"Uighur" is a national self declaration, which is generally considered to mean "unity", "unity" and "assistance".
In different historical periods, the Chinese literature has different translations of this clan name. It was called "Yuan He" in the 4th century literature. It was called "Weihe" in the literature at the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century. It was called "Huihe" in literature before 788. From 788 to 1370s, it was called "Uighur". It was called "Weiwuer" from the 1370s to the 1740s. From the 1740s to the early 20th century, it was called "Huibu" or "Tanghui".
It has been called "Uygur" since 1935 and has been used ever since [1] 。
The origin of the Uygur nationality can be traced back to the "Dingling" ("Dingling", "Dingling") nomadic in the 3rd century BC between the northern part of China and the south of Baikal Lake in northwest China, between the Erqis River and Balkhash Lake. It is also believed that the ancestors of the Uygur nationality were related to the Huns by blood.
In the 3rd century BC, "Ding Ling" lived in the northern edge of mountain forests and Mongolian grasslands, and lived on hunting and animal husbandry. He was successively enslaved by the Huns, Xianbei and Rouran khanates on the grasslands. After the 4th century, "Dingling", also known as "Tiele", "Tieli", "Chile" or "Chile", was distributed on the Eurasian northern steppe, which stretches from the Volga River in the west to the Xing'an Mountains in the east and west for more than ten thousand miles. Because the wheels they use are tall, they are also called "tall cars". The area around Baikal Lake is called East Tiele, of which the "Yuan He" tribe became the first among the "Gaoche" tribes in the 5th century, that is, the "Wei He" tribe among the "Tiele" tribes in the 7th century.
In the middle of the 5th century, a Tiele tribe with Ashina family as its core appeared in the east of Junggar Basin, known as "Turk". In 552, the Ashnah family established the Turkic Khanate, which included the entire Mongolian grassland and the Junggar Basin, making other Tiele tribes its subordinates. The cruel rule of the Turkic nobility aroused the resistance of the Tiele tribes. In order to compete with the Turkic nobility, nine of the larger tribes in the eastern Tiele, such as "Weihe", "Pugu", "Tongluo", and "Buyungu", formed a regional "Huihe" tribal alliance, which was called "Tiele with Nine Surnames", or "Nine Surnames" for short.
The first generation of Khan who unified the tribes of Tiele with nine surnames was Gu Li Pei Luo. In 744 (the third year of Tianbao's reign), the Uighur League led by Guli Peiluo overthrew the Turkic Khanate and established the Uighur Khanate in Mobei with the cooperation of the Tang Dynasty's army. The territory of the Uighur Khanate includes the Mongolian grassland area south of Baikal Lake, north of Yinshan, west of Xing'an Mountains and east of Altay Mountains. The original names of the tribes have basically disappeared since then, and they are collectively called "Huihe". In the same year, Guli Peiluo was granted the title of Huairen Khan by the Tang Dynasty, and the Uighur Khanate became a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. Since then, khans of all dynasties have accepted the conferment of titles in the Tang Dynasty. Huihe and the Tang Dynasty have always maintained a friendly and subordinate relationship, and twice sent troops to help the Tang Dynasty pacify the "An Shi Rebellion". In 788 (the fourth year of the Zhengyuan period of the Tang Dynasty), the Uighur Kehandunmohe wrote a letter to the Tang Dynasty, changing the Uighur name to "Uighur" in the sense of "circling as fast as the Uighur" [1] 。
The first generation of Khan who unified the tribes of Tiele with nine surnames was Gu Li Pei Luo.
In 744 (the third year of Tianbao's reign), the Uighur League led by Guli Peiluo overthrew the Turkic Khanate and established the Uighur Khanate in Mobei with the cooperation of the Tang Dynasty's army. The territory of the Uighur Khanate includes the Mongolian grassland area south of Baikal Lake, north of Yinshan, west of Xing'an Mountains and east of Altay Mountains. The original names of the tribes have basically disappeared since then, and they are collectively called "Huihe". In the same year, Guli Peiluo was granted the title of Huairen Khan by the Tang Dynasty, and the Uighur Khanate became a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. Since then, khans of all dynasties have accepted the conferment of titles in the Tang Dynasty.
Huihe and the Tang Dynasty have always maintained a friendly and subordinate relationship, and twice sent troops to help the Tang Dynasty pacify the "An Shi Rebellion". In 788 (the fourth year of the Zhengyuan period of the Tang Dynasty), the Uighur Kehandunmohe wrote a letter to the Tang Dynasty, changing the Uighur name to "Uighur" in the sense of "circling as fast as the Uighur" [1] 。
Defeated and moved westward
In the middle of the 9th century, the Uighurs Xiegas Defeat. The Uighur tribes were scattered one after another, some were captured by Kawagas, some moved south to the mainland, but most of them moved to the Western Regions, entering the jurisdiction of Anxidu Prefecture and places west of Khotan. Others arrived in western Gansu and went to Tibet. Some of the Uighurs who moved westward entered the eastern part of Tianshan Mountains. In 866, Bu Gujun, the Uighur leader who lived in Beiting and Turpan, attacked from Beiting, defeated the Tubo generals and seized Xizhou, Beiting, Luntai and other important places. Since then, the Uighurs have established the Gaochang Uighur Kingdom with Gaochang as the center. Its sphere of influence extends from Hami in the east, Aksu in the west, Ili River in the north, and Tibet in the south (between Hotan and Dunhuang today).
The Uighurs who moved westward also entered the grasslands of Central Asia. In the middle of the 10th century, the Uighurs, together with the Geluolu, Yangmo and other ethnic groups, established a powerful Karahan dynasty. At first, the capital was established in Balashagun City (now southwest of the source of the Chuihe River in the south of Balkhash), and later moved to Kashgar. When it was strong, its jurisdiction included Shule, Shache, Yutian, Hotan and other places in Xinjiang today. By the beginning of the 11th century, Yusuf Kadir Khan would khotan The collapse of the Li Dynasty in 1919 brought Islam to Hotan. Karahan Dynasty During the ruling period, it played an important role in promoting the economic development of local ethnic groups, promoting the settlement of nomadic Turkic tribes and spreading Islam [1] 。 At the beginning of the 12th century, under the leadership of Yelu Dashi, some Khitans moved from northeast to west to Central Asia, conquered the Karahan Dynasty and Gaochang Uighur Kingdom, and established the Khitan regime, known as the Western Liao Dynasty. The political oppression and economic plunder of the Uighur people by the rulers of the Western Liao Dynasty were very serious. At the end of the Western Liao Dynasty, Mongolia became strong and prosperous. King Gaochang decided to rely on the Mongol khanate to get rid of the Western Liao Dynasty. They designed to get rid of the young prison sent by the Western Liao Dynasty, and announced that they would leave the Western Liao Dynasty and submit to Genghis Khan. The Gaochang Uighur Kingdom became a dependency of the Mongol Khanate.
After moving to the west, the Uighurs who settled in the Western Regions not only integrated the Turkic tribes that had been nomadic in the northern Tianshan Mountains and the western grasslands for a long time, but also the Han people who had moved here since the Han Dynasty. They had long lived and multiplied with the people who had originally lived in the vast areas of southern Xinjiang, such as the people of Caoyangqi, Qiuzi, Yutian, and the Tibetans, Khitans, Mongolians who had moved here since then, By the beginning of the 16th century, the Uygur nationality had formed.
After the rise of Mongolia, most of Xinjiang now belongs to Chagatai Khanate. While a large number of Han people were dispatched to the north and south of Tianshan Mountain to cultivate farmland, many Uighurs entered the mainland. In addition to handicraft craftsmen, there were also many intellectuals, including the ancestors of Uighurs and Hui people in Taoyuan County, Hunan Province today [1] 。
From the end of the 14th century to the end of the 16th century, the vast Uighur areas from Hami in the east to Hotan in the south were gradually unified into a large-scale feudal separatist Kashgar khanate after more than 200 years of decentralized separatism. Because the capital was moved to Yeerqiang, also known as Yeerqiang Khanate, the ruler was still a descendant of Chagatai, Mongolia.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Yerqiang Khanate established tributary and trade relations with the Qing Dynasty, and the exchanges between the Uygur people and the people of all ethnic groups in the mainland tended to normalize after the time of the Ming Dynasty [1] 。
As the two sects of Islam "Heishan" and "Baishan", which represent different local feudal groups, competed for power, in 1678, under the guidance of the leader of the Uighur Muslim Baishan Sect (Yichan Sect), Arpak and Zhuo, the Kardan Khan of the Junggar Khanate in northern Xinjiang, led the Junggar army south, eliminated the Yerqiang Khanate, and established the "Pasha" (emperor) with Arpak and Zhuo as the leaders The serfdom puppet regime with the integration of politics and religion.
In order to maintain their dominant position, Apak and Zhuo and their descendants successively relied on the Mongols in Junggar and the foreign invaders in Central Asia to create splits and riots in southern Xinjiang. In 1757 (the 22nd year of Qianlong's reign), the Qing Dynasty quelled the rebellion of the Junggar nobles. In 1759, it smashed the anti Qing rebellion in southern Xinjiang occupied by the descendants of Apache and Zhuo, Dahe Zhuompoloni and Xiaoe Zhuomhuo, and wiped out the so-called independent "Batur Khanate" [1] 。
In order to strengthen its jurisdiction over Xinjiang, the Qing government implemented the military government system in Xinjiang. After the middle of the 18th century, Xinjiang was completely under the direct rule of the Qing government. In 1765, the Wushi Uprising broke out in Xinjiang, which was the first large-scale armed anti feudal struggle of the Uygur people. Under the leadership of Lai Heimutura and Esemtula, the uprising masses killed Archimbok and the minister of affairs of Ush. The insurgents held their ground and even women and children were put into battle. They repeatedly defeated the Qing army and persisted for half a year.
From 1820 to 1828, under the instigation of Britain, Zhang Geler, the representative of the reactionary Uighur feudal lords in southern Xinjiang and the grandson of Dahe Zhuomu, used the religious flag as a cover, and the British provided weapons and directly commanded and planned to invade southern Xinjiang for many times without success. In the next 20 to 30 years, Zhang Geler's nephew claimed to be Hezhu, and continued to harass the southern Xinjiang, killing people and harming the Uygur people. Their reactionary actions not only failed to win the support of the people, but aroused the resistance of the people of all ethnic groups, which always ended in failure. [2]
Shortly after the outbreak of the Opium War, under the influence of the armed uprisings of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nien Army, and farmers from Yunnan, Shaanxi, and Gansu, Xinjiang broke out in 1864 against the Qing Dynasty. The rapid anti Qing storm swept across the northern and southern Tianshan Mountains, shocking the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Xinjiang. During this period, several separatist regimes emerged in the south and north of Xinjiang: Rexitin Khan and Zhuo (Hui nationality) with Kuqa as the center, Toming (Hui nationality) with Urumqi as the center, Habibula Khan (Uygur nationality) with Hotan as the center, Jinxiangyin (Hui nationality) with Kashgar as the center and Sidikebak (Kirgiz nationality) with Kashgar as the center, Talanqi Sudan (Uygur) centered on Ili. However, the banner of "nationality" and "religion" has shifted the goal of mass struggle, so that the victorious fruits of the Uygur and Xinjiang people's blood are always usurped by a handful of ethnic and religious elites. The leaders of the feudal separatist regime called themselves kings and khans and exercised a more brutal and brutal feudal rule over the working people. They merged with each other, bringing greater disaster to the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.
In 1865, the feudal lords of Kashgar, Jin Xiangyin and Sidikebok, took advantage of the uprising of the Uighur people and other ethnic groups, and tried to call on the masses to support "saints", and ushered Bousuluk, the son of Zhang Geler, into Kashgar from Kokand. Agubai, an officer of Kokand supported by the UK, took the opportunity to invade Xinjiang, established the "Dzedeshar Khanate" (seven city khanate), occupied Urumqi, Manas and other places in the south and north of Xinjiang, and imposed barbaric and violent rule on the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, which caused unprecedented disasters to the Uygur people and people of all ethnic groups.
When Aguba invaded southern Xinjiang, in order to safeguard its vested interests in Central Asia, Russia kept the balance of power with Britain, intensified its collusion with Aguba, and secretly signed an illegal trade treaty with Aguba behind the back of the Qing government. In 1871, under the pretext of "riots in western provinces of China", Russia "had no reason to sit back and watch", and brazenly sent troops to invade Ili under the name of "collecting instead of defending". The Tsarist Russian invaders carried out a colonial rule in Ili for ten years, and implemented the policy of "divide and rule" against the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, during which they committed countless crimes.
It is the common interest and desire of the people of Xinjiang and all ethnic groups in China to completely destroy the Aguba regime and recover Ili. With the support and assistance of the Uygur and the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, the Qing army won the victory in the expedition against Aguba in 1877. In 1881, China and Russia signed the Ili Treaty. Although China recovered Ili, it lost more than 70000 square kilometers to the west of the Khorgos River and paid 9 million rubles in compensation. Prior to that, the Tsarist Russia had forcibly carved out more than 440000 square kilometers of land in northwest China through two unequal treaties, namely, the Sino Russian Beijing Treaty in 1860 and the Sino Russian Treaty on the Northwest Boundary in 1864. Moreover, the Tsarist Russia continued to do evil when it had to return to Ili, robbing as many as 100000 local Uyghur, Hui, Mongolian, Kazakh, Kirgiz and other ethnic people by force. At the same time, the invading army wantonly destroyed farmland, canals, houses, orchards, and robbed food and livestock. Five of the nine cities in Yili are almost in ruins, and three are only left with crumbling walls and rubble. The Uighur people in nine villages on the right bank of the Ili River have all their belongings looted.
In 1884, the Qing government established the western region under the jurisdiction of the former Ili General as a province called Xinjiang. This measure of the Qing government is of great significance for consolidating the northwest frontier, defending against foreign aggression, developing and building Xinjiang. In the war disaster caused by foreign invaders and their own feudal ruling class, the Uygur and the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang deeply felt the danger of splitting the motherland and undermining national unity. After the establishment of the province, the relationship between Xinjiang and the mainland has become closer, and the Uygur people and the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have become more and more united in the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.
After the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang was under the rule of Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai. In August 1933, the British and Indian governments sent spies to take advantage of the extensive contacts of Indian businessmen in southern Xinjiang, bribing many local people to act as British spies and propagandists, and advocating "Great Turkism" and "Great Islamism". On November 12, 1933, with the careful planning of the British consul in Kashgar and the support of 1000 rifles and 200 soldiers, the British instigated the pan Turkist Muhammad Yimin and Shabiti Mullah and others to establish an "independent Islamic Republic of East Turkistan" in Kashgar, and put forward the slogan of "protecting religion, killing Han and destroying Hui", We have pursued extreme religious and nationalist policies and adopted a policy of annihilating the people of Hui, Han and other ethnic groups. On February 6, 1934, Ma Zhongying's army entered Kashgar, and the "East Turkistan Islamic Republic" collapsed. In 1937, Japanese imperialism conspired to support Mamuti and Yaolewas to organize the so-called "independent" Islamic countries, and Mamuti colluded with Mahushan to jointly rebel.
In August 1944, Sheng Shicai stepped down and the Kuomintang began to directly rule Xinjiang. The Kuomintang implemented a repressive policy in politics, and the number of troops stationed in Xinjiang soared to 100000. We should promote the Baojia system and establish a "self-defense corps" to suppress people of all ethnic groups. Although the original "Burke" in Uygur areas has been abolished after the Revolution of 1911, many "Burke" have money and power and run rampant. Generally, there are 5 imams of Kazi (Grand Imam) in each county of Uygur regions, who are in charge of local religious affairs. The feudal gentry closely collaborated with the religious upper class to manipulate the grass-roots political power. In urban and rural areas where Uighurs live in concentrated communities, religious courts are law enforcement agencies, and their jurisdiction is the only one in countries that believe in Islam. The working people are wronged, severely beaten, amputated, cooked in oil, buried alive and other torture, and lightly smeared and ashen, riding donkeys to parade in the street. The combination of religious power and political power enslaves the Uygur people in life and spirit.
In 1944, the struggle against the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang broke out in Ili, Tacheng and Altay (collectively referred to as the "Three District Revolution" after liberation). Under the influence of the Communist Party of China, the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, Ahematijiang Hasmu, Abasov, etc., resolutely fought against Meswud, Mohammed Yimin, Aisha, Usman and other ethnic separatists, corrected the serious shortcomings and mistakes in the early revolutionary period, and effectively attacked the Kuomintang's rule in Xinjiang, Played a certain role in promoting the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang [1] 。
In September 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation War and the People's Revolution had won decisive victory throughout the country, and the Chinese People's Liberation Army was close to Xinjiang. On September 25, under the leadership of Tao Zhiyue, the garrison commander of the Xinjiang Kuomintang, an uprising was launched by electricity. On September 26, the Xinjiang Provincial Government led by Baoerhan also announced an uprising. Xinjiang was liberated by peaceful means [1] 。
The Uygur social system has many different forms of organization in different historical periods.
According to The Old Book of Tang · Biography of Huihe, Huihe originally called their leaders "waiting for jin" and "Jielifa". Later, vomit called itself Khan. The internal and external prime ministers and other officials at all levels are generally appointed from the families of Yijin, Jielifa and Khan and from the clans and tribes close by blood. The Huihe khanate created by Guli Peiluo is composed of nine internal ethnic groups (nine Huihe surnames) and nine external ethnic groups. The medicine Luoge family among the nine ethnic groups is a royal group, and khans are often produced from the medicine Luoge family. The Waijiu nationality was originally a tribal consortium that united the Huihe against the Turks. In 795, the position of Khan was transferred from the medicine Luoge to Azhe.
In the period of Gaochang Uighur Kingdom, the supreme ruler was called "Yiduhu". His rights were autocratic and hereditary. He was the supreme legislator and executor of the kingdom. Yiduhu appointed nine prime ministers, governors, judicial officers and Burke at all levels to manage state affairs and local administration.
The political system of the Karahan Dynasty continued the traditions of the original Uighur, Yangmo, Geluolu, Ugus and other Turkic tribes in many ways, and was also deeply influenced by the social system of Islamic countries, especially the Saman Dynasty. At first, the Karahan Dynasty implemented the "double monarchy", that is, the Great Khan and the Deputy Khan. The Great Khan was called "Arslan Khan", stationed in Balashagun, and the Deputy Khan was called "Kadir Khan", first in Talas, and then moved to Kashgar. Later, the highest ruling group of the Karahan Dynasty also used the titles of "Bugrahan" and "Peach Blossom Stone Khan". The central and local officials of the dynasty included prime ministers, ministers of the imperial court, generals, ministers of finance, ministers in charge of internal affairs, Ye Hu, Burke, etc.
Yeerqiang Khanate implemented the system of enfeoffment, and the first task of each khan after he ascended the throne was to enfeoffment his close relatives and meritorious officials. The recipient was the governor of the fief. A fief cannot be hereditary, but when a certain governor's power develops enough to compete with Khan, the fief becomes hereditary. The official system of the khanate was complex. The highest administrator of the khanate was the prime minister, and the local officials were mainly administrative officials appointed by the khanate. During the Yerqiang Khanate period, the religious force Hezhu was a force that could not be ignored. In the later period of the Khanate, they controlled and manipulated the regime.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the military government system was implemented in Xinjiang, and many new policies were adopted in the Uighur populated areas, the most important of which was the reform of Burke's restraint, that is, to disperse the rights of Akimu Burke, to abolish the hereditary system as the appointment system, and to stipulate Burke's methods of maintaining integrity and salary, so as to limit Burke's unprovoked plundering of the people, but Burke was still the feudal lord who dominated the country.
In 1884, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang, abolished the Burke system, weakened the local feudal separatist forces, realized the consistency of the administrative system of Xinjiang and other provinces, and implemented more direct rule.
After the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang entered the period of warlord rule. The government of Yang Zengxin and Jin Shuren basically inherited the system of the late Qing Dynasty and retained the feudal imperial system. In the early period of Sheng Shicai's rule, in order to stabilize the situation, win popular support, consolidate the rule, he formulated and implemented "six major policies", which objectively stabilized the political situation in Xinjiang. As time went by, Sheng Shicai exposed his warlord nature and completely joined the Kuomintang Chiang Kai shek. Xinjiang was completely under the direct rule of the Kuomintang central government.
In September 1949, Xinjiang was peacefully liberated. The CPC Central Committee immediately set up the Xinjiang Branch of the CPC Central Committee in Xinjiang, and successively set up leading organs of the Party at all levels in Xinjiang. On December 17, 1949, under the leadership of the Party, the Provincial People's Government, which was jointly composed of representatives from all walks of life of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, was announced to be established, and Balkhan served as the chairman of the People's Government. The provincial people's government completely abolished the policy of ethnic oppression carried out by the reactionary rulers, guaranteed the equality of all ethnic groups and the right of all ethnic groups to be masters of their own affairs, and began the land reform movement throughout Xinjiang.
On December 22, 1953, the Measures for the Implementation of Regional National Autonomy in Xinjiang Province, approved by the Central People's Government, was officially released. In Xinjiang, Balikun Kazak Autonomous County, Mulei Kazak Autonomous County, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Chabuchar Xibo Autonomous County, Hebukesair Mongolian Autonomous County, Hechangji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, and Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture have been established successively. On this basis, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially established on October 1, 1955, with its capital in Urumqi. The implementation of regional national autonomy has further realized the aspirations of the Uyghur people and the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang to be masters of their own affairs, and has greatly improved the enthusiasm of the people of all ethnic groups. The People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee, in accordance with the power conferred by the Law on Regional National Autonomy and the reality of Xinjiang, have formulated various regulations and resolutions that meet the characteristics and needs of Xinjiang [1] 。
Historically, the Uygur people once believed in Shamanism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism and Buddhism.
At the end of the 10th century, the Karahan Dynasty began to believe in Islam. By the 15th century, Islam had gradually occupied the dominant position in Uygur areas.
Islam has different sects. Most Uighurs believe in the Hanafi Sect, one of the Sunni religious schools. There are also quite a few people who believe in the mystical Sufi School, which is called the Yichan School in Xinjiang. In addition, a small number of people believe in Wahhabism. Sunnis call themselves orthodox sects and are the most Islamists. They believe in Huda and Mohammed, the envoy of Huda, and worship the Koran.
The mosque is the place where Sunnis carry out religious activities.
Xinjiang's Yichan Sect worships Sunni doctrines, but has its own unique ideological system in the interpretation of the Koran and the Hadith. They advocate "not valuing this life and reincarnation", but abstinence, asceticism and poverty.
Mazar is the center of the activities of the Yichan sect, and the worship of Mazar is an important feature of the sect [1] 。
The traditional Uygur diet is mainly pasta, preferring sheep and beef, and eating relatively few vegetables. There are many kinds of staple foods, including Nang, Zhufan, Baozi, and Ramen.
Nang It is made of wheat flour or corn flour and baked in a special fire pit. It is a round cake with different shapes, sizes and thicknesses.
pilau In Uygur, it is called "Polo", which is a kind of food braised with rice, mutton, lamb oil, cooking oil and carrots. It tastes delicious.
Steamed stuffed buns , which is called "Manta" in Uygur language; Roasted buns, called "Samussa" in Uighur, are made of noodles and stuffed with diced mutton and mutton oil mixed with a little onion. They are thin in skin and rich in meat.
In addition, there are ramen noodles, fried noodles, soup noodles, "Naren noodles", etc. Famous dishes include roast whole sheep, stewed mutton, barbecue, etc.
The Uygur people are strictly forbidden to eat pork, donkey meat, dog meat and mule meat.
In some areas of southern Xinjiang, horse meat is also forbidden (there is no such restriction in pastoral areas or agricultural and pastoral areas of northern Xinjiang).
Generally, animals and poultry that have not been slaughtered are also forbidden to eat.
Uygur people like drinking tea [1] 。
The traditional Uygur man's coat is called "Chenghuan", which is longer than the knee, with wide sleeves, no collar, no buttons, and a long belt is tied at the waist when wearing it.
Women generally wear one-piece dress, with a jacket or jacket. Women and girls like to use the natural Ussian vine juice to paint their eyebrows, dye their nails, wear earrings, bracelets, rings, necklaces, etc. The Uygur people, old and young, both men and women, like to wear "Gaba" (four edged flower hat) and embroider various ethnic patterns with black and white or colored silk threads. In the past, unmarried girls wore more than a dozen braids, with long hair as their beauty. There are various headdresses pinned on the head, and there are also those with double braids coiled into a bun.
With the development of the times, in addition to traditional clothing and costumes, fashion is popular in cities [1] 。
Architecture Most of the regions adopt one form, but the specific layout of the same form is quite different.
The vast desert, severe sandstorm, hot summer with little rain, and cold winter ecological environment make the Uygur people pay great attention to the transformation and beautification of the environment. Therefore, courtyard style houses often have orchard and flower beds, poplar, and grape sheds.
The Uygur people attach great importance to the decoration of houses, showing a variety of decoration means. However, each family has a tapestry on the wall and a carpet on the adobe bed, which is their common feature [1] 。
Uygur people should put their right hand on their chest when they meet an elder or friend. When men meet, they should shake hands. When women meet, they should embrace each other and stick to their right faces. They all greet them with "Salam". Finally, they put their hands on their knees and bow to say goodbye. Younger people should salute their elders first, and now they usually shake hands as a greeting gift.
The Uighur people generally believe that it is enviable to have a large number of guests. Usually, if the guests arrive at the same time, they should enter the door and sit on the kang, both young and old. The most distinguished and oldest guests should sit on the mat specially laid by the host in the middle of the kang. Before and after meals, the host will wash the hands of the guests with a hand wash pot. Generally, the guests should wash their hands three times. The guests should not throw water around. The host first pours a bowl of tea for each person, and then spreads a cloth in front of the guests, and places various snacks, fruits and delicacies. If possible, he or she also slaughters sheep to entertain the guests, so that the guests can enjoy themselves. Sometimes the owner will play Dutal, Revafu and other national musical instruments to cheer up with singing and dancing. At the end of the meal, under the leadership of the elderly, we should say "Duwa" prayer. If it is too late, the host will always warmly detain the guests and give them the best bedding. When a guest leaves, the host always sees the guest away from the door [1] 。
Modern Uighur is the common language of the Uighur people, belonging to the Turkic language family of the Altai language family. Historically, the development of Uighur language has gone through three stages: the ancient Turkic language stage (7-13 centuries), the Chahetai language stage (14-18 centuries), and the modern and modern Uighur language stage (since the 19th century).
The modern Uygur language in China is divided into three dialects: Central, Hotan and Luobu. The standard language is based on the central dialect, and the Yili Urumqi pronunciation is the standard sound. Uighur has many things in common with Kazak, Kirgiz, Uzbek and other kinship languages of the same language family, and also has its own unique characteristics.
Uighurs have a long history of using characters. In different historical periods and regions, they use different letter systems to write their own languages, and the names of characters are also different.
In the 8th century, the Huihe people who established political power in the Orhun River basin used Turkic language such as Niwen. From the 9th century to the 15th century, the Uighurs in today's Xinjiang and Gansu Hexi Corridor, as well as in the western part of the Congling Mountains, used Uighur script based on the Sogde alphabet, but the duration of use varies in different regions, and the Uighur Buddhists in the east used it the longest.
The Karahan Dynasty, founded by the Western Uighur and Geluolu tribes in Congling, changed to use Arabic based characters, called dynastic Turkic, after believing in Islam in the 10th century. With the spread of Islam, this kind of writing has expanded its scope of use. In the 15th century, it basically replaced the Uighur language and became the common language of Uighurs and Turkic languages in Xinjiang and Central Asia. At first, it was mainly used in the territory of the original Chagatai Khanate, so it was called Chagatai script.
The current Uyghur language is improved on the basis of the Chagatai language in the late period. After continuous improvement and supplementation, it has become the universal language of the Uyghur people so far. In 1960, the Latinized character reform was carried out, but since the conditions for comprehensively changing to new characters were not yet ripe, the use of new characters was stopped from September 1982 [1] 。 [2]
Uygur folk literature has various forms, including folk stories, fables, jokes, proverbs, etc.
Folktales are an important part of Uygur folk literature. The story content is often that the rulers brutally exploit the working people, and the working people use their wisdom to skillfully expose and defeat the rulers' intrigues, such as The Story of Mulberry Shadows, The Story of Afanti, etc. There are also stories about inspiring labor enthusiasm, expressing the desire for a better life, educating future generations, and describing love life. For example, the folk story "Three Testaments" is a story about educating people to unite and help each other, overcome difficulties, and obtain happiness; "Two Lazy Men" is a story that teaches people to love labor and not to seek comfort and enjoyment; "Clever Her Manhan", "Farmer Girl" and "Loving Smart Women" are enthusiastic praises and praises of the hardworking and noble character of Uyghur women.
Uighur classical literature is most famous for the Biography of Ugus Khan, Happiness and Wisdom, Turkic Dictionary, Introduction to Truth and Five Ministers' Poems.
The Biography of Ugus Khan, also known as the Legend of Ugus Khan, is a folk hero epic widely spread among the ancient Uygur people. Its content is mainly divided into two parts: the first part is the ancient Uygur myths and legends; The second part mainly tells the history of the expedition of Ugus Khan. It narrates many historical stories with the unique writing method of folk epic, reappears the original style and features of Uygur ancestors' social life, and is of great value to the study of ancient Uygur history, literature and language.
Happiness and Wisdom was dedicated by Yusupu Hasi Hajifu to Bugrahan, the monarch of the Karahan Dynasty at that time. Written in Turkic, the literal translation should mean "giving happiness knowledge". This paper expounds the political and philosophical views of the poet on governing the country by the state, which embodies the code of conduct and the ideal of life advocated by the poet. The poem summarizes the nomadic culture of the Uygur grassland. The poet declared publicly that "it was written in humble words with the wisdom of the sage of the Qin State". It not only inherited the Han culture, but also accepted the influence of Arab, Persian and Central Asian cultures, thus creating a new era of Uygur literature. This brilliant masterpiece has profound sociality, philosophy, elegant artistry and multi cultural compatibility, Great influence and wide spread. At present, there are Uyghur and Chinese versions of Happiness Wisdom in China, and there are many full translations in Russian, English, German, Turkish, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and other foreign languages, as well as festival translations in Japanese and Ukrainian.
The Turkic Dictionary was written in Arabic by Mahmoud Kashgari in 1074 AD, which is the first large-scale Turkic dictionary in the world. This dictionary provides rich history, geographical knowledge and various professional terms about Xinjiang and Central Asia, which can be called a concise encyclopedia about the Turkic nation. In addition to the long preface, the book has more than 7000 entries. The Turkic Dictionary is attached with a round map, which depicts the world the author knew at that time and is the earliest and most complete map of Central Asia that has been handed down to today.
The Introduction to Truth is a long admonitory poem written by Ahmad Jugnak at the beginning of the 13th century. It is written in the form of wooden pagoda and kalip in the rhythm of Aruz. The author exhorts the world to follow the religious rules and public morality in order to restore social order and tranquility. The Introduction to Truth is of great value to the study of Uyghur literature, language, history and philosophy during the Karahan Dynasty.
The Collection of Five Ministers' Poems is a collection of five long narrative poems written in Chagatai language by Ariel Navayi. Its philosophy has a great impact on the formation of Uygur ethics. Among the five long narrative poems, "Biography of Sages" is the most famous, which describes some famous sages in the history of the development of Islam, has a great impact on Uygur classical literature, and plays an important role in Uygur spiritual life. In addition, from the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, there were also some works that exposed the feudal ruling forces and feudal autocracy, such as Hector's Love and Pain, Abedukremu Nazari's Rebiya Saiding, Laili and McGuinnon, etc.
Uygur modern and contemporary literature is greatly influenced by Russia. The emergence of novels and dramas has broken through the tradition of poetry as the sole authority in the past. Representative works include Li Mutarif's Selected Poems of Li Mutarif (in Chinese), Li Mutarif's Collected Works (in Chinese and Uyghur), Nimihiyiti's Love for the Motherland, Tarim Girl, Safodin Aizezi's The Cry of the First Train, Amanisa Khan, etc [1] 。
Uighur medicine is an important part of Chinese medicine. "Uighur medicine", referred to as "Uighur medicine", has a long history and relatively complete theoretical system. Uighur medicine has established a set of methods for diagnosis and treatment of diseases based on the "four substance theory" represented by "soil, water, fire and air" and the "four body fluid theory" of "blood fluid, phlegm fluid, bile fluid and black bile fluid". In diagnosing diseases, we should pay attention to pulse checking, inspection and inquiry. Most internal medicine diseases are mainly treated within the prescribed time. Non humoral disorders of temperament adopt the correction method, and humoral disorders of temperament adopt the pathogenic humoral maturation method, pathogenic humoral excretion method, and the main drug radical cure method. In addition, there are more than 20 kinds of therapies, such as fumigation, medication, blood letting, cold and hot compress, sunbathing, warm spring bath, and hot sand burial, to treat liver and gallbladder diseases, digestive diseases, vitiligo, diabetes Angiosclerotic heart disease has good curative effect. In surgery, more than 20 kinds of therapies such as cauterization, hot pouching, animal skin dressing, ligation, surgery, acupuncture, massage, manual reposition, etc. are used while taking medicine. More than 800 kinds of drugs and 400 kinds of preparations are commonly used.
There have been many excellent doctors, physicians and medical works of Uygur nationality. The famous Uighur doctor Biji Zamba Hilahan's "Medical Treasure Book" and "Typhoid Fever Interpretation", the famous Uighur scientist, philosopher, astronomer and medical expert Farabi (870-950 years)'s "On Nature", "On Anthropology", "On Neurology", "The Functions of Organs", "On the Heat, Cold, Wet and Dry Nature", The Aksayi written by the famous Uyghur doctor Jamaldin Aksayi, the Huihui Prescription co written by the famous Uyghur medicine scientist Hu Duyoumuhan Aji (1567-1658), the Kazunong written by Yusuf Aji, the founder of Kashgar Uyghur Medical Hospital, and the four volume Uyghur Medical Encyclopedia, the first large-scale Uyghur medical book, etc [1] 。
Lu Mingshan, an outstanding agronomist, wrote the Summary of Food and Clothes of Nongsang [1] 。
Uygur folk music can be divided into Mukamu, folk songs, folk songs and dances, folk instrumental music, rap music, religious music, etc. from the genre, inheriting the fine traditions of Shule music, Khotan music, Qiuci music, Gaochang music, and Yizhou music.
"Twelve Mukam" is a form of classical grand music, including songs, instrumental music and dance. There are three types of Kashgar Mukam, Dorang Mukam and Hami Mukam, which are performed by folk musicians on custom festivals, wedding ceremonies and entertainment parties. Amanisha, an outstanding Uygur female musician in the 16th century, collected and sorted out the popular Muqam from all over the country, and compiled it into twelve sets of song and dance tunes, making the form of Muqam tend to be stereotyped. In 2005, the "Twelve Muqam" was included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection List by the United Nations.
There are dozens of Uygur ethnic musical instruments, such as plucking, blowing and percussion.
"Dutal" and "Re Wafu" are the most commonly used solo and ensemble instruments, with clear and soft timbres.
"Da Fu" is a sheepskin drum struck with fingers. The wooden frame around the drum is inlaid with many small moving iron rings. With the clanging of drums, it is mostly used for dance accompaniment [1] 。
Uygur folk songs are similar to Mukamu. Due to different geographical environment and other factors, Uygur folk songs in different regions have obvious differences in style. Ili folk songs are lyrical; Hami folk songs are usually short and lively; Most Kashi folk songs are bold and straightforward. Uighur singers often sing with musical instruments. Northern singers like to use duet and play Bolin; Hami singers like to use Hami Aijieke; Southern singers like to use Kashgar Wafu. In terms of scale and mode of folk songs, folk songs in most areas of southern Xinjiang use seven tone scale or more than seven tone scale, which has an unusual feeling. There are many folk songs in Northeast China that use pentatonic and hexatonic scales.
Its content can be divided into traditional folk songs and new folk songs. Traditional folk songs include love songs, labor songs, history songs, life custom songs and other categories.
The labor songs mainly include hunting songs, pastoral songs, wheat harvest songs, threshing songs, canal digging songs, spinning ballads, wall building songs, etc. Many love songs express young men and women's incomparable loyalty and passionate pursuit of love. Historical songs reflect some important events in the history of Uygur people. For example, the popular Songs of City Building and Flowing Back in Northern Xinjiang; Some sang praises of the peasant uprising, such as "Hero Shadir", "The Song of the Wagoner", "The Song of the Temur Haili Sect", etc.; some exposed the ugly features of the imperialist aggressors, such as the song of whipping Aguber and "The Song of Forcible Relocation"
Life custom songs are closely related to various ceremonies and national traditional customs. Folk songs are sung in weddings, funerals, celebrations, ceremonies and folk festivals. Such folk songs include wedding songs, spring songs, snow songs, funeral songs (also known as "elegy"), fasting songs, etc. Hypnotic songs popular in eastern Xinjiang (such as "Sleep, Children") are typical short tune chants. Xianghe songs can also be divided into two categories. The first type is based on soloist playing and singing, singing lyric and narrative folk songs. The second kind of phase and song adopts a fixed rhythm type, with regular beat, distinct rhythm and warm atmosphere, and is often used for dance accompaniment. The form of performance is mainly duet, chorus, lead singer and group singer.
The historical songs are mainly songs about some important events in the Uygur history. Some reflect the cruel oppression of the feudal ruling class and the heroic resistance and insurrection of farmers. Some reflect the tragic heroic deeds of the Uygur people against foreign aggression, defending their hometown, defending the border, and safeguarding the reunification of the motherland. Among them, Nuozigoum, Songs of Building a City, Songs of Hero Sadir, Songs of Forced Relocation against the Czar, Songs of Matitai in Kashgar, southern Xinjiang, are widely spread.
Love songs account for a large proportion in Uygur folk songs. The passionate love between young men and women is often expressed by means of comparison with the Uygur national psychological characteristics and regional characteristics, so it has a unique artistic charm.
The new folk song is a warm eulogy of the Uygur people for the new socialist life, which shows the people's love for the Party, leaders and the socialist system.
The Uygur dance is famous for its fast rotation and variety. Traditional dances include top bowl dance, big drum dance, hoop dance, Puta dance, etc.
Senem It is the most common form of folk dance. The improvised dance is sometimes performed by one person alone, sometimes by two people in pairs, and sometimes by three or five people at the same time. Accompanied by the band, the crowd sitting in a circle clapped and sang. When the music rhythm changed from medium speed to fast speed, and the dance steps became more and more rapid, the voices of "Kay Na" (come on) and "Balikalela" (wonderful) rose, and the dancers' emotions became more intense. The "Sinaim" in various places has its own style and is usually titled with a place name. For example, Kashi "Sinaim", Ili "Sinaim", etc., to show the difference.
"Xiadiana" A dance popular throughout Xinjiang, especially in southern Xinjiang, which means happy dance, is a folk collective dance. The number of participants is unlimited and the formation is not fixed. The tunes of "Xiadiana" in different regions have their own characteristics, some are exuberant and gorgeous, some are vigorous and powerful. The basic steps of "Xiadiana" are mainly small leaps, with arms raised and hands shaking quickly inside and outside, giving people a sense of joy and lightness.
"Duolang (Daolang)" Known as the flower of folk art, it is a dance full of life breath of working people. Its content shows the hunting activities of the people in the ancient Maigaiti area. The dance moves are fierce, energetic, enthusiastic and unrestrained, with a strong sense of rhythm. The music accompanying "Duolang" dance is called "Duolang Mukam" and "Duolang Sinaim". The melody structure is simple, the singing style is broad, heroic, and has a strong prairie atmosphere.
"Nazirkum" It is popular in Turpan, Shanshan, Hami and other places. It uses dance movements to express lively and humorous content, which fully reflects the optimistic and cheerful character of Uygur people [1] 。
The traditional festivals of Uygur people include Rouzi Festival, Gurbang Festival and Noruzi Festival. The first two festivals both originated from Islam. The dates are calculated according to the Islamic calendar and are moving every year.
Meat cumin festival It is also called "Eid al Fitr" because it is held one month after the fast, and usually takes three days.
Corban It is also called "Eid al Adha". It is held 70 days after the Meazi Festival. If the family is well off, they have to kill a sheep.
Noruzi Festival It is the oldest traditional festival of Uygur people. It is on the spring equinox, equivalent to March 22 of the Gregorian calendar. On this day, various celebration activities and the traditional "Maxwell" will be held [1] 。
Uighurs used to have arranged marriages, but now free love is more common. Before marriage, the man must pay a gift to the woman.
After receiving the marriage certificate, both men and women will hold a wedding banquet to entertain their relatives, friends and colleagues, and some will ask the imam to read "Nika". The wedding ceremony includes bride welcoming ceremony, head unveiling ceremony, celebration ceremony held by the groom and bride for their wedding, etc.
After the banquet, a "Maxi Raf" will be held. During this period, people will sing happily and the atmosphere is very warm. In the process of dancing, a pair of men and women will come up to dance purposefully. The men will deliberately lift the bride's veil, and the women will cover it again. When repeated three times, the bride will stand up and make a deep bow to the guests, who will applaud to show the end of the ceremony [1] 。
The Uygur people follow the Islamic rules and practice burial, advocating quick burial. After the end of the Islamic ceremony "Namazi" for crossing over the dead, the corpse will be sent to the cemetery with a corpse bed and buried in a cave, without a coffin or any burial objects. Tomb mounds are mostly rectangular or round. Fences shall be built around the cemetery to prevent livestock from entering, and no soil shall be taken or excavated.
Uyghur people hold memorial ceremonies on the day, the 3rd, the 7th, the 40th and the anniversary of the death, which is called "Naizil" in Uyghur language. In all the memorial activities, the 7th, 40th and the anniversary are grand. We will invite relatives, friends, villagers and colleagues to do "dewar" (prayer) and invite imams to chant. The meals in the memorial ceremony are mainly pilaf.
According to traditional customs, all men who come to participate in the "Naizil" must wear hats and women must wear scarves [1] 。
The Uighur population will be 11.6243 million in 2020. [1] [3]
According to《 China Statistical Yearbook-2021 》The number of Uighurs in China is 11774538. [4] 
