou”OfChen Kui(In fact, he was the sixth son), with the name of Shenwan, he was appointed as a doctor by the imperial edict and moved to Tingzhou with 97 family members. He was the ancestor of the Chen surname in Tingzhou.The Chen family entered Ting in the Song Dynasty.At that time, Tingzhou had a large area and a large population of 100000.According to historical records, from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the end of the Song Dynasty, it was a period when people from the Central Plains poured into the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces in large numbers. Because western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi are connected by mountains and rivers, the land is fertile and lively, the climate is mild, and the river benefits, while the population is relatively scarce. The migrants from the Central Plains have farmland and a place to live, and the environment is relatively stable.TingzhouNinghuaShek PikAt that time, the village was an important channel for people from Jiangxi to Fujian and from north to south of Fujian. It became a transit station for people from the Central Plains to Fujian and a residence for many ancestors of Hakka.Huang Zunkai wrote a brief account of the facts of the first official history, saying that at this time, "Hakka people scattered in Tingzhou and Shaowu moved to Meizhou".The Thirty second Series of Conversations in the Records of Jiaying Prefecture also said that "most of the Guangdong people who are neighbors of Fujian migrate to Meishan with Ninghua..." Hakka people migrated from the Central Plains to southern China, and went to the sea to the Nanyang Islands and even all over the worldTingzhouNinghua Shibi.From《Hakka originThe research on the "genealogy" and the origin of Hakka surnames cited in the Textual Research, Research on the Origin of Hakka can roughly sort out the early Hakka surnames that once resided in the Shibi of Ninghua, Tingzhou.According to the "Dictionary of Hundred Surnames" and the "Genealogy" preliminary statistics:
Jin DynastyYongjia RebellionLater, he moved from the south of Central Plains to TingzhouNinghuaShek PikThere are: Zhuo, Luo, Guo, Zhan, Qiu, He and so on.
the tang dynastyAn Shi RebellionEight years later (755-763) and moved to Shibi Village andChangting CountyThe surnames of Liao, Zheng, Wen, Chen, Wang, Cai, Yang, Gu, Wu, Shen, Xue, Zhong, Zhou, Liu, Lu, Li, Su, Zhang, Que, Cao, Luo, Deng, Wu, Jiang, Liang, Xie, etc.
The Northern and Southern Song Dynasty resisted Liao and Jin Dynasties, and the late Song Dynasty fought against Yuan Dynasty, and the southern part of the Yangtze River was hardly peaceful. During this period, they moved to Shibi Village in Ninghua, Tingzhou, andChangtingThe names of Zeng, Xie, Zou, Ouyang, Hu, Sun, Lai, You, Lan, Wei, Deng, Wu, Song, Luo, Lin, Jiang, Huang, Peng, Liang, Jian, Wang, Fan, Zhao, Guan, Xu, Fu, Pan, Weng, etc.
According to the Records of Shanghang County · ClanTingzhouNinghuaShibi was moved to Hangzhou County via Changting. The names of Qiu, Jiang, Zhu, Wu, Yan, Li, Guan, Luo, Chen, Yuan, Fan, Zhang, Gong, Huang, Zeng, Zhan and Xie were seventeen. Most of them moved in the Song Dynasty, but few before the Song Dynasty.according toYongding CountyInvestigation: At the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, only the Que family remained in Yongding. In the Southern Song Dynasty, seven families moved in: Lu, Liao, Zheng, Hu, Jiang, Wu, and Lin.
founder of the Song dynastyUnifying China is overFive Dynasties and Ten KingdomsThe situation of great division.However, the Zhao Song Dynasty rarely had a few quiet days.More than 100 years later, Jin destroyed Liao and invaded Song again, broke Bianjing, captured Hui and Qin emperors, and the Northern Song Dynasty died.Song Gaozong moved his capital toLin'anAfter the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, politics became corrupt day by day and the country became weak day by day.In 1234 AD, the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Jin Dynasty and annexed the Central Plains.Then the Yuan army went south and the Southern Song Dynasty died.JingyanIn the first month of the second year (1277), the Yuan army broke through Tingzhouknown as a model of fidelity to the last Song sovereigns、Zhang Shijie、Chen Yizhong、Lu XiufuHe tried to resist and save the Song Dynasty.The righteous people of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi rose up to resist the Yuan army one after another, so the border area between Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi became the battlefield of resistance against the Yuan Dynasty.After the failure of the people who have always lived here, a large number of them migrated to Dapu, eastern GuangdongMeixian County、XingningAnd the northern part of Guangdong;Some died in the war in Wangzhou orCliff mountainSome of them live in the south of the Five Ridges.
During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of customers moved from Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Anhui to Ting. First, they avoided official duties, and second, they were new customers who promoted the army and settled in the fields.TingzhouThe population of Hakka people in the Ming Dynasty increased sharply after a generation of recuperation.By the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the surnames of those who moved south to Ting had exceeded 100.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, political corruption was also worth years of famine. The people had no means to live on the vast expanse of land. Jiajin's civil officials were greedy, and military officers killed innocent people, which led to bureaucratic persecution of the people, peasant uprisings, and local uprisings.The Qing army entered the pass, approaching the capital, the throne has declined and can not be saved.Stone CitywithinMing dynasty Emperor Shenzong's sonHe was fatuous, and Ma and Ruan were in power. He formed a clique and engaged in private affairs, and pretended to be loyal and good.The troops of the Qing Dynasty moved southward, the army pressed the border, the ministerHistorical methodMartyrdom,NanduLosing, the King of Blessings came out, and the country was full of bloody battles.HongguangIn the first year of Yiyou, Wang Yu of the Tang Dynasty supervised the country in Fuzhou, and soon became the emperorLongwu。In the second year of Longwu,Zheng ZhilongHe was bribed by the commander of the Qing Dynasty and promised to be the "King of Fujian and Guangdong", but he withdrew completelyXianxia PassThe Qing troops entered Fujian.Hakka people rose up to resist.However, the Qingbing Company chased after them,Emperor LongwuTingzhouIn the event of suffering, they died in the country with their ministers, military officers and generals in Tingzhou and Ganzhou, as well as those who cut their own throat, hanged themselves, dived or set themselves on fire.A large number of people fled in panic and moved to central Guangdong and coastal areas, as well as Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Taiwan, and a small number moved to the south of Guizhou andXikangThe understanding.This is the fourth time for Hakka peopleGreat Migration。Late Ming and Early QingZhang XianzhongAfter the failure of the peasant uprising, Sichuan was hit by the war of the Manchu Dynasty. The countryside was deserted and the land was sparsely populated.During the reign of KangxiThe imperial edict ordered farmers to move to open up and cultivate land. This was a famous migration in the Qing DynastyHuguang, fill in Sichuan. "
During the Tongzhi period of the Qing DynastyTaiping RebellionSome Hakka people moved to Guangdong South Road andHainan Island, Taiwan, Hong Kong, MacaoNanyang IslandsAs far as Europe and America.This is the fifth great migration, a worldwide migration after the failure of the Taiping Army.
Hakka ancestors lived before the Eastern Jin Dynasty, starting from Bingzhou in the northShangdang, XijiSi ZhouHongnong, reaching Yangzhou Huainan in the east, and reaching the middleYuzhouXincaiAnfeng。Shangdang is located in today's Changzhi County, Shanxi Province, Hongjia is located 20 kilometers south of Lingbao County, Henan Province, and Huainan is located in today's Anhui ProvinceShouxian CountyWithin the territory, Xincai is now HenanXincai County, Anfeng todayHuangchuan, HenanNear Gushi and other counties.Although Hakka ancestors may not come from these places, they actually live here. If you want to verify the origin of Hakka, you must pay attention to this.
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Chen Yinque Guides Luo Xianglin's Hakka Studies
In 1926, Luo Xianglin was admitted to the Department of Economics of Tsinghua University. Due to different interests, he soon moved to the Department of History and was lucky to learn from a master of Chinese cultureinternationally known sinologist。In the summer of 1930, Luo Xianglin wrote a graduation thesis entitled "The Origin of Hakka" and submitted it to his tutor Chen Yinque for review.Chen made a comment on the manuscript: "There are many materials in the genealogy, which need to be examined again." Later, Luo Xianglin wrote in his memoirs that the teacher advocated that "as long as there are historical materials that are valuable enough to help us figure out the problem, all materials can be used, and it is not necessary to use people to talk nonsense when quoting previous works." Chen also specifically told him about his family origin.
Chen Yinque's predecessor came from Tingzhou Prefecture, Fujian ProvinceShanghang CountyMove to JiangxiYining Prefecture(now Xiushui County), originally a Hakka.He said to Luo Xianglin: Most of the Hakka people who moved from Fujian and Guangdong to Yining are engaged in farming and reading. Because they study hard, when they are testing scholars, the local people are often divided by the Hakka people in terms of their academic quotas, and then there are disputes.Later, the feudal officials invited the imperial court to set up additional "Huaiyuan" places for Hakka people, which had nothing to do with the original places, so the dispute was settled.The Chen Yinque family, from his great grandfather Sheng Yuangong to his father Boyan (Sanli), were enrolled by "Huaiyuan nationality" and then passed the college entrance examination level by level.His grandfather, Chen Baozhen, was appointed in 1895 in the first year of XianfengHunan GovernorHe was a famous reformist in the late Qing Dynasty.His father, Chen Sanli, was a scholar in the 15th year of Guangxu, the head of the official department, and the leader of the "Tongguang Style" poetry school.Four members of a three generation family entered the entry of Cihai, winning glory for Hakka people.
Under the guidance of Chen Yinque, Luo Xianglin expanded the collection of historical data such as genealogy.From the winter of 1930, he published the Notice of Collecting Hakka Historical Materials in major newspapers in Guangdong.After a year of collection, he went to Guangdong to investigate in person and collected many genealogies.He compiled these materials into a volume, attached with an outline, and asked his tutor for advice.In 1933, Luo Xianglin published the book Introduction to Hakka Studies.The book has a total of 250000 words. Using a large number of genealogies, history books and other materials, it discusses in detail Hakka's views of "being an old family in the Central Plains", "moving to the south to avoid war", and "going through five major migrations".Later, he wrote the Textual Research on the Origin of Hakka and the Map of Hakka Migration and Distribution, which entered the door of Hakka research.In a series of Hakka works, he pioneered the "theory of ethnic groups", which listed Hakka as one of the seven ethnic groups of the Han nationality.In 1931, Luo Xianglin's father died. When Luo Xianglin returned home to administer the funeral, his mentor Chen Yinque sent an elegiac couplet in his own handwriting:
Xigong cherishes the talents of the world but fails to use them. He has the ability to learn and live up to his expectations
The elegiac couplet is not only a mourning for the seniors, but also a spur and encouragement for the students.Later, he wrote a letter to the publishing house, publicly praising Luo Xianglin: "Luo Jun has written a lot in the past ten years, which is impressive. He never used the old teacher to gossip, so as to hinder his independent and free will."
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Chen Yinque, who taught at Sun Yat sen University in Guangzhou, often received money and goods from Hong Kong, including non-staple food such as lard, which was very scarce in the mainland, but his signature was a strange name "Luohan". Only teachers knew that this was the painstaking effort of student Luo Xianglin!In order not to cause trouble to the teacher, Luo Xianglin used his pen name.
Zhu Xizu tried his best to help Luo Xianglin in his study and teaching
When Luo Xianglin's early works Introduction to Hakka Studies and The Wind of East Guangdong were published,Zhu XizuThe professors wrote a preface for him, which greatly improved the popularity of his works.His preface is not perfunctory.Some scholars believe that Zhu's preface is more rigorous than young Luo Xianglin's argumentation logic at that time in terms of academic theory on Hakka, playing a theoretical guidance and finishing touch effect.As for the Wind of East Guangdong, Zhu Xizu spoke highly of it: "I don't think Luo Jun's Wind of East Guangdong is the first one, but I hope it can be integrated! He takes this matter very seriously. He should follow the wind of the Fifteen Kingdoms. This insight is higher than others!""From the early years of the Zhou Dynasty to the present, after three thousand years, this kind of work has been carried out from the north to the south. The merit of Luo Jun is more outstanding than the merit of collecting the Songs of Chu!"
Zhu Xizu, born in Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province in 1879, has been a professor of history at Peking University, Tsinghua University and Sun Yat sen University.He attached great importance to the collection and collation of local historical materials and ancient books, which had a great impact on Luo Xianglin's historical research.When he was the director of the Institute of Chinese Studies at Peking University, he took part in launching the "Ballad Research Association", publishing a "Ballad Weekly", collecting thousands of ballads from various provinces, several years earlier than Luo Xianglin collecting Hakka folk songs.
From 1932, Luo Xianglin went to Sun Yat sen University to teach. He worked with Zhu Xizu, who was then the head of the Department of History of CUHK, for two years. He was promoted by his mentor as an associate professor of the Department of History, and recommended him to be the editor and chief editor of the Institute of Literature and History.When Zhu Xizu was a teacher at the University, he and Luo Xianglin were co editors of the Guangdong General Annals Museum, discussing the style of the General Annals, and proposed to him that he should write the national strategy and overseas Chinese strategy.In 1934, Zhu Xizu went to Nanjing Central University as head of the Department of History, and strongly recommended Luo Xianglin to teach at the University.Later, Luo Jialun, the headmaster, had prejudice against Luo Xianglin, so he was not qualified as a professor.Luo Xianglin left the Central University in August 1936 and was employed as the curator of the Sun Yat sen Library in Guangzhou.At the beginning of Luo Xianglin's tenure, Zhu Xizu, who is already his father-in-law, communicated with him constantly, and guided him from the catalog of library collections to the types of books purchased.Luo Xianglin took the teacher's advice, bought a large number of valuable books and literatures, launched a donation to the society, took the lead in donating more than 100 books, organized the compilation of book catalogues, compiled professional historical materials, proofread rare books, and prepared to build a Guangdong literature showroom. At the same time, he founded the quarterly Journal of Guangzhou and the semi monthly Journal of Shulin, and organized experts and scholars to publish book reviews or treatises.It was during this period that he published articles such as The Family History of Hong Xiuquan in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
In July 1937, when the Anti Japanese War broke out, Zhu Xizu, a bookish man, traveled to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces to transfer a large number of books hidden in Nanjing.From July 9, 60 boxes of books were shipped, including a truck, from Nanjing to Huizhou, and from Huizhou to Tunxi Village, which lasted three months.In August, when Japanese planes bombed Guangzhou crazily, Luo Xianglin sent his pregnant wife Zhu Tan back to his hometown Xingning for refuge. He and his colleagues urgently selected more than 50000 precious books and evacuated them to the suburbs of Guangzhou.In October of the next year, the Japanese invaders landed in Daya Bay, and Luo Xianglin transferred the books to Guangxi safely.When the country was worried about the difficulties of his family, he devoted himself to his duties and saved a large number of valuable books for the country.Today, these surviving books are stored inSouth China Normal UniversityIn the library.The 250000 books saved by Zhu Xizu were donated to the country by his son, including the most precious Ming Dynasty and Song Dynasty editions of Shuijingzhu.It is worth mentioning that in the years of war, the two people always miss each other's safety and the transfer of books.
Luo Xianglin said of Zhu Xizu: "Mr. Zhu Xizu is the most important person in his lifelong history study. He knows right and wrong, and has no constant property outside his book collection. But his noble demeanor is incomparable." In July 1944, Mr. Zhu Xizu died in Chongqing at the age of 66.Later, Luo Xianglin collated and edited the manuscripts for him and published the Collected Works of Mr. Zhu Xizu, which was the best reward for his teacher.[6]
The Luo family in Xingning moved from Ningdu, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province to Xingning, Guangdong Province to settle down since its ancestor, Xiao Jiugong, in the Yuan Dynasty. The population has continued to multiply, and descendants have spread all over the world.
Luo Xianglin and his wife had four sons and a daughter. The four sons were named Wen, Wu, Cheng and Kang, and the daughter was named Yu;Apart from Luo Cheng, who died young, the remaining three sons and one daughter mostly arrived after graduation from Hong Kong UniversityHarvard Universityfurther education.Now they are all in foreign countries.The eldest son, Rowan, is a retired professor of history at the University of Florida;Luo Wu, the second son, is an academician of the American Academy of Medical Sciences. He is good at internal medicine;Luo Kang, the fourth son, was the principal of a secondary school in Hong Kong for many years.Her daughter, Luo Yu, is a doctor of theology and has worked in Hong Kong in relation to the church.[11]
