Main contents and steps of superstructure design: 1. Determine according to the architectural design structural system Determine the main materials of the structure; 2. Structure Plane layout ； 3. Preliminary selection of material type, strength grade, etc., and preliminary determination of section size of members based on experience; 4. Structural load calculation and internal force analysis of the structure under various loads; five load effect Combination; 6. Section design of members. In addition, some necessary structural measures are included. It shall be based on the relevant specifications and atlas of the structural discipline. Superstructure design:
It is mainly divided into frame structure shear wall structure , frame shear wall structure, frame core tube structure Tube in tube structure Masonry structure. Basic design:
1. According to Engineering geological investigation report 、 Superstructure Type and from superstructure load effect Determine the form of foundation according to the local construction technology level and material supply, Material strength Grade, generally Shallow foundation (e.g.: Independent foundation 、 Strip foundation Etc.) and deep foundation (e.g.: pile foundation ）。 2. Foundation Bottom area Determination and Foundation bearing capacity checking calculation. 3. Foundation internal force calculation and reinforcement calculation.
4. Consider necessary construction measures.
structure Construction plans On Structural Engineer The language of Construction site And relevant engineering and technical personnel should draw in accordance with certain specifications. 1. The section of column and beam shall be reasonable: displacement 、 Axial compression ratio 、 Reinforcement ratio As for control, large section shall be taken for large span of beam and small section for small span. The section of beam is also related to the upper load borne by beam. The section with larger load shall be taken as larger, and the section with smaller load can be reduced accordingly. The section width of continuous span beam should be the same. The column section shall be reduced once every 3 layers or so to save investment. Each time, the column section shall not be less than 50 mm on each side to facilitate Formwork erection And should not be more than 200 mm to avoid sudden change of stiffness. The top section (upper layers) can be 300 mm × 300 mm (which should meet the calculation requirements). collect Columella Cross section can also be increased accordingly Usable area 。 2. Concrete strength grade: preferably ≥ C25 (leave room), the column and beam should be the same, and the variable column section should not change Concrete strength grade To avoid sudden change of stiffness. The plate should not be higher than C40 (as specified in Article 4.5.2 of the High Gauge) Shanghai Municipal Technical Guidelines for Controlling Cracks in Cast in situ Reinforced Concrete Floor Slab of Residential Engineering (issued as Hu Jian Jian (2001) No. 0907 on December 20, 2001) 1. Article 7 stipulates that "the concrete strength grade of cast-in-place floor shall not be greater than C30 ”， Chinese Society of Civil Engineering Concrete and prestressed concrete Concrete Quality Professional Committee, High Strength and high performance concrete Prepared by professional committee《 Guide for crack control in reinforced concrete structures 》（ Chemical Industry Press The first edition in April 2004) also suggests that "floor slab Roof slab use ordinary concrete The strength grade should not be greater than C30, and the foundation slab and basement exterior wall should not be greater than C35 ”The reason is to control the amount of cement. The higher the strength grade of concrete is, the more cement is used, the easier it is to crack. 3. Column design:
1. Clause 1 of Article 10.3.1 of Code for Design of Concrete: Longitudinal reinforcement The reinforcement ratio should not be greater than 5%. Clause 4 of Article 10.3.2: when the longitudinal reinforcement ratio is greater than 3% stirrup If the diameter, spacing and hook are required, they can also be welded into a closed ring type (different from the 89 code that must be welded into a closed ring type). Article 11.1.13: seismic design should not be greater than 5%; Clause 3 of Article 6.4.4 of the High tech Code: not more than 5%, not more than 6%, and not more than 5% in seismic design. Clause 4 of Article 6.4.9 is the same as Clause 4 of Article 10.3.2 of the Concrete Code, but it is not required that the stirrup can be welded into a closed ring. 2. The net spacing of longitudinal bars shall be ≥ 50mm (Clause 3 of Article 10.3.1 of the Code for Design of Concrete). During seismic design, the spacing of longitudinal bars shall not be greater than 200mm for columns with a section size greater than 400mm
3. A section should have one diameter, and should be symmetrically reinforced, which is convenient for construction and simple for self design; The diameter of reinforcement shall not be large at the top and small at the bottom. There is a small project with two floors. There are 16 columns in total, KZ1-16. The reinforcement of floors 1 and 2 are different. There are 32 kinds of sections in total. Why bother?
four Strong column and weak beam The longitudinal reinforcement shall not be too small. Except that the first and second floor frames can use φ 16 and φ 18, it is better to use φ 20 or more. 5. Stirrup spacing: the seismic grade I should not be greater than 200mm and 20d (d is the diameter of stirrup), the seismic grade II and III should not be greater than 250mm (Class III 300mm in 89 code) and 20d, and the seismic grade IV should not be greater than 300mm. There is no definition of "stirrup spacing" in the code. Generally, designers believe that two stirrups horizontal direction Distance between. The stirrup spacing should not be too small, such as 6 for 600 × 600 columns Limb hoop 5 limb hoops for 500 × 500 columns and 4 limb hoops for 400 × 400 columns are too dense, which is unnecessary and also affects concrete pouring Main reinforcement Pull one every other to save reinforcement. six Stirrup ratio : The new specification is larger than the 89 specification, which is related to the column axial compression ratio, concrete strength grade, and stirrup tensile design strength. 7. Use Flat method Do not use Tabulation method The list method of 03G101-1 atlas is also not intuitive. 1. Masonry support is not allowed.
2. Support with "small frame", beam and column should meet the seismic requirements of Grade III (stirrup ≥ φ 6 @ 150).
5. In reinforced concrete structures Structural column （GZ）： 1. Upper end and Beam slab answer Weak connection It should be possible not to connect, or 1 φ 12 connection can be used. The upper end of GZ should be 20~30mm away from the beam plate, otherwise the stress condition of the upper end beam plate will be changed. 2. The stirrup of GZ can not be densified, it is not an anti-seismic component (some standard atlases have densified).
3. GZ must be laid first Infill wall (Reserved Horse tooth tenon ）Post pouring, Construction unit Some are poured first, which is extremely inappropriate. 6. Length of wall tie bar of masonry infill wall in reinforced concrete structure: not applicable masonry structure , should press Code for seismic design Paragraph 2 of Article 13.3.3: when the angle is 6 or 7 degrees, it should not be less than 1/5 of the wall length and not less than 700mm; when the angle is 8 or 9 degrees, it should be connected along the whole wall length. 7. The floor slab and water tank of the elevator machine room in the reinforced concrete structure cannot be supported by masonry, and the height gauge is a strong bar.
1. For shear wall structures, Code for Seismic Design of Buildings《 Code for design of concrete structures 》、《 Technical specification for concrete structures of high-rise buildings 》There are some regulations. There should be more content in the high regulations Short leg shear wall (7.1.2, 8 paragraphs in total). The general shear wall is hw (wall limb section height, which I think should be called "wall limb length", which is consistent with Note 1 in Table 7.2.16 of the height gauge, Note 4 in Table 6.4.7 of the seismic design code, and Note 4 in Table 11.7.15 of the concrete structure design code)/bw (wall limb section thickness)>8, the wall limb section height should not be greater than 8m, and the longer shear wall should be provided with a hole (the so-called structural hole) (Article 7.1.5 of the High Gauge). The short leg shear wall hw/bw=5 (it is reasonable to take 4 according to the old custom)~8, and the seismic grade should be improved by one level. Hw/bw ＜ 5 (it is reasonable to take 4 according to the old habit), that is Special-shaped column 。 L-shaped cross As long as one of the shear walls meets the requirements of general shear walls, it shall not be considered as short leg shear walls. 2. It is stipulated in Article 7.1.1 of the High tech Code that "the lateral stiffness of the shear wall structure should not be too large". If the full shear wall structure is adopted, that is, except for the door and window openings, it is shear wall, without a piece of post built infill wall. The first cycle is only 1.02 seconds, and the lateral stiffness is too large, which makes the earthquake action too large, uneconomical, and unreasonable.
3. As for the thickness of the shear wall at the bottom floor, it is stipulated in Article 7.1.2 of the High tech Code that "the high-rise building structure shall not adopt the shear wall structure with all short leg shear walls". When there are many short leg shear walls, Article 2 of the High tech Code stipulates that "in seismic design, Cylinder And general shear wall Mode shape Bottom earthquake Overturning moment It should not be less than 50% of the total bottom seismic overturning moment ". SATWE When the program calculates, the height thickness ratio of each wall limb is calculated separately. Where hw/bw=5~8, it is included in the short leg shear wall. Thus, the calculated seismic overturning moment at the bottom of the first mode of vibration borne by the short leg shear wall may easily exceed 50%. However, the TAT program calculates that as long as one of the L-shaped shear walls meets the requirements of the general shear wall, it will not be included in the short leg shear wall. In the same structure, the calculated seismic overturning moment at the bottom of the first mode of vibration of the short leg shear wall may not be greater than 50%. It is suggested that this index should be calculated according to TAT. 4. The calculated reinforcement of the shear wall shall be the reinforcement amount at one end of the wall limb.
5. In shear wall structures with more short leg shear walls, most designers draw shorter wall segments as constraints Edge component Or construct edge components, and calculate the required Longitudinal reinforcement It is not appropriate to evenly configure in the whole wall segment, because it is configured in the wall limb Neutral axis The nearby reinforcement cannot work, so the longitudinal reinforcement should be concentrated towards the end of the wall, and the shear wall edge components should be printed Reinforcement Recheck the calculation results. Article 6.4.9 of the Code for Seismic Design stipulates that:“ Seismic wall When the length of the wall limb is not more than 3 times of the wall thickness, it should be designed according to the requirements of the column, and the stirrup should be densified along the full height. "SATWE and other programs should also follow this provision in the calculation. If the wall thickness is 200 mm and the wall limb length is 600~800 mm, although the wall limb length reaches 3~4 times of the wall thickness, it is considered that the reinforcement should still be based on the column. 6. Some people enter the total information in the computer Distributing reinforcement Reinforcement ratio of 0.30%（ Specification requirements 1、 The minimum value of the second and third level shear walls is 0.25%, and the minimum value of the fourth level shear wall is 0.20%, which is a mandatory provision), but the actual reinforcement is less than 0.30%, which is wrong, because the reinforcement ratio of the vertical distribution reinforcement will affect the reinforcement calculation results of the shear wall (see Article 7.2.8~7.2.12 of the High tech Code). The vertical and horizontal distribution bars of the shear wall need not be too large, for example, the wall thickness is 200 or 250 mm, and the vertical and horizontal distribution bars are equipped with φ 12@200 Double rows (reinforcement ratio of 0.565~0.452%) may not be necessary, but the spacing of reinforcement should be ≤ 200mm, which is good for preventing shear wall cracking. from Fang Ehua The "Structural Design of High rise Buildings" compiled by structural system Introduction; Through calculation and comparison space structure And some important concepts of complex structure design, such as frame I Core barrel 、 Frame barrel , arm extension Conversion layer Etc; The proportion of program calculation part is increased, and the deduction of manual calculation formula is weakened, but the manual calculation method and the content of explaining the structural deformation law and concept through manual calculation method are retained; with reinforced concrete Mainly high-rise building structure, steel structure and Hybrid structure Introduction to the scheme and basic design methods, including Steel member Steel reinforced concrete components and Concrete filled steel tube Basic design method of components; yes Energy dissipation and shock absorption The structure is briefly introduced. Edited by Fang Ehua et al《 Structural design of high-rise buildings 》It was published in 1992“ multi-storey And high-rise building structural design ". This book is a national college civil engineering One of the teaching materials recommended by the professional steering committee. This book mainly includes: overview of high-rise building structure; Structural system and layout of high-rise buildings; Load of high-rise building structure; Design requirements for high-rise building structures; Frame Shear wall 、 Frame shear wall structure Approximate calculation method and design concept of; reinforced concrete Frame member design; Reinforced concrete shear wall component design; Structural Spatial computation And design concept. High level building structure Design is not only a teaching material, but also suitable for building structure Engineering technicians and Other personnel Self study books. catalog
Chapter 1 Overview of high-rise building structure
1.1 Characteristics of high-rise building structure
1.2 History and current situation of high-rise buildings at home and abroad
1.3 Development of modern high-rise building structure
Chapter 2 Resistance Lateral force Structure and layout 2.3 Frame shear wall structure
2.4 Frame supporting wall structure
2.5 Frame support (seismic wallboard) structure
2.6 Simplified structure
2.7 Frame core structure
2.9 Applicable height and Height and width than 2.10 Building shape and general structural layout
2.11 Deformation joint Settings for 2.12 Foundation form
Thinking question: millstone architecture
Chapter 3 Structural Loads of High rise Buildings
Thinking question: millstone architecture
Chapter 4 Design Requirements and Load effect combination 4.1 Bearing capacity checking calculation 4.2 Lateral movement limit
4.4 Stability and overturning resistance
4.6 Load effect combination and the most unfavorable internal force
Thinking question: millstone architecture
Chapter 5 Approximate calculation method and design concept of frame, shear wall and frame shear wall structures
5.1 Basic assumptions for calculation
5.2 Approximate calculation method of frame structure
5.3 Approximate calculation method of shear wall structure
5.4 Frame shear wall Quasi calculation method of (cylinder) structure 5.5 Approximate calculation of torsion
Thinking question: millstone architecture
Chapter 6 reinforced concrete Frame member design 6.1 Ductile energy dissipation frame conceptual design 6.3 Frame column seismic design 6.4 Seismic design of beam column joint core area
6.5 Connection and anchorage of reinforcement
Thinking question: millstone architecture
Chapter 7 Design of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall
7.1 Overview
7.3 Coupling beam design
Chapter 8 High rise Building Structure Spatial computation And design concept 8.1 Rods Finite element Calculation methods and simplified assumptions 8.3 Calculation model of shear wall structure
8.4 Frame cylinder Barrel in barrel 、 Bundle barrel Calculation and design concept of 8.5 Design concept and calculation of frame core tube structure and frame core tube outrigger structure
8.6 Transfer layer and Strengthening layer Chapter 9 Introduction to Steel Structure Design of High rise Buildings
9.1 General provisions
9.2 Steel frame Checking calculation of seismic bearing capacity of components 9.3 Checking calculation of seismic bearing capacity of central braced frame support
9.4 Eccentric support Checking calculation of frame member bearing capacity 9.5 Components Slenderness ratio and Plate Width thickness ratio Limits 9.6 Component connection
Chapter 10 Introduction to Hybrid Structure Design of High rise Buildings
10.1 Overview
10.2 Design of steel reinforced concrete members
Chapter 11 Introduction to Design of Energy Dissipation Structures
11.1 Overview
11.3 Key points of energy dissipation structure design
11.4 Other structural vibration (shock) control methods
The structural design of the product refers to product development In the link Structural Design Engineer according to Product Functions And the design of the internal structure, product mix The design work includes: Piecemeal Determine the Fixing method Design the way to realize the use and movement functions of the product, and determine the Materials used and surface treatment Process, etc. The product structure design is machine design As one of the basic contents of the design, it is also a work link that takes the most time in the design process. It plays a very important role in the process of product formation. If the design process is regarded as a data processing process, then, taking a part as an example, the working ability design only provides people with very limited data, although this small amount of data is important for design geometry , including details of each structure and determination of all dimensions design phase Done. Secondly, because of the Configuration It is related to its use and other "adjacent" parts. In order to make all parts "adapt" to each other, generally a part cannot be configured in isolation from other related parts. Therefore, designers always need to form more related parts (or components) at the same time. In addition, in the structural design, people also need to consider how to make the product as beautiful as possible Performance Excellent, low cost Manufacturability Assemblability, simple maintenance, convenient transportation and no adverse impact on the environment. Therefore, it can be said that structural design has the working characteristics of "omni-directional" and "multi-objective". In order to realize a certain technical function, a part, component or product can often adopt different configuration schemes, and most of this work is carried out by the designer's "intuition", so the structural design has the characteristics of flexibility and diversity of work results.
For a product, many requirements or restrictions are often put forward from different perspectives, and these requirements or restrictions are often opposite to each other. For example, requirements for high performance and low cost, compact structure and avoidance of interference or enough Adjust space The requirements for reliable sealing and small movement resistance in contact sealing, as well as the requirements for simple processing and convenient assembly of parts, etc. The structural design must face these requirements and restrictions, and seek some "compromise" according to the importance of various requirements and restrictions to achieve the unity of opposites. The structural design of products has rules to follow, and the structural design guide is summarized by many generations of mechanical engineers through real product development experience and lessons, which has very high guiding value for structural design. Newton said: If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants. A successful product structure design cannot be separated from following the design guidelines. If mechanical engineers master the structural design guidelines, it is equivalent to Newton standing on the shoulders of giants.
Common structural design guides include: assembly oriented design guide, plastic part design guide, sheet metal part design guide and Die-casting Design guidelines, specific guidelines can be referred to China Machine Press Published《 Product Design Guide for Manufacturing and Assembly 》Only by mastering these guidelines can product development development cost , shorter development cycle and higher product quality conduct. For example, the main contents of the assembly oriented design guide include: reducing the number of parts, simplifying the product structure Part standardization 、 Product modularization Design stable base, design oriented features, parts positioning before fixing Error proofing Design Ergonomics Design, etc. By following the assembly oriented design guidelines, product structure design can improve the assembly of products, so as to improve product assembly efficiency, reduce product assembly errors and assembly time, and improve product assembly quality. Shanghai Millstone Construction training. essential information
Title: Manufacturing and Assembly Oriented product design Author: Zhong Yuan 
Product Design Guide for Manufacturing and Assembly Published on: May 1, 2011 ISBN : 978-7-111-34008-9 Format: A5
Price: 28.00 yuan
Content introduction
Product design for manufacturing and assembly is the key for enterprises to develop products with "lower development cost, shorter development cycle and higher product quality". This book introduces the product design guide for manufacturing and assembly in detail, including the design guide for assembly, the design guide for plastic parts, the design guide for sheet metal parts and the design guide for die castings, supplemented by graphics and real cases, and provides the product design for manufacturing and assembly Checklist , has very high practical value. This book is suitable for engineers engaged in product development, and also for students majoring in machinery in colleges and universities. preface
Product development is like Olympic Games 。 Lower product development cost, shorter product development cycle and higher product quality are always the highest pursuit of enterprises. stay globalization Under the background of, the competition between enterprises is becoming increasingly fierce, and if any link in product development is slightly backward, it may be competitor Surpass, or even be eliminated. How can enterprises develop products with "lower cost, shorter time and higher quality"? Product design for manufacturing and assembly is such an effective means. It starts with improving the manufacturability and assemblability of products Development phase Fully consider the requirements of product manufacturing and assembly, and work closely with the manufacturing and assembly teams to reduce product design modifications, reduce product manufacturing and assembly errors, and improve product manufacturing and assembly efficiency, so as to reduce product development costs, shorten product development cycle, and improve product quality. This book first introduces product development for manufacturing and assembly; Then it focuses on the design guide for manufacturing and assembly, including the design guide for assembly, the design guide for plastic parts, the design guide for sheet metal parts, the design guide for die castings and Tolerance analysis Etc; Finally, a product design checklist for manufacturing and assembly is provided to systematically check whether the product design meets the requirements of product manufacturing and assembly. This book is based on the author's years of practical experience in product development, and combines advanced product development concepts and products at home and abroad design idea , with the following characteristics: 1. Introduce assembly oriented design guidelines in detail
Like the manufacturing of products, the assembly of products is in the same or even more important position, but it has been neglected for a long time. This book introduces assembly oriented design guidelines in detail to ensure that product design meets the requirements of product assembly, reduce assembly errors, reduce assembly costs, and improve assembly efficiency and quality.
2. Strong practicability
This book does not have complicated theories, but starts from the practical application of product development and introduces the design guidelines for manufacturing and assembly. Each design guide is derived from the real product development experience and lesson summary. Violation of any design guide may result in increased product development costs, prolonged product development cycle and reduced product quality.
In addition, the product design checklist provided in this book can help mechanical engineers systematically check the product design to ensure that the product design meets the requirements of manufacturing and assembly. It is very practical.
3. Rich examples and emphasis on practice
The design guide of this book is simple and easy to understand, supplemented by graphics and real cases. From the perspective of a mechanical engineer, the author analyzes and describes the impact of each design guide on product development, and guides mechanical engineers to use each design guide to improve the quality of product development.
preface
Chapter 1 Product Development for Manufacturing and Assembly
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Traditional product development mode
1.3 Product development mode for manufacturing and assembly
1.4 Implementation of product development for manufacturing and assembly
Chapter 2 Assembly oriented Design Guide
2.1 Assembly oriented design
2.2 Design Guidelines
Chapter 3 Design Guide for Plastic Parts
3.1 Plastic
three point two Plastic material choice 3.3 Design Guidelines
3.4 Assembly method of plastic parts
Chapter 4 Design Guide for Sheet Metal Parts
4.1 Sheet metal
4.2 Design Guide
4.3 Common assembly methods of sheet metal
Chapter 5 Design Guide for Die Castings
5.1 Introduction to die-casting
5.2 Introduction to common die-casting materials
5.3 Design Guidelines
6.1 Introduction to tolerance analysis
6.2 Steps of tolerance analysis
6.3 Guidelines for tolerance analysis
6.4 Utilization Excel Conduct tolerance analysis Chapter 7 Design Checklist for Manufacturing and Assembly
7.1 Harmonious design
7.2 Design checklist
