Green trade barriers

Environmental trade barriers

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Green trade barrier refers to International trade activities In China, importing countries have formulated a series of measures to restrict imports on the grounds of protecting natural resources, ecological environment and human health. Chinese experts on international trade define this as:“ Green barrier It refers to those measures taken directly or indirectly to restrict or even prohibit trade in order to protect the environment. Mainly including international and regional environmental protection convention National environmental protection regulations and standard 、 ISO14000 Environmental Management System Voluntary measures, production and processing methods and environmental costs Internalization requires equal systems. "

Chinese name: Green trade barriers
Foreign name: green trade barriers
Alias: Environmental trade barriers 、 Green barrier
Definition: Measures taken directly or indirectly to restrict or even prohibit trade in order to protect the ecological environment

Applicable to: International trade activities
Include: International and regional environmental protection conventions, national environmental protection regulations and standards, etc

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definition

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The so-called Green Barriers (GBs),^[1] also known as Environmental trade barriers Environmental Trade Barriers (ETBs for short) refer to measures taken directly or indirectly to restrict or even prohibit trade in order to protect the ecological environment. Green barriers are usually various protective measures, regulations and standards set by import and export countries to protect their own ecological environment and public health. They are also technical barriers to trade that have an impact on import and export trade. It is a kind of trade barrier set in the international trade to protect the limited resources, environment and human health by deliberately formulating a series of harsh environmental standards that are higher than internationally recognized or unacceptable to most countries, limiting or prohibiting the import of foreign goods, so as to achieve the purpose of trade protection.

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Green trade barriers belong to technology barrier The first item, which came into being in the late 1980s, began to rise in various countries in the 1990s. In its original meaning, it refers to those laws, regulations, standards, policies and corresponding administrative measures that restrict or even prohibit international trade activities for the purpose of maintaining human health and environmental safety, so as to avoid the environmental pollution and ecological damage that may be caused by these trade activities and achieve sustainable economic development. In terms of its practical application, it refers to the access restriction or prohibition measures adopted by some countries in international trade on the import of foreign goods, under the pretext of protecting ecological resources, biodiversity, environment and human health, by setting a series of harsh environmental regulations and standards that are higher than internationally recognized or unacceptable to most countries. It is enforced through technical standards, commodity packaging and labeling, health quarantine standards and other means, covering the whole process of product research and development, production, packaging, transportation, use, recycling and reuse.^[1]

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In international trade, tariff barriers Once was Trade protection The United States, Germany, Japan and other major developed countries have relied on tariff barriers to protect the development of their own industries in the process of development. However, with the global Ecological environment problems The conflict between environment and trade is becoming more and more serious, which makes Trade protectionism From traditional tariff barriers to Non-tariff barrier , and Green barrier As a new type of non-tariff barrier developed country Restriction in the name of environmental protection developing country A tool for import and export trade.

Green barrier is green trade barrier The abbreviation of "environmental barrier", also called "environmental barrier", came into being in the late 1980s and began to rise in various countries in the 1990s Import of goods Access restrictions or prohibitions taken. For example, the United States refuses to import Venezuela Of gasoline, because the content of lead (Pb) exceeds the national regulations; european union The import of Canadian leather products is prohibited, because the hunting devices used by Canadian hunters have captured a large number of wild animals; Since the 1990s, European countries have strictly prohibited the import of Freon Refrigerators, leading to refrigerators in China exit As a result, the number of cases decreased by 59%. These are all due to Green barrier A series of events.

Reasons for rise

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The deterioration of the world environment causes human beings values Changes in

With the acceleration of industrialization and the rapid growth of the world economy, the destruction and pollution of resources and environment have become increasingly prominent, such as climate warming ozone layer Destruction, biodiversity reduction, etc. The existence of these problems has a direct impact on the survival and development of mankind, and has aroused widespread concern in the international community. People's way of thinking, consumption behavior and values have changed. The new values that focus on quality of life and create green civilization have gone beyond the narrow anthropocentrism; The demand for green products that do not pollute the environment and are harmless to human health is growing. developed country The formation of consumers' green values and their demand for green products preference , also green for developed countries trade barrier The formation of provides conditions and opportunities.

Traditional non-tariff barriers are increasingly condemned by the international community

In order to develop their own "childish" industries, the "sunset" industries slow down the recession and make scale economy Industrial acquisition of Excess profit And never gave up trade protection. However, with GATT and World Trade Organization With the operation of tariff Keep reducing, Non-tariff barrier With more restrictions, the application space of traditional trade barriers is becoming smaller and smaller. Under such circumstances, developed countries began to seek new trade protection measures for their own interests. green trade barrier It has emerged as the times require and has become the fastest growing trade barrier in all countries.

The existence and political influence of various green organizations

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As early as the 1970s, the United States set up two youth environmental protection organizations and initiated the protection of Earth ecological balance Earth Day. Since then, green organizations have been established in various countries. The continuous emergence of these green organizations and green parties has gradually become a political force that cannot be ignored. Their words and actions directly affect the government's policies and the political status and political career of relevant parties and their leaders. Therefore, many political parties began to incorporate environmental protection policies into their own policy systems, politicizing environmental issues and inevitably involving the economic and trade fields. At the same time, developed country Our government has also been pressured by relevant domestic product manufacturers to promote green trade barrier Formation of.

Differences in environmental standards in different countries

Due to different levels of productivity development and different stages of economic development in different countries, there are huge differences in the ability to carry out environmental protection and the demand for environmental quality, and the severity of various environmental problems in different countries is also different, which determines that the environmental standards of different countries are uneven and difficult to coordinate. Different environmental standards lead to different internalized costs of enterprise environmental protection costs, which directly affects the production costs of products, and the level of production costs directly affects the International competitiveness , affecting a country Balance of international payments And macroeconomic stability. Therefore, the issue of environmental standards has become an international issue of widespread concern.

developed country After long-term economic development, the awareness of social productivity and environmental protection is far higher than developing country 。 Although the regulations and implementation of environmental standards in developed countries are very strict, they have little impact on the competitiveness of their products; But it has a huge impact on the vast number of developing countries. Therefore, in order to restrict the import of developing countries' products, developed countries set green trade barrier Provides an excuse to achieve the role of trade protection.

The current international trade rules and agreements are incomplete and lack of binding force

Trade and environment issues are extremely complex and sensitive. For a long time, all countries have been proceeding from their own economic interests in order to obtain a favorable position in terms of trade-related environmental standards. Therefore, despite many discussions and negotiations, it is difficult to reach an agreement, and the resulting trade rules are wide, vague, and even between the two. Moreover, these provisions are flexible, and the meaning of some important terms is very unclear, such as "arbitrary", "unreasonable", "disguised restrictions", "necessary measures", etc., which have not made clear provisions, which means that all contracting parties implement green in the name of environmental protection trade barrier Provides a legitimate excuse.

Analyze China

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External causes

① The objective gap between the North and the South

There is a big gap between developed countries and developing countries in economic development level, technical capacity support, residents' environmental awareness and other aspects.

② China's trade, especially in Global Economic Crisis At present, it inevitably becomes the main goal

China has become the factory of the world, and "Made in China" products are sold all over the world. China's trade is large in scale and volume, and the trade surplus with many developed countries is in the majority. We can imagine the effect of "big trees attract wind". On the other hand, empirical evidence shows that labor-intensive products are low in technology content and labor cost, and they are also vulnerable to exclusion.

③ There are intentional and targeted trade barriers

The behavior of some developed countries is sometimes seriously divorced from the environment, and some targeted green barriers are designed. These barriers are significantly discriminatory and exclusive.

For example, after the financial crisis, in 2010, the developed countries publicized the problem of "toxic building materials" in China, deliberately worsening the quality reputation of China's building materials products to achieve the purpose of restricting imports, which is also a malicious act.

Internal causes

① Chinese enterprises do not understand the rules

When encountering green barriers, many times it is because our enterprises and relevant institutions do not understand the international trade rules, which can not be well avoided. When receiving complaints about related trade frictions, they do not know how to respond to the defense.

② China's relevant environmental protection standards and requirements for product quality cannot meet the requirements of developed countries

The indisputable fact is that "Made in China" has a great price advantage, but it does have many shortcomings in quality. Chinese enterprises, especially some small and medium-sized enterprises, often do not pay enough attention to environmental protection. For example, many children's toys do have problems such as excessive lead content.

③ Lack of product awareness of manufacturers

In China, even if the domestic first-class enterprises only know how to improve the production process, improve the quality and increase the output, few of them can really understand their product ingredients. We don't know what specific chemicals are contained in our products, nor do we know whether they exceed the standard. But in developed countries, they have a set of mature material management systems and supply chain information transmission systems.^[1]

basic feature

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Nominal rationality

green trade barrier In the name of protecting world resources, environment and human health, trade restrictions and sanction The reality of the measures. In modern society, people's attitude towards living environment and Quality of life With increasingly high requirements, they will naturally pay attention to environmental issues and show a high sensitivity to goods and services that may cause harm to the environment and health. The green trade barrier just captures this common psychology, which makes trade protection have reasonable ingenuity in name and formulation.

Legitimacy of form

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green trade barrier Although belonging to Non-tariff barrier However, the difference is that most non-tariff barriers are not regulated and implemented through open legislation, while green trade barrier measures are based on a series of international and domestic open legislation. Since the 1970s, the international community has formulated many multilateral international environmental protection agreements and rules through relevant international organizations and conferences. They play an important role in the formation of international environmental protection customary law and in the impact and impact on international trade.

The applicable laws in international trade are: domestic laws International Trade Practices And international treaties. The most important, authoritative and universal international Multilateral trade treaty It is two documents of GATT and WTO. Article 20 of GATT grants countries "environmental protection exception"; WTO《 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade 》The preamble of "shall also stipulate that" no member shall be prevented from taking such measures as are necessary to protect the life and health of human beings, animals and plants and the environment at the level it deems appropriate ". thus it can be seen, developed country Strict green adopted trade barrier Measures are generally justifiable from the legal perspective.

Protect content universality

Green barrier The content of protection is very extensive. It not only involves the regulations and restrictions on the production and sales of many commodities related to resource and environmental protection and human health, but also covers those that need to meet certain standards of safety, sanitation, pollution prevention, etc Industrial finished products It also produces great pressure, so developing country Of foreign trade And economic development. At the same time, due to the green trade barrier The protection measures are uncertain and plastic, so it is easy to be developed country It is used to create difficulties and resist products from developing countries at will.

Protection mode concealment

And traditional Non-tariff barrier Measures, such as import quantity and quota Compared with others, green protection barriers have more concealment. First, unlike quota and license management measures, it is obviously irrational and discriminatory in distribution, which is not easy to cause trade friction 。 Secondly, various inspection standards based on modern science and technology are not only extremely strict, but also complicated, making exit It is difficult for China to cope and adapt. For example, April 1995 International Organization for Standardization Many countries use the "International Environmental Monitoring Standard System" to restrict and refuse the import of products.

Strong technical

That is, the identification of the production, use, consumption and treatment process of the product includes more technical components.

Relativity of technical requirements

stay developed country The level of environmental protection technology between them is relatively close, and there are fewer disputes caused by environmental protection issues in their trade. In developed countries developing country The high environmental standards and corresponding management measures of developed countries are often insurmountable for developing countries Green barrier 。

Formal system

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In a new round Trade protectionism In sports, developed country Taking advantage of its own technological advantages, it has successively issued various environmental protection regulations and standards Green sign And other innovative institutional arrangements to achieve restraint Negative externality The purpose of importing and protecting the domestic economy.

Environmental surtax

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yes developed country The earliest means to protect the environment and restrict imports was to levy taxes on some imported products that pollute the environment and affect the ecology Import surtax , or restrict, ban or even implement Trade sanctions 。 For example, the United States imposes import surtax on crude oil and some imported petrochemical products tax rate It is 3.5 cents/barrel higher than domestic similar products. In 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency stipulated that the sulfur, benzene and other harmful substances contained in gasoline sold in nine major cities in the United States must be lower than a certain level, and domestic producers can gradually meet the relevant standards, while imported gasoline must be reached immediately after taking effect on January 1, 1995, otherwise, import is prohibited.

Green environment

Graphic labels issued by government departments or public and private organizations according to certain environmental standards are printed or pasted on qualified goods and packages to indicate that the product not only meets the requirements in quality and function, but also meets the environmental protection requirements from production to use and treatment, is harmless or has little harm to the environment and human health, and is beneficial to resources reproduction And utilization. Obtaining the environmental label means obtaining the "pass" to enter the market of the country implementing the environmental label system. However, due to the complex certification procedures, cumbersome procedures and strict standards, the production costs and transaction costs of foreign manufacturers have increased, which has become an environmental barrier for products from other countries to enter the market of a country. Since Germany first implemented the "Blue Angel" plan for environmental labeling system in 1978, the environmental labeling system has developed rapidly. More than 50 countries and regions in the world have implemented this system, such as Canada's "Environmental Choice Program", Japan's "Ecological Labeling", european union "European Environmental Labeling", etc.

Product processing

The product standard refers to Tangible products Compulsory specifications that can successfully meet the user's needs when used. developed country They often have a high level of technology, but the environmental protection for the purpose of environmental protection technical standard They are formulated according to their own production and technical level, but developing country It is difficult for our technical force to meet these strict environmental protection standards, which has led to the exclusion of products from developed countries.

Since the 1990s, the International Organization for Standardization has implemented the International Environmental Monitoring Standard System, which requires enterprise products to meet the ISO9000 series quality standard system. Since 1995, it has also implemented the ISO14000 environmental management system, which requires products to meet the specified technical standards from pre production to manufacturing, sales, use and final treatment. Other international organizations such as IEC ITU and others are also vigorously promoting product quality in a unified manner.

Packaging and labeling

Green packaging refers to packaging that can save energy, reduce waste, and is easy to recycle or regenerate, which is easy to decompose naturally and does not pollute the environment. developed country Various regulations have been formulated to standardize the packaging material market. For example, Germany issued the German Packaging Waste Disposal Act in 1992, Japan issued and enforced the Recycling Regulations and the Amendment to the Waste Removal Regulations in 1991 and 1992, and the United States also stipulated various procedures for waste disposal. These "green packaging" regulations are conducive to environmental protection, but at the same time, they have greatly increased exporter The cost of manufacturing for these countries“ Green barrier ”Provided an excuse.

Quarantine system

In order to protect the interests of domestic consumers and meet the implicit needs of the health and safety of this commodity, customs and commodity inspection authorities of all countries have formulated different health quarantine systems to detect and identify the quality of imported commodities. developed country The health quarantine system of the customs is often used as a control developing country Important imported tools. Their opinions on food and medicine Health indicators It is very sensitive, for example, food safety and health indicators, pesticide residues, radioactive residues, heavy metal content, bacterial content and other indicators are extremely demanding.

Green subsidy system

In order to protect the environment and resources, governments of all countries have adopted intervention policies Resource cost Internalization. developed country Transfer seriously polluted industries to developing country To reduce environmental costs , causing environmental costs to rise in developing countries. Most enterprises in developing countries are unable to bear the cost of environmental governance, and the government sometimes has to give certain environmental subsidies. Press World Trade Organization Revised international subsidies and Countervailing Rule, this kind of subsidy belongs to the scope of non appealable subsidies, so it is adopted by more and more countries.

Development status

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Green barrier More and more frequently used

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Green barriers have been used more and more frequently in the past decade, and become another important trade measure after anti-dumping measures. Among the 4917 products in the world, the trade volume of 3746 products affected by green barriers reached 4732 billion US dollars, accounting for 88% of the world's imports in 1999, of which 679 billion US dollars were directly affected, accounting for 13%. A total of 137 importing countries have adopted Green barrier measures. according to european union A survey by environmental protection agencies shows that in 1998 alone, the value of "non green products" banned by EU countries reached 30 billion dollars, 90% of which came from developing country , involving thousands of commodities such as textiles, clothing, cosmetics, daily necessities, toys, furniture and household appliances.

Green barrier measures are used more and more widely

Green barrier measures involve more and more fields. On the one hand, green barriers themselves are constantly adjusted and supplemented with the needs of social and economic development, and there are endless and changing green trade measures, involving environmental protection, human health, biodiversity, animal and plant safety and other fields; On the other hand, the scope of objects under the jurisdiction of the green barrier is more and more extensive. It not only puts forward green environmental protection requirements for the product itself, but also puts forward green environmental protection requirements for product design and development, raw material input, production mode, packaging materials, transportation, sales, after-sales service, and even factory buildings, after-sales facilities The medical and health conditions of operators and other aspects of the whole cycle put forward the requirements of green environmental protection. These green protection measures are developing country The foreign trade and economic development of China have great challenges.

Green barrier The measures are dynamic

Green barriers are not static, but constantly changing. With the technological progress of importing countries and the continuous improvement of residents' environmental requirements, environmental standards are constantly developing in a higher direction, which requires exporters to constantly carry out technological reforms to meet the environmental standards of importing countries. In addition, the dynamic nature of green barriers is also reflected in the fact that the implementation of green barriers often has a chain reaction. The implementation of green barriers in one country will immediately cause other countries to follow suit, and quickly spread from one country to many countries, thus causing a major blow to exporting countries.

Impact on China

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Impact on the export market scope of Chinese products

In 1995, China's main export markets were Hong Kong, Japan, the United States european union 、 ASEAN , Taiwan, South Korea, etc., whose export share accounts for 4/5 of China's total foreign trade exports. This shows that China's export market is mainly concentrated in developed country And section newly industrializing countries and regions 。 Most of these countries and regions are World Trade Organization With the members of the Environmental Committee, the environmental protection action started early, achieved great results, the public has a strong awareness of environmental protection, environmental protection technology ranks in the forefront of the world, and has entered the stage of environmental protection law enforcement from environmental protection legislation. If these countries and regions, relying on their own advantages in environmental protection, urge to link trade with environment in the World Trade Organization, and formulate a policy on developing country The excessively harsh unified environmental standards will make it possible to narrow the scope of China's export market.

Impact on China's export growth rate

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As a developing country, China has accelerated Electromechanical products Export is the inevitable choice and important support for China to expand foreign trade and become one of the world's trade powers in the future. But one of the difficulties is developed country The established product import standards, such as anti pollution standards, noise standards Electromagnetic radiation standard This has increased the difficulty for China's electromechanical products to enter the markets of developed countries. In addition, the documents signed at the end of the Uruguay Round negotiations not only include industrial trade, but also agricultural trade service trade , intellectual property and investment. If the developed countries in the new multilateral free trade Promoting environmental barriers wantonly in the system and improving the environmental standards of products for the purpose of protecting the domestic market will accelerate the pace of development in China exit The strategic objectives of the Group will have an impact, and the growth rate of product exports is bound to slow down.

Impact on export product cost and enterprise benefit

The formulation and implementation of environmental barriers will inevitably involve all aspects of products from production to sales and even scrap disposal. It requires that the principles of environmental science and ecological science be applied to the production, processing, storage, transportation and sales of products, so as to form a complete environmental management system that is pollution-free and pollution-free. Therefore, in order to meet the environmental standards of the importing country during the circulation of products, manufacturers have to increase the inspection, testing, certification, signing and other procedures related to environmental protection and incur related costs. The appearance decoration, export labels and commodity advertisements of the products will also be greatly adjusted. Therefore, the increase of various intermediate and additional costs of export products will further increase the rising production costs of China's export products. As an export product manufacturing enterprise, its economic benefits will be affected.

Impact on bilateral or multilateral trade relations

developed country In the name of protecting the environment, unilateral trade measures are often taken to restrict the import of foreign products, which leads to increasing bilateral or multilateral trade frictions. european union and North American Free Trade Area The members of these two major regional economic organizations are basically developed countries. Their environmental protection level and standards are roughly similar, and the gaps between individual members are also becoming more consistent. Therefore, in the form of regional free trade, developed countries can exclude products from outside the region, including Chinese products, from the huge regional market on the ground that they are lower than the regional environmental standards.

Countermeasures

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Take various measures Green barrier

WTO《 Technical barriers to trade Agreement and《 Agreement on Implementation of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 》The purpose of TBT is to eliminate the adverse effects of technical barriers to trade on international trade as far as possible on the premise of protecting natural resources and ecological environment, human, animal and plant life and health, rather than supporting countries to implement green trade barrier measures. If all members can strictly abide by the agreement and earnestly fulfill their commitments trade barrier The problem should be controlled to a certain extent, rather than become more and more serious. However, in fact, the green trade barrier has not been eliminated, but has become increasingly fierce. The reason has a lot to do with the characteristics of the green trade barrier mentioned above, and also has a lot to do with the binding force of the two agreements mentioned above.

Judging from the implementation of the above two agreements, many developed country They didn't fully consider it as they promised developing country On the contrary, by virtue of its advantageous position technical standard The adoption of highly sensitive inspection and quarantine technology has set great obstacles to the export of products from developing countries. It is difficult to make a conclusion on how many of these import restrictions are legitimate trade barriers and how many are illegitimate trade barriers. This also makes it difficult for developing countries to solve green issues through WTO trade dispute settlement rules and procedures trade barrier Question.

It should be noted that although green trade barriers have had a certain impact on the exports of products of developing countries, we must not take an all negative attitude towards green trade barriers. We should pay more attention to the positive significance of green trade barriers on the basis of full analysis and research.

First of all, environmental protection is a strong trend in the world today, and the environmental protection measures taken by governments will inevitably reflect foreign trade Come up. No country or region in the world today has no defense against foreign imports. For the purpose of protecting national security, the life and health of human beings, animals and plants, and the ecological environment, it is one of the important responsibilities of every national government to put forward necessary technical requirements for imported products, and take necessary technical measures to prevent unqualified products from entering the domestic market. Therefore, it is inevitable for the development of international trade to implement the principle of environmental protection in international trade. From this point of view, it is necessary to trade barrier The positive role of.

Secondly, the legitimate green trade barrier reflects the growing attention of countries around the world to environmental protection, and is a sign of human society moving towards civilization and progress. Therefore, in order to eliminate the discrimination and restrictions imposed by importing countries on our products, the key is to actively comply with the rising global environmental protection requirements, strive to move closer to international standards, and improve the quality of our products International competitiveness 。

On the other hand, the growing green trade barriers are also a true portrayal of the increasingly fierce international competition. If we do not respond with a positive attitude and substantially improve the international competitiveness of our enterprises and products, then we will not only developed country The market will rise after being crowded out developing country In the face of fierce competition, it is difficult to continue to maintain China's dominant position as a major exporter of products.

In general, we can actively respond to green from the following aspects trade barrier Impact.

Actively respond and break down barriers

According to the principle, actively defend. Whether the unilateral measures of domestic legislation can be used to restrict international trade, and whether the trade measures taken according to multilateral environmental treaties are consistent with those of WTO free trade Violation of principles are still controversial issues. Some countries use WTO dispute settlement procedures to actively fight against Green barrier And achieved good results. Therefore, in the face of unreasonable green trade barriers, China should calmly fight and argue. yes developed country violation Principle of non discrimination For the green barriers set for China's export products that are higher than the environmental standards of its own products, China can multilateral trade Defined by the agreement Principle of national treatment and Most favored nation treatment principle Put forward defense and make full use of environmental treaty agreement developing country The principle of special care shall be solved through bilateral consultations and negotiations.

Strengthen international cooperation. As the largest developing country in the world, China should maintain close contact with other developing countries, strengthen solidarity and cooperation with developing countries, and represent the interests of developing countries in international affairs. We will increase the relative strength and synergy of interest groups in developing countries. Actively participate in the formulation of relevant international environmental protection treaties, strengthen international cooperation in the field of environment and trade, strive to seek preferential treatment for developing countries in environment and trade, and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests. And through multilateral cooperation, we will strive to make developed country Undertake historical responsibility and provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries to control environmental pollution.

Strengthen publicity and education to improve environmental awareness

Protecting the environment is a major trend of world development. With the rise of the concept of sustainable development and its growing popularity, people's awareness of environmental protection and green economy continues to improve, and people have increasingly high environmental requirements for products. Green products will be the mainstream of future commodity production. In the field of trade, environmental protection measures have been incorporated into the rules and objectives of international trade, which has been increasingly supported and recognized by consumers Structure of international trade commodities The proportion of. Green barrier As an international trade Non-tariff barrier And will play an increasingly important role in international trade. In this regard, we must have a clear understanding. We should increase publicity and education through various ways and forms, enhance the environmental awareness of enterprises and consumers, promote green production and lifestyle, and integrate green economic awareness into everyone's production and life. Establish a green trade system, take the green trade idea as a basic idea and principle for international and domestic trade, and comply with the world green trend.

Vigorously promote the environmental standard system and environmental certification system

The ISO14000 system is a standard system on environmental management issued by the International Organization for Standardization, which is drafted by the Technical Committee for Environmental Management (TC207), a specialized agency of the International Organization for Standardization. As of March 2000, 15 standards have been officially issued, including environmental policy, plan, implementation and operation, inspection and correction, management review, etc., which have put forward guiding environmental requirements for the whole process of product design, raw material selection, production process, waste discharge, etc., with the purpose of regulating the environmental protection behavior of enterprises and other organizations in the process of production, service and activities. ISO14000 series standards are mainly for reference developed country It is formulated based on environmental protection experience, and has been recognized by most countries and regions in the world, with very wide effect. Therefore, obtain ISO14000 certification It is equivalent to obtaining a "green pass" to enter the international market. ISO14000 certification can not only break through the green trade barrier It can also establish a good green image for enterprises, thus greatly improving the overall competitiveness of enterprises.

Adjust trade structure and industrial structure

Under the arrangement of green trade system, with the profits and losses of environment or green products Externalities Of Internalization , export industries and products Comparative costs The advantages will change accordingly, some of which are seriously polluted and backward in environmental protection technology, thus environmental costs The comparative cost advantage of expensive industries, such as hardware and small chemicals, will weaken or even disappear. Some are less polluting or even pollution-free High tech industry 、 Labor-intensive industry The comparative cost advantage with green environmental protection industry will be strengthened. Therefore, the industrial and product structure should be adjusted according to the change of this comparative cost advantage. The development of green environmental protection industry will be the focus of China's future economic restructuring. In 1992, global environmental protection Trade volume It was 256 billion US dollars, 408 billion US dollars in 1994 and 600 billion US dollars in 2000. Green environmental protection industry has become a new economic growth point and one of the pillar industries in the new century Big trading country We must seize the opportunity of economic development in the era of green environmental protection, timely adjust China's trade and industrial structure, and vigorously develop green environmental protection industries.

Promote cleaner production of enterprises through policy guidance

draw lessons from developed country Through the policy guidance, promote enterprises to carry out cleaner production. The specific measures are as follows:

1. By means of pollution charges, emission permit trading, environmental taxes and other means environmental costs Binding force and gradually making environmental cost Internalization

2. Vigorously implement the tax policy of environmental resources and resource compensation, and take tax measures to collect resource tax for enterprises that waste resources and pollute seriously; For enterprises that save resources and cause less pollution, the resource tax may be appropriately reduced or exempted.

3. Products produced by cleaner production processes and products with less pollution and no pollution should be supported by economic policies, such as purchasing products from enterprises with good environmental behavior through government procurement policies.

4. Via credit Policy orientation makes it easier for enterprises with good environmental behavior to obtain credit. (5) Through preferential policies of tax reduction and exemption, enterprises are encouraged to carry out cleaner production.

Prohibit foreign polluting products and industries from flowing into China

developed country Set green trade barrier At the same time, polluting products and industries are being transferred to developing countries. Our country should be more vigilant, strengthen the examination, detection and management of imported goods, and resolutely put an end to the import of contaminated goods and dangerous, toxic waste materials, so as to ensure the health of our residents and the ecological environment from being damaged. At the same time, while opening wider to the outside world and introducing foreign capital, we should focus on long-term interests, strictly examine and approve foreign invested construction projects, and prohibit foreign investors from investing in the construction of pesticide, chemical, printing and dyeing, paper making, electroplating and other enterprises that are highly polluting and difficult to treat in China. For existing foreign enterprise The problem of pollution caused by the pollution must be treated within a time limit, and must meet the existing environmental standards of our country, otherwise it will be shut down for treatment.

In the new round of trade protectionism movement, developed countries, taking advantage of their own technological advantages, have successively introduced various environmental protection regulations, standards, green signs and other innovative institutional arrangements, with a view to curbing the input of negative externalities and protecting the domestic economy.

form class

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green trade barrier It mainly includes international and regional environmental protection conventions, national environmental protection regulations and standards, inspection and quarantine requirements, packaging and labeling requirements ISO14000 environmental management system, environmental labels and other voluntary measures, production and processing methods, and environmental cost internalization requirements. The green trade barrier measures closely related to the environment mainly include environmental signs, ecological (or green) packaging, environmental technical standards and Green health quarantine system Etc. The main forms are as follows:

one	International or regional environmental protection conventions
two	National environmental protection regulations
three	Green sign system
four	Green subsidy system

International or regional environmental protection conventions

The international community has formulated more than 150 environmental and resource protection conventions. as Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 、 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

National environmental protection regulations

National environmental protection regulations refer to the main developed country Laws and regulations on air pollution prevention, waste pollution prevention, chemical management, pesticide management, natural resources, animal and plant protection, etc. These laws and regulations involve the Technical regulations and technical standard , such as food pesticide residue standards, textile environmental standards, etc.

Green sign system

Graphic labels issued by government departments or public and private groups in accordance with certain environmental standards are printed or pasted on qualified goods and packaging to indicate that the product not only meets the quality and function requirements, but also meets the environmental protection requirements in the whole process from production to use and treatment, which is harmless or has little harm to the environment and human health, It is conducive to the reproduction and utilization of resources. Obtaining the environmental label means obtaining the pass to enter the market of the country implementing the environmental label system. However, because of the complex certification procedures, cumbersome procedures and strict standards, the production costs and transaction costs of foreign manufacturers have increased, which has become a barrier for products from other countries to enter the market environment of a country. The first implementation of environmental labeling system in Germany since 1978 Blue Angel Scheme Since then, the environmental labeling system has developed very rapidly. More than 50 countries and regions in the world have implemented this system, such as Canada's Environmental Options , Japanese Ecological signs ， european union Of European environmental label Etc.

Green subsidy system

In order to protect environment and resources, governments of all countries have adopted intervention policies to internalize the cost of environment and resources. Developed countries transfer seriously polluted industries to developing countries to reduce environmental costs, resulting in the rise of environmental costs in developing countries. Most enterprises in developing countries are unable to bear the cost of environmental governance, and the government sometimes has to give certain environmental subsidies. According to the revised WTO rules on international subsidies and countervailing measures, this type of subsidy belongs to the scope of non appealable subsidies, and is adopted by more and more countries.

Product processing standard system

Product standards refer to the mandatory specifications made for tangible products that can successfully meet the needs of users when they are used. Developed countries generally have a high level of technology, and environmental protection technology standards for the purpose of environmental protection are formulated according to their own production and technology levels. However, it is difficult for developing countries to meet these strict environmental protection standards with their technical strength, which leads to the exclusion of products from the markets of developed countries.

Since the 1990s, the International Organization for Standardization has implemented International System of Environmental Monitoring Standards The company's products are required to meet the ISO9000 series quality standard system, and ISO14000 environmental management system has been implemented since 1995, which requires that the products meet the specified technical standards from pre production to manufacturing and sales, use and final treatment. Other international organizations such as IEC ITU and others are also vigorously promoting product quality in a unified manner.

Environmental surtax

It is the earliest means adopted by developed countries to protect the environment and restrict imports, that is, to impose import surcharges on some imported products that pollute the environment and affect the ecology, or to restrict or prohibit imports, or even impose trade sanctions. For example, the United States imposes import surtax on crude oil and some imported petrochemical products at a rate 3.5 cents per barrel higher than that of similar domestic products. In 1994, the United States Environmental Protection Agency stipulated that the sulfur, benzene and other harmful substances contained in gasoline sold in nine major cities in the United States must be below a certain level, and domestic producers can gradually meet the relevant standards, while imported gasoline must be reached immediately after taking effect on January 1, 1995, otherwise import is prohibited.

Green packaging system

Green packaging means that it can save energy, reduce waste, and be easily recycled or recycled after use. Packaging that is easy to decompose naturally and does not pollute the environment, such as renewable recycling packaging, multi-functional packaging, paper packaging instead of plastic packaging, etc. Developed countries have formulated various laws and regulations to regulate the packaging material market. For example, Germany announced in 1992 German Packaging Waste Disposal Act , issued and enforced by Japan in 1991 and 1992 Recycling Regulations And Amendment to Waste Removal Regulations The United States also stipulates various procedures for waste disposal. These green packaging laws and regulations are conducive to environmental protection, but at the same time, they increase the cost of exporters and provide an excuse for these countries to create green barriers.

Green health quarantine system

In order to protect the interests of domestic consumers and meet the hidden needs of the health and safety of this commodity, customs and commodity inspection authorities of all countries have formulated different health quarantine systems to detect and identify the quality of imported commodities. Developed countries generally regard the customs health and quarantine system as an important tool to control imports from developing countries. Their opinions on food and medicine Health indicators Very sensitive, such as food safety and health indicators, pesticide residues, radioactive residues heavy metal The requirements for content, bacteria content and other indicators are extremely stringent.

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