Green chemistry is also called environmentally friendly chemistry, environmentally friendly chemistry, and clean chemistry, namely, the design of reducing or eliminating the use of hazardous substances and the chemicals and processes generated.Green chemistry involvesOrganic synthesis、catalysis、biochemistry、analytical chemistryAnd other disciplines with extensive contents.Green chemistry advocates using chemical technologies and methods to reduce or stop raw materials that are harmful to human health, community safety and ecological environmentcatalyzer, solvents and reagents, products, by-products, etc.
Green chemistry involves organic synthesis, catalysis, biochemistry, analytical chemistry and other disciplines.Green chemistry advocates using chemical technologies and methods to reduce or stop raw materials that are harmful to human health, community safety and ecological environmentcatalyzer, solvents and reagentsproduct、By-productThe use and production of.The definition of green chemistry is constantly developing and changing.When it first appeared, it more often represented an idea and a wish.However, with the development of the discipline, it has gradually become practical in its continuous development and changes, and its development is closely related to chemistry.The definition of "green chemistry" proposed by Professor P.T. Anastas, the initiator of green chemistry, the former director of the American Institute of Green Chemistry, and a professor of Yale University in 1992 is: Chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances[4]That is, "design of chemicals and processes to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances".From this definition, green chemistry is based on chemistry, and its application and implementation are more like chemical engineering.Green chemistry involves more and more contents.
Green chemistry is different from pollution control chemistry.The research object of pollution control chemistry is the chemical technology and principle of treating the polluted environment, so as to restore it to its original appearance.The ideal of green chemistry is to eliminate pollution at the source of generation, make the whole synthesis process and production process environmentally friendly, no longer use toxic and harmful substances, no longer generate waste, no longer dispose of waste, which is the fundamental countermeasure to eliminate pollution.Since the scientific means of pollution prevention are adopted at the beginning, both the process and the end areZero emissionorzero pollution。Many countries in the world have taken "chemical greening" as one of the main directions of chemical progress in the new century.[1]
development history
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Green chemistry originated in the United States.In 1984, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed "waste minimization". The basic idea is to minimize waste by reducing waste generation and recycling waste, which initially reflects the idea of green chemistry.However, waste minimization cannot cover the overall concept of green chemistry. It is just a chemical industry term and does not pay attention to the production process of green chemistry.
In 1989, the US Environmental Protection Agency proposed“Pollution prevention”It points out that the waste generated in the production site should be minimized, including reducing the use of harmful substances and more effective use of resources, so as to protect natural resources and initially form a green chemical idea.
In 1990, the United States promulgated the Pollution Prevention Act, which established pollution prevention as a national policy.The so-called pollution prevention means that waste is no longer generated, so there is no waste treatment problem: the term "green chemistry" appears for the first time in the Act, which is defined as a process that uses the minimum resource and energy consumption and produces the minimum emissions.
In 1991, "green chemistry" became the central slogan of the US Environmental Protection Agency, establishing the important position of green chemistry.At the same time, the Pollution Prevention and Toxics Office of the United States Environmental Protection Agency launched the research fund program of "changing the synthesis route to prevent pollution", with the purpose of funding research projects on pollution prevention in chemical design and synthesis.In 1993, the research theme was expanded toGreen solvent, safety chemicals, etc., and changed its name to "Green Chemistry Plan", "Green Chemistry" has established the academic, industrial, government andNon governmental organizationsAnd other voluntary groups to promote the application of chemistry to prevent pollution.
The Royal Australian Institute of Chemistry RACI established the "Green Chemistry Challenge Award" in 1999.This award aims to promote the development of green chemistry in Australia, reward various chemical innovations and improvements that are easy to promote to prevent environmental pollution, and commend the units and individuals that have made significant contributions to the promotion of green chemistry education.In addition, Japan has also set up the "Green and Sustainable Development Chemistry Award", and the United Kingdom has set up the Green Chemical Crystal Award, the British Green Chemistry Award, the British Society of Chemical Engineers Environment Award, etc.
China's activities in the direction of green chemistry are also gradually active.In 1995, the Ministry of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences determined the academician consultation topic of "green chemistry and technology". In 1996, the seminar of "green chemistry and technology in industrial production" was held, and the Academic Report Collection of the Seminar of Green Chemistry and Technology was published.In 1997, the National Natural Science Foundation of China andChina Petrochemical CorporationIt has jointly funded the major basic research project of the "Ninth Five Year Plan", "Environmental Friendly Petrochemical Catalytic Chemistry and Chemical Reaction Engineering".University of Science and Technology of ChinaThe Center for Green Science and Technology and Development held a symposium in the university and published a collection of papers entitled "Some Major Issues in Current Green Science and Technology".In 1998, the first international high-level seminar on green chemistry was held in Hefei.The magazine Chemical Progress published the album Green Chemistry and Technology.Sichuan Union UniversityA green chemistry and technology research center has also been established.In July 2006, the Green Chemistry Professional Committee of the Chinese Chemical Society was formally established.The above activities promoted the development of green chemistry in China.[2]
core
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Green chemistry mainly evaluates the safety of raw materials, energy saving of process, economy of reaction atoms and environmental friendliness of products.Atomic economy and“5R”Principles are the core content of green chemistry.Atomic economy refers to making full use of each atom in the reactant, so as to make full use of resources and prevent pollution.Atom utilization rate superionization can maximize the use of each atom in the raw material and combine it into the target product. The less waste generated by the reaction, the less pollution to the environment. The five "R" principles of the green experiment should be followed during the experiment, namely
Reduction，Reduce the use of raw materials, and reduce the generation and discharge of experimental wastes;
Reuse，Recycle and reuse;
Recycling，Recycling, realizing the recycling of resources, so as to achieve "resource saving, less pollution, and cost reduction";
Regeneration，Recycling, turning waste into treasure, and reusing resources and energy are effective ways to reduce pollution;
Rejection，Refusing to use toxic and harmful products, and refusing to use some irreplaceable, recyclable, renewable and reusable raw materials that have toxic side effects and will cause pollution, is the most fundamental way to eliminate pollution.
research hotspots
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Green chemistry aims to reduce the harmful substances used and produced in chemical products and processes needed to maintain human living standards and scientific and technological progress by using the method of sustainable development. Therefore, chemical and chemical activities related to green chemistry belong to the category of green chemistry.In recent years, the research of green chemistry mainly focuses on the greening of chemical reactions, raw materials, catalysts, solvents and products.In the road map proposed by Crystal Faraday Overseas Chinese Association in 2004, 8 technical fields were given, namely green product design, raw materials, reactioncatalysis, solvent, process improvement, separation technology and realization technology.On this basis, Ji Hongbing and She Yuanbin proposed green chemical product design, raw material greening and new raw material platform, new reaction technology, catalyst preparation greening and new catalytic technology, solvent greening and green solvent, new reactor and process intensification andcouplingThe development trend of green chemistry and chemical engineering in 9 aspects, including technology, new separation technology, green chemical process system integration, and the combination of computational chemistry and green chemistry and chemical engineering.
1. Green chemical product design
2. Green raw materials and new raw material platform
3. New reaction technology
4. Greening of catalyst preparation and new catalytic technology
5. Greening of solvents and green solvents
6. New Reactor and Process Enhancement and Coupling Technology
7. New separation technology
8. Green chemical process system integration
9. Combination of computational chemistry and green chemistry and chemical engineering[3]
