synonymWittgenstein(Austrian born British philosopher) generally points to Ludwig Wittgenstein (one of the founders of analytical philosophy)
Ludwig JosephJohnLudwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (April 26, 1889 April 29, 1951), a philosopher, was born in Vienna, Austria, and died in EnglandCambridgeshireHe was 62 years old.
Wittgenstein is one of the most influential philosophers in the 20th century, whose research fields are mainlyPhilosophy of mathematics、Spiritual philosophyAnd philosophy of language.[2]
From 1939 to 1947, Wittgenstein has beenUniversity of Cambridgeteach.He published a few books during his lifetime, including a book review, a children's dictionary, and a 75 page《Logical philosophy》(1921).
Ludwig is the smallest of the eight children, with three fourthsjudeaLineage, onnaziAnnexationAustriaLater, he became a British citizen.
Wittgenstein followed his brothers and sisters to receive education at home when he was young, but the result of family education could not make him reach the acceptance standard of regular high school.Until 1903, after passing the entrance examinationLinzA middle school learning famous for technology, andAdolf HitlerYes, they are classmates, but there is no conclusive evidence that these two important people have had any in-depth exchanges.I once thought of suicide.[3]Wittgenstein's achievements in middle school were not good, most of them were at the lower middle level. After three years of unhappiness, he left here with the failure of the college entrance examination.
Young Ludwig likes machinery and technology. At the age of 10, he made a simple and practical sewing machine.His original ambition was physics, and he was eager to learn from famous physicistsBoltzmann。However, Boltzmann committed suicide in 1906, which destroyed Wittgenstein's hope.
After visiting Frege in the summer of 1911, Wittgenstein listened to thislogicianRecommended by, go to the UKTrinity College, Cambridge UniversityAsk and learn fromRussellHe later became a student and friend of the British philosopher Russell, who called the acquaintance "one of the most exciting intellectual adventures" in his life.
the First World WarAfter starting, we could havebe exempt from military serviceWittgenstein asvolunteerActively enlisted in the army and completed the so-called philosophicalLinguistic turnOf《Logical philosophy》First draft of.After On Logical Philosophy, he thought that the so-called philosophical problems had been solved, so he went to the mountains in southern Austria with aristocratic enthusiasm, joined the Austrian school reform movement advocated by Grecker, and became a primary school teacher.
WithIdealismThe pursuit of Wittgenstein lives hereascetic monkThey are also full of enthusiasm for students, but they are regarded as "crazy guys" by incomprehensible parents, who refuse the request of adopting one or two students put forward by this strange guy.In 1926, Wittgenstein, who was always proved to be incompatible with adults, left the "vulgar and stupid southern farmers" and endedRural teachersPosition of.
After "failure" as a primary school teacher, Wittgenstein firstMonasteryHe was a gardener's assistant for a short time.Later, his sister Margaret worried about himmentalityHe managed to ask him to help design and build his own house.This was later used asBulgariaThe building of the embassy made Wittgenstein an architect.
In 1927, Wittgenstein met Feng《Logical philosophy》ForStandardAnd was invited to participate in some activitiesWeismann However, Wittgenstein refused to join their circle.
In the spring of 1928, I was listening to mathematiciansBrouwellAfter a lecture on "mathematics, science and language" in Vienna, Wittgenstein revived a strongPhilosophical explorationOf interest.
In 1929, Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge to《Logical philosophy》As a thesis passed byRussellAnd GE. After the doctoral defense presided over by Moore, stayTrinity CollegeHe taught philosophy and succeeded Moore as professor of philosophy in 1939.
Photo in 1939
In 1947, Wittgenstein, who firmly believed that "philosophy professor" was "an absurd job", resigned from Cambridge to concentrate on thinking and writing.
Tomb of Louis Weitgenstein
The last photo before 1950
On April 29, 1951prostatic cancerWittgenstein died at the home of his friend Dr. Edward Bevan.His last sentence before his death was "Tell them that I have had a wonderful life".Norman Malcolm described this sentence as "strangely moving utterance".stayUniversity of CambridgeThe teachers' cemetery held a Catholic funeral for Wittgenstein.Du Rui later said that he had been puzzled by the appropriateness of arranging the funeral in this way.
Remains
After his death, it was published by disciples, Rush Rhees, and was considered to lead the new trend of language philosophy《Philosophical research》。
Wittgenstein's life is full of legendRussellIt is called "the most perfect example of a genius": passionate, profound, passionate and dominant.
"On Logical Philosophy" is a logical work created by Ludwig Wittgenstein in England, which was first published in 1921.Starting from the principles of the symbolic system and the relationship that must exist between words and things in any language, The Philosophical Theory of Logic applies the results of this investigation to all parts of traditional philosophy, and in each case shows how traditional philosophy and traditional solutions are produced due to ignorance of the principles of the symbolic system and misuse of language
Culture and Value is a collection of essays written by Ludwig Wittgenstein.The book includes comments on Freud, Spengler and other popular theories, general views on thought, language and philosophy, and comments on history and historical figures.
Psychological Philosophy Review is a book published by Peking University Press in February 2012 by Ludwig Wittgenstein [Austria].
On certainty
Author nameLudwig Wittgenstein
Work time2002-2
Wittgenstein's On Authenticity is a criticism of the method used by the British contemporary philosopher Moore (1873-1958) to refute skepticism in his famous paper Proof of the External World (1939).In this article, Moore proposed his own "proof" of the existence of external things in order to oppose skepticism.He raised his hands and said, "There is one hand here" and "There is another hand here"
The Last Philosophical Note: 1950-1951
Author nameLudwig Wittgenstein
Work time2019-1
The Last Philosophical Notes is the manuscript numbered MSS172-177 in Wittgenstein's collection of posthumous works. It was completed from 1950 to 1951, and was Wittgenstein's last philosophical notes.The contents of this group of manuscripts were edited and published as On Certainty, On Color, and The Last Psychological and Philosophical Works (the second half of Volume 2), and some of its paragraphs were also selected into the Collection of Miscellaneous Comments.These works focus on
Wittgenstein began to emerge in the philosophy circle in the early 1920s.In his early years, he sufferedRussellAnd becomeLogical empiricismHe was one of the pioneers ofphilosophical school And becomePhilosophy of Daily LanguageThe main representative of.Wittgenstein's early logical empiricism and his later philosophy of daily language arePositivist philosophyTwo different genres in.They all believe that knowledge cannot go beyond experience.
Logical empiricism advocates the principle of empirical confirmation. The meaning of language, words and sentences is determined by their corresponding meaningsEmpirical factDetermined, and truth is the consistency of propositions and empirical facts. The criterion of truth lies in the confirmation of experience.The philosophy of everyday language advocates everydayLinguistic analysisLanguage, words and sentences have no independent conceptual essence, and their meanings are set by the language rules agreed in people's daily habits.
Wittgenstein's philosophy has shocked the western philosophy circle, many of which are contemporary with him and after himWestern philosophersAll of them were influenced by him to varying degrees, including his teacher Russell who once accepted his philosophy.Wittgenstein is unique in the field of modern western philosophy, and its influence has been enduring.He not only developed logical empiricism philosophy and daily language philosophy, but alsoPhilosophical Methodology，logic(especiallymathematical logic）Has made indelible contributions to the development of.
In recent years, a large number of experts and scholars studying Wittgenstein's philosophy have emerged in many western countries and published a large number of monographs.AustriaAlso held several international Wittgenstein topicssymposium。staywestern philosophy Some people call his philosophy the last centuryidealismPhilosophy changes into this centuryAnalytic philosophy"Revolution";Some people also said that he was the first person to push the modern philosophical method to a decisive turning point.
Great BritainencyclopediaThe great thoughts of today published by the publishing house in 1979 and 1980 listed him as the 20th centurysocial sciencesOne of the representatives of 62 major achievements (including philosophy).In a word, although modern western philosophers have different opinions on Wittgenstein, the important position of Wittgenstein in modern western philosophy should not be ignored.
Ideological analysis
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Works designed by Wittgenstein and architect Paul Engelman
Wittgenstein is a linguistic school (roughly equivalent toAnalytic philosophy）The main representative of.
The original source of his thought mainly comes from Frege's modernitylogicAchievementsRussellWritten by Whitehead《Principles of Mathematics》And GE. Moore's Principles of Ethics.
His philosophy focuses on language.He wants to reveal what happens when people communicate and express themselves.He argues that the essence of philosophy is language.Language is the expression of human thoughts and the foundation of the whole civilization. The essence of philosophy can only be found in language.He dispelled the traditionmetaphysicsThe only essence of philosophy has found a new development direction for philosophy.
His main works《Logical philosophy》And《Philosophical research》They respectively represent two contrasting stages of the philosophical road that runs through his life.
the formerIt is mainly to deconstruct, so that philosophy becomes a linguistic problem. Philosophy must face language directly, "everything that can be said can be said clearly, and everything that cannot be said should be silent". Philosophy is nothing more than to clarify the problem.
the latterIt is impossible to create a set of strict language that can express philosophy, because the language of daily life is endless, which is the foundation and source of philosophy. Therefore, the essence of philosophy should be solved in daily life and understood in the "game".
logic
Wittgenstein's thoughts changed greatly in his early and late periods《Philosophical research》The preface explains that serious mistakes were made in earlier works, and explains: "Since I began to focus on philosophy again 16 years ago, I have to admit the major mistakes I put forward in my first bookFrank Ramsey (Frank Ramsey)'s criticism and help made me realize my mistakes (to some extent, I can hardly realize myself).In the last two years of his life, I had countless conversations with him to discuss these mistakes. "[5]Of course, he also said that he would compare the earlier and later works and understand the later philosophy with the earlier works as the background.Wittgenstein's thought transformation originates from his own long-termIndependent thinkingAnd the help of his teachers or friends.
His independent thinking focuses on how to become a“metaphysics"Self", one can keep pace with the worldInformation exchangeThe self of.His teacher or friend, such as the economist Piero Slafa, brought him into contact with languageSocialOn the one hand, their views have an impact on the pure and quiet logical world, thus helping Wittgenstein to step out of the pure logical world and face the noisyordinary languageExchange the world.
silent
Famous saying: keep silent about the unspeakable.
There is a very important term in Wittgenstein's thought, that is silence.
What is silence?It means to keep silent about the things in front of you or what you think in your heart, and keep your words in your heart instead of expressing them.
In what circumstances will you remain silent?Wittgenstein believes that silence should be kept when the object is something that cannot be said.
For example, a brief philosophical theory, although only a few words long, can hardly be explained thoroughly and clearly even if thousands of words are used to explain it, because at this time, although people have an understanding of it in their hearts, they can't find the right word to put ittheoretical explanation To the extent that I want to, I can't explain this theory clearly.
Another example is to talk about life and ideals and other illusory things. Even if you are eloquent, it is difficult to say clearly.Everyone's thoughts are different, which leads to different people's understanding of things. Therefore, the free talk about "life" or "ideal" will be varied, without an accurate, unified and clear answer.
Such things that differ from reality are called "mysterious things" by philosophers.In front of these "mysterious things", according to Wittgenstein's thought, since it is impossible to speak, the best choice is silence.
Character evaluation
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Wittgenstein has a profoundCultural literacy, has a profound perception of the nature of human existence.early yearsWittgenstein FamilyWith a strong artistic and cultural atmosphere, his father Carl Wittgenstein is a long-term art donor, BrahmsbridleWaiting is a frequent visitor in this music filled family.Ludwig, a member of the Wittgenstein family whose musical talent is not outstandingClarinetThe performance is also very accomplished. Similarly, Wittgenstein, who is considered to have written expression barriers, is also very skilled in writing.
In addition, Wittgenstein is very fond of Austrian literary criticsKarl Kraus (Karl Kraus).However, "misfortune" had been with the philosopher for a long time. Loneliness and depression filled Wittgenstein's life.According to its biographer William Bartley（William WarrenBartley) Research shows that among the five brothers of the Wittgenstein family, including Ludwig Wittgenstein himself, three arehomosexualityThe two brothers, Hans and Rudolph, committed suicide respectively in their early years. Since then, although his father Carl Wittgenstein has slowed down his sternness towards his children, young Ludwig still often ordersRussellIt is said that his participation in the First World War was to "commit suicide with dignity".His other brotherKurt·Wittgenstein committed suicide before being captured on the battlefield, the last brother who survived the war but was disabled,Paul Wittgenstein, is a famous one armed pianist.
Wittgenstein never gave up his thinking and research on philosophy in his life. In just a few decades, Wittgenstein spent his whole life to understand philosophy,Experience philosophy。Going to school, working, joining the army, being a professor, making speeches... These life and work are all important courses for him to experience and understand philosophy.Wittgenstein's philosophical research did not depart from reality, but walked into reality, felt reality, summarized reality, which created Wittgenstein's constant revision of his own thoughts, avoided extremes and extremes, and achieved reality and reality.The fact is that the study of philosophy of language needs to go into reality, and Wittgenstein does the same.
For Wittgenstein, it seems that he is not as famous as Heidegger, but in fact, many people list him as one of the greatest philosophers.EvenTime WeeklyWaitingmass mediaThey all evaluated him as the most important person of the century and so on.
Wittgenstein's thought is incomparable in originality.The philosophical revolution he advocated was so thorough that people could not believe it. Many people would think it was exaggerated.Such a judgment beyond people's long-term thinking has discouraged many people.But anywayFollowersOr critics, but few of them surpass his revolutionary ideas.That is, no matter for or against, few people will continue to study and do his theory in depth.This is very human.People like and are more likely to accept little by little improvement. They often appreciate those mediocre but seemingly knowledgeable scholars. Because they think of the views of ordinary people, they are easily accepted.Some people say that people have received much more from Russell and Frege than from Wittgenstein, but a very creative and avant-garde person like him often keeps people away.
In fact, sometimes many people think that Wittgenstein's philosophy is too pessimistic.According to his earlier theory, what we can really talk about meaningfully is nothing more than what science and logic can say clearly, but what science and logic can say clearly is not fatal, and all the most important things that move people's souls cannot be said.This feeling is undoubtedly very profound but disappointing.In fact, it is very sad and disappointing to see through the reality.In the same way, why can't we express some important things asTrue propositionWhat about feeling upset and disappointed?Does everything have to be said so clearly and thoroughly?What is the last thing left after the bluntness and powerlessness that pierce everything?Only his own sigh.Leave a pointIn fact, Wittgenstein is willing to be confused about important things.
In fact, Wittgenstein no longer emphasized science and logic in his later period. He believed in correcting our thinking through daily analysis, especially language analysis.But what is left after giving up nonsense and fantasy?It is said that people only get very ordinary but have to accept the fact that people call it "life form".In the later period, his thought was simple and powerful, but people always needed not only simple understanding, but also absurd imagination sometimes. In fact, it means that truth and nonsense are equally important in people's life.In fact, people are not willing to really give up their wild thoughts. It is impossible for people to give up this element that brings some excitement and excitement to life."Knowingly committing crimes" is also a very important part of life.So many people said that Wittgenstein did not completely solve the ideological problem.However, Wittgenstein's creative work is also constantly bringing people a lot of inspiration.
Many people think that Wittgenstein's philosophy is more similarancient Greek, likeSocratesIn that way, inspired by inspiration and intuition, we talked about or doubted any question that might come to our mind.This is really not like a modern style.In fact, philosophy is, in the final analysis, a kind of logical art. On the one hand, he likes the deviation of logical argument, so that he often uses rhetoric or sophistry. On the other hand, he is more concerned with the unpredictable inspiration of thought.Philosophers like Wittgenstein represent an unscrupulous and flexible thinkingPhilosophical thoughtTradition brings infinite possibilities to people's way of thinking and perspective of thinking.This is why he, as one of the greatest thinkers in the 20th centuryflash of light。
