Website refers to the use ofHTML（Standard Universal Markup Language）A collection of web pages produced by tools such as, for displaying specific content.In short, a website is aCommunication tools, people can publish the information they want to publish through the website, or use the website to provide relevant informationnetwork service。People canbrowserCome to visit the website, get the information you need or enjoy network services.
The website is owned on the Internetdomain nameOr address and provide certainnetwork serviceThe host of is the space for storing files, with the server as the carrier.People canbrowserTo access and find files, or throughRemote File Transfer(FTP）To upload and download website files.
ARPANET was established in 1968, and the first phase project was put into use in 1969.There are only 4 nodes at the beginning.ARPANET (ARPANET) has taken shape in 1970, and has begun to open to non military departments. Many universities and commercial departments have begun to access it. At the same time, ARPANET is in the United StatesEast CoastThe firstnetwork node。[1]
At that time, there were only four hosts connected to the network, evenLAN(LAN) technology has not yet emerged.At that time, it was used as an interface machineHoneywellDDP516 typeMinicomputerIts memory is only 12K.[1]
The father of the Internet and his team
It was expanded to 15 nodes in 1971.After several years of successful operation, it has developed into a universal network connecting many universities, research institutes and companiesUnited States TerritoriesOfComputer network, and can passsatellite communicationFar away fromHawaii, BritishLondonandNorthern EuropeOfNorwayThe connection enables European users to access the network through the nodes in the UK and Norway.In July 1975, Arpanet handed over toU.S. Department of DefenseCommunication bureau management.By 1981, there were 94 nodes distributed in 88 different locations.[1]
In the early days of the Internet, websites could only store simple text.After several years of development, image, soundanimation, video, and even3D technologyIt can be presented through the Internet.adoptDynamic web page technologyUsers can also communicate with other users or website managers in the library, and some websites provideE-mail serviceOr online communication service.[2]
Important events
1961:Dr. Leonard Kleinrock of Massachusetts Institute of Technology published a paper on packet switching technology, which later became the standard communication mode of the Internet.[3]
1971:Located in the United StatesCambridgeEngineer of BBN TechnologyRay Tomlinson(Ray Tomlinson) developed e-mail（E-mail）。Since then, ARPANET's technology has begun to spread to universities and other research institutionsuniversal。
1988:Students of the University of Illinois (then)Steve Dorner）Started developing the email software "Eudora".
1991:CERNScientistTim Berners Lee(Tim Berners Lee) developedweb（World Wide Web）。He also developed an extremely simple browser (browsing software).Since then, the Internet has begun to spread to the public.This person is known as the "father of the Internet".[3]
1993:University of IllinoisUnited StatesSupercomputerMark, a student at the Application CenterMark Andreesen (Mark Andreesen) and others developed the real browser "Mosaic".This software was later used asNetscapeNavigator goes to market.Since then, the Internet has been explosively popularized.[3]
Composition of website
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In the early days,domain nameSpatial servers and programs are the basic components of websites. With the continuous progress of science and technology, the composition of websites has become increasingly complex. Most websites are composed of domain names, spatial servers, DNS domain name resolution, website programs, databases, etc.[4]
domain name
Universal top-level domain.com
domain name(Domain Name) is the name of a computer or computer group on the Internet, which is composed of a string of letters separated by dots.Used ondata transmissionTime marks the electronic position of the computer (sometimes also refers togeographical position）Domain name has become a brand of the Internettrademark protectionOne of the necessary products.Generally speaking, the domain name is equivalent to the house number of a family, through which others can easily find you.Take a common domain name as an example,baiduThe website is composed of two parts,grade"Baidu" is the main body of the domain name, and the last label“com”Is the suffix of the domain name, representing a comInternational domain name, is the top-level domain name.The front www. is the network name, which is the domain name of www.[4]
DNS stipulates that the labels in the domain name areEnglish letterAnd numbers.Each label is no more than 63 characters and is not case sensitive.Division in labelHyphenOther punctuation marks cannot be used except for (-).The domain name with the lowest level is written on the left, while the domain name with the highest level is written on the right.[4]
The virtual host is in theNetwork serverA certain number is marked on the topdisk spaceFor users to place sites, application components, etc;Provide necessary site functions, data storage and transmission functions.The so-called virtual host is also called“Website space”Is to divide a server running on the Internet into multiple "virtual" servers.Each virtual host has independentdomain nameAnd a full Internet server (supports WWWFTP、E-mailAnd so on).The virtual host isNetwork developmentThe gospel ofnetwork techniqueApplication and popularization of.At the same time, the virtual host rental service has becomeNetwork eraneweconomic form。The rental of virtual hosts is similar to the rental of houses.[4]
VPS meansVirtual Private Server, is a technology that partitions a server into multiple virtual independent exclusive servers.Each virtual independent server using VPS technology has its ownPublic IPAddress, operating system, hard disk spaceMemory space、CPUResources, etc., can also be carried outerection sequenceRestarting the server is the same as running an independent server.[4]
program source code
The procedure is to build and modify the websiteprograming language, source code is a bunch of characters and symbols written in a certain format.[4]
"For example, right click the mouse on this page and select Viewsource file, come out a notepad, the contents of which are the contents of this pagesource code。”This sentence reflects their relationship. The source file here refers to the source code of the web page, and the source code is the content of the source file, so it can also be called the source code of the web page.[4]
Source code refers to the original code, which can be anyLanguage code。[4]
According to theBusiness PurposeClassification: for-profit websites (industry websites, forums), non-profit websites (enterprise websites, government websites, education websites).
Portal class
Portal.Originally meant to be the main entrance, now it is mostly used for Internet portals andEnterprise application systemThe portal system of.
Portal websites often usephpThere are many websites, and php saves resources compared with other languages.
Personal
Personal websiteIt refers to the independent space produced by individuals or groups due to certain interests, possessing certain professional skills, providing certain services or displaying and selling their own works and commoditiesdomain name's website, personal websites usually useVirtual ServerThe types of websites are mainly blogs and small forums.
1. What is the market of relevant industries, what are the characteristics of the market, and whether the company can conduct business on the Internet.
3. Analysis of the company's own conditions, company profile, market advantages, and what can be improved by using the websitecompetitive power, the ability to build websites (cost, technology, manpower, etc.).[5]
Functional positioning
1. Why build a websiteEstablish enterprise image, promote the product.Do you want to conduct e-commerce or establish an industrial website?Is it the basic needs of enterprises or the extension of market development?[5]
2. Integrate company resources and determine website functions.According to the needs of the company andplan, determine the function type of the website:
Enterprise website, application website, commercial website (industry website), e-commerce website;Enterprise websites can be divided into enterprise image type, product publicity type, online marketing type, customer service type, e-commerce type, etc.
3. Determine the function of the website according to the purpose of the website.
4. EnterpriseIntranet(Intranet) construction and website scalability.[5]
Technical proposal
Determine website technical solutions according to website functions.[5]
1. Self built server or leased serverVirtual host。
2. Select the operating system, Window2000/NT orunix，Linux。Analyze input cost, function, development, stability and safety.
4. Website security measures, anti black and anti-virus programs.
5. What dynamic programs and corresponding databases should be selected.Such as procedureASP、JSP、PHP、.NET；data baseSQL、ACCESS、ORACLE, MySQL, etc.[6]
Content implementation
1. Determined according to the purpose of the websiteSite StructureNavigation[5]
General enterprise websites should include: company profileEnterprise DynamicsProduct introduction, customer service, case presentationcontact information, online message and other basic contents.More information such as: frequently asked questionsmarketing network , recruitment, online forum, English version, etc.Usually, personal websites are mostly small blogs and forums, and the columns are usually set by webmastersPersonal preferencesIt depends.
2. Determine website integration function according to website purpose and content[5]
3. Determine the channel sub column of website structure navigation[5]
For example, the company profile can include: president's speech, development history, corporate culture, core advantages, production base, scientific research and development, partners, major customers, customer evaluations, etc;Customer service can include: online consultation, service hotlineService tenet、Service ItemsEtc.
If the product center uses dynamic program database orStatic page。Whether the marketing network is displayed in a list or a map.
Web Design
1. Web page design art design requirements, web page art design should generally be consistent with the overall image of the enterprise, should conform to the enterpriseCIstandard.Attention should be paid to the application of web page colors, pictures and layout planning to maintain the overall consistency of the web page.[5]
1、webstorm, considered by front-end developersJSDevelops artifact, which can be edited and debuggedHTML、CSS, JS, etc. can also be used asVisualizer, monitor the operation of the website systemWebsite developmentIt is widely used by workers.
4. The first selection when the FLASH web page needs the screen to flow.
5、Photoshopimage processing Software, general web pages need pictures to match, Photoshop is a very powerful tool.Fireworks is image processing software like Photoshop, but FireworksdeviationAnd the processing of web pages.
6、AdobeThe cs3 series launched by the company has good software compatibility.You can use this series to further beautify and optimize the artistic effects of the website.[7]
Generally, it depends on the size of the enterprise, the purpose of building the website, and the number of website functions.
2. The professional website building company shall, according to the function anddesign schemeThe price is set, and the enterprise conducts cost performance research.
3. The price of the website ranges from thousands to hundreds of thousands of yuan.If template type is excludedself-help building website(Enterprise websites, regardless of size, must haveexclusiveness, if the stereotype has a great impact on the corporate image) andMake exorbitant profitsThe cost of website construction is generally related to the functional requirementsProportionalOf.
Website maintenance
1. Maintenance of servers and related software and hardware, evaluation of possible problems, and formulation ofresponse time。[5]
Website promotionIt is based on the Internet, with the help of platform and network mediaInteractivityTo assistMarketing objectivesA new type ofmarketing managementMode.At present, the common promotion methods of communication are mainly realized by buying advertisements among major website promotion service providers. Free website promotion includes: SEO optimization of website content or structure improvement of websiteSearch EnginesIn the forummicro-blog, BlogWeChat、QQ ZoneRelease information on other popular platformsWebsite external linkEtc.[5]
From the perspective of website production technology, website production is becoming easier and easier;The promotion of websites is becoming more and more difficult.In order to let customers find their own websites from numerous websites, we need to take a series of effective methods to promote websites.[5]
Website characteristics
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E-commerce websiteThe main difference from the general website is its function, which focuses on solvingBusiness activitiesElectronic.E-commerce website is an important way for enterprises to release business information, realize business management and online transactionsE-commerce systemThe "window" of e-commerce is also the undertaker and performer of e-commerce system operation.With a website, enterprises can display products and services, promote corporate image, promote business development, strengthen communication with customers and consumers, and realize profits online or offline.
General website
Different websites have different characteristics. A good website often has the following characteristics:[2]
No matter from the perspective of marketing or display, the website cannot be separated from the interaction of the websiteSexual functionA website without interactive function or interaction can only be called a dead website or webpage.The technical interactivity is mainly reflected in the website forumMessage Board, business negotiation, etcSystem module。[2]
(3) Practicality of the website
The website needs to be grand and beautiful, but the website should not be flashy, especially for group enterprisesEnterprise websiteGreat efforts have been made in practical application.The layout shows the commonly used and important things in the prominent position of the website, whether in the background management of the website or browsing the front page of the website.In a word, it is "simple but not monotonous, substantial but not complicated".[2]
(4) Technical nature of the website
The good website is not limited to its beautiful appearance.Website stability, browsing speedcompatibilityIt is also an important part of website intuition.Three or five days after the website is completedHacker attack. The access speed is slow, and it is troublesome to add or modify things. These are the problems of many websites.[2]
(5) Website scalability
From computers limited to the US Department of Defense toMicrocomputerFamily popularization, from AlibabaOpen ChinaThe first website of the Internet has been popularized. The era has developed rapidly and the Internet has developed faster. In addition, the development of the Internet is also the development of websitesWebsite constructionWith the development of technology and the change of people's aesthetic views, the website has to be constantly improved. This improvement depends on the size of the website's scalability. For example, even if the website with great scalability was produced in 2012, it will still be available in 2020, but some websites with poor scalability and inconvenient upgrading will still be available in 2020,It would be better to do it all at once than to do it all over again.[2]
E-commerce website
todayCommercial tradeTends to be electronic. Generally speaking, e-commerce websites have the following characteristics:
(1) Virtuality
Customers can only understand the shape, characteristics, price and usage of goods on e-commerce websites through pictures and descriptions of goods.Therefore, the feeling of goods is not as specific as shopping in traditional stores, unless the goods have been used before.[2]
(2) Commerciality
The word "commerce" in e-commerce websites indicates that it has the characteristics of commerce, that is, doing business.E-Commerce websites can provide a trading platform for buyers and sellers. Buyers and sellers can not meet each other, they can not know each other, or they can be thousands of miles apart.The owner of the website can record and sort out the information left by customers to understand their needs.[2]
(3) Convenience
Convenient operation makes e-commerce different fromTraditional businessIt makes full use of the processing advantages of the Internet, overcomes the drawbacks of tedious operation process in traditional businessNetwork transactionFaster and faster.[2]
In order to achieve the goal of profitability, it is required that all links of e-commerce websites operate well, such asWeb Design ProductionCommodity trading, payment for goods, logistics distribution and capital turnover, the integrity of both parties to the transaction, and the guarantee and support of relevant laws are all an organic whole.[2]
In order to make e-commerce websites operate normally, the scale of access traffic must be considered, so the system should consider scalability to prevent system congestion.[2]
(6) Security
In e-commerce, security is a crucial core feature.Customers will put safety considerations first when shopping online.Access of illegal usersVirusesHackers' intrusion will bring harm to the website.This requires the website to provide an end-to-end security solution, such as encryption mechanism, signature mechanismSafety certification, legal registrationaccess control, firewall, anti-virus protection, which is very different from traditional business activities.[2]
Website communication protocol
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websitecommunication protocolThat is, between websitesNetwork communication protocol, is the agreement that computers must abide by when they communicate in the network, and is also the communication protocol.The network communication protocol is to connect different operating systems and different hardwareArchitectureOfInternetIt provides communication support and is a common network language.andTCP/IP protocolIt is the foundation of the Internet.[2]
definition
TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Inter network Protocol) is aNetwork communication protocol, which standardizes allCommunication equipment, especially the data exchange format and transmission mode between one host and another host.TCP/IPIt is the basic protocol of the Internetcomputer data Packaged and addressedstandard method 。staydata transferIt can be vividly understood that there are two envelopes. TCP and IP are like envelopes. The information to be transmitted is divided into several segments. Each segment is inserted into a TCP envelope, and the information with the segment number is recorded on the cover of the letterTCPEnvelope stuffed into IPLarge envelope, send to the Internet.At the receiving end, a TCPsoftware packageCollect envelopes, extract data, restore them in the order before sending, and verify them. If errors are found, TCP will request a retransmission.Therefore,TCP/IPData can be transmitted almost error free on the Internet.For ordinary users, there is no need to knowNetwork ProtocolThe entire structure of IPAddress format, which can be carried out with the worldNetwork Communications。[2]
actuallyTCP/IPThe reference model does not really describe the implementation of this layer, but only requires that an access interface be provided to its upper layer - the network interconnection layer, so that IP packets can be passed on it.Since this level is not defined, its specific implementation method will followNetwork typeThey are different.[2]
(2) Network interconnection layer
The network interconnection layer is the wholeTCP/IPThe core of the agreement.Its function is to send packets to the target network or host.At the same time, in order to send packets as soon as possible, it may be necessary to simultaneously transmit packets along different paths.Therefore, the order in which packets arrive may be different from the order in which they are sent, which requires the upper layer to sort the packets.The network interconnection layer defines the packet format and protocol, namelyIPProtocolProtocol)。In addition to the routing function, the network interconnection layer can also integrate different types of networks（Heterogeneous network）The task of interconnection.In addition, the network interconnection layer also needs to completecongestion control Function of.[2]
(3) Transport layer
stayTCP/IPIn the model,Transport layerThe function of is to enable peer entities on the source host and the target host to have conversations.Two types are defined in the transport layerService qualitydifferentagreement。Transmission Control ProtocolTCP(transmission control protocol) and user datagram protocolUDP( user datagram protocol)。[2]
TCP protocol is a connection oriented and reliable protocol.It sends the byte stream sent by one host to other hosts on the Internet without error.At the sending end, it is responsible for dividing the byte stream transmitted from the upper layer into message segments and delivering them to the lower layer.At the receiving end, it is responsible for reassembling the received message and delivering it to the upper layer.TCP protocolIt also deals with end-to-endflow controlTo avoid that the slow receiving receiver does not have enough buffer to receive a large amount of data sent by the sender.
UDP protocol is a connectionlessTransport layerProtocol, which provides simple and unreliable transaction oriented information transmission services, and is mainly applicable to situations where message sorting and flow control are not required.[2]
TCP/IP protocol does not depend on any specificcomputer hardwareoroperating system, provides open protocol standards, and TCP/IP protocol is widely supported even if the Internet is not considered.Therefore,TCP/IP protocolIt has become a practical system combining various hardware and software.[2]
TCP/IP protocol does not depend on specific network transmission hardware, soTCP/IP protocolIt can integrate various networks.Users can use Ethernet（Ethernet)、Token Ring Network(Token Ring Network), Dialup line10. 25 networksAnd all network transmission hardware.[2]
Unifiednetwork addressThe distribution scheme makes the wholeTCP/IPAll devices have unique addresses in the network.[2]
The standardized high-level protocol can provide a variety of reliable user services.[2]
For the virtual space provider, website traffic refers to the amount of data generated by users when they visit the websitevirtual spaceThe merchant limits the amount of traffic. When the traffic exceeds the amount of website traffic, the website cannot be visited.websiteFlow statisticsMain indicators include:·Unique visitors （unique visitors）； ·Repeat visitors · page views·Page Views per user·Statistical indicators of some specific files/pages, such as page display times, file download times, etc.[6]
At the stage of website planning and construction, the requirements for personal experience and knowledge of key personnel are relatively high, and the construction process control is relatively complex;Website promotionThe consciousness is not clear and is often ignored;The effect needs to be verified laterHysteresis effectEasily lead to neglect of website construction and website promotioninfluence factorConsiderations.[8]
Website operation stage
Personal experience and knowledge requirements are relatively high, and construction process control is relatively complex;The awareness of website promotion is not clear and is often ignored;The effect needs to be verified later, and this lag effect easily leads to ignoring the consideration of website construction on the factors affecting website promotion.[8]
Initial stage of website release
yesMarketing budgetAnd staff enthusiasm;Try a variety of conventional website promotion methods;Website promotion has a certain blindness, which needs to be verified gradually in the later stage;Improve as soon as possibleVisitsIs the main promotion goal.[8]
Website growth period
For website promotion methodsEffectivenessHave certain cognition, so more applicable promotion methods can be adopted;Conventional methods can no longer fully meet the requirements of website promotion goals;Website promotionOfPurposivenessIn addition to increasing the number of visits, you should also considerActual incomeCombination of;We need to pay attention to the management of website promotion effect.[8]
Website stability period
The number of visits increases and may fluctuate;Pay attention to the actual benefits of traffic rather than justVisitsIndicators;Internal operation management has become the focus of work.The main tasks of the four stages of website promotion.[8]
Key points of operation
Key projects mainly refer to domain name selectionSearch engine promotion、online advertising 。Choosing a good domain name can make twice the result with half the effort for website operation.If you want toSearch engine optimizationOn the one hand, cost is involved, and the most important thing is the optimized quality.In fact, SEO is usually justPersonal behaviorInstead ofCorporate behavior, because "search engine optimization" is not a matureservice productsAnd the effect is often quite different from the subjective effort.Therefore, it is not easy to find an optimization expert.[8]
Other promotion and maintenance work is mainly to findReciprocal Linking Objects, publishing informationEmail marketingPromote and reply to customersEmailAs well as the interactive response between the website and users, most of them need long-term operation.Most of these jobs do not need to involve too complex professional knowledge, but need to invest a lot of energy.aboutWebsite maintenancePersonnel, need to be clearoperating duty, content, and long-term learning of new knowledge, this group of people belong toWebsite MarketingA loyal user of.In addition, we can useTraditional media, such as through variousCommunication media(e.g. radio, televisionNewspaper advertisingOutdoor light box andBillboard Advertising Etc.), exhibitions, corporate prints (product Catalogs, business cards), etcPromotion methodCarry out website promotion.[8]
Some website managers know a little about online marketing and receive someSpamMarketing“Network marketing software”, the price is not expensive, which sounds very helpful for website promotion.In fact, few people believe in the "online marketing software" promoted by spam.The kind that expects a few cheap lettersE-mailThe idea that a bucket of gold can be dug up is very harmful to the website operation that needs to be carried out down-to-earth and run continuously. It is necessary to learn effectiveEmail marketingmethod.[8]
It should be said that only when the website is operated according to the commercial principles of online marketing and the actual situation of the enterprise, can weEnterprise websitePlay a real role.Therefore, no matter the enterprises that have websites or are building websites, they should not ignore the link of website operation!As the saying goes, "It's easier to fight the country than to defend it", which makes it even more difficult to create a prosperous and prosperous world.[8]
