economic development mode

The way of production factor allocation and input combination

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The mode of economic development is production factors The way to allocate inputs for combined use.

Transformation of economic growth mode , first involving Economic growth mode The concept and type characteristics of. With《 Modern Economic Dictionary 》The definition given is representative: the mode of economic growth is“ production factors The distribution, input, combination and use of ". This must be concise and comprehensive. However, from practical observation, this definition is too narrow. Any combination of factors that helps drive economic growth can be called economic growth A way of.

The transformation of economic growth mode generally refers to the method and mode of achieving economic growth through the change of production factors, including quantity increase, structural change, quality improvement, etc.

Chinese name: economic development mode
Definition: The way of production factor allocation and input combination

Involved: Concept of economic growth mode
Include: industrial structure

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six Expert analysis
seven Transformational development

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The content of economic development mode includes Economic growth mode The content of, and also includes industrial structure , income distribution, residents' life and urban and rural structure Regional structure , resource utilization ecological environment And other aspects.

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Changing the mode of economic development includes "one road", "one policy" and“ Three transformations ”

1. "One way": adhere to Chinese characteristics New industrialization road

2. "One policy": adhere to expanding domestic demand, especially consumer demand Policy of

3. "Three transformations":

① Promote economic growth from mainly relying on investment and export to relying on consumption, investment and export coordination

② Promoting economic growth mainly depends on the secondary industry Rely on the first and the second with trend the service sector; the tertiary industry Synergy drives transformation

③ Promoting economic growth mainly depends on growth material resources Consumption mainly depends on Scientific and technological progress 、 Labor quality Improvement, management innovation and transformation

Combination type

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From this observation, in real life Economic growth mode Combination types are complex and diverse.

Theoretically, there are multiple combination types of economic growth modes.

For example, according to element input, there are capital-intensive 、 labour-intensive and technology-intensive The mode of economic growth; According to the function of the main body of growth, there are government oriented and market oriented economic growth modes respectively; According to internal and external factors of market supply and demand domestic market demand Drive and international market demand Pulling economic growth mode; In terms of demand factors, there are investment driven, consumption driven and export driven economic growth modes; From the perspective of the relationship between quantity and quality, there are extensive and intensive economic growth modes.

The political report of the 17th CPC National Congress proposed a change economic development The concept of mode. stay economic theory In the category, economic growth generally refers to economic activity Simple quantity increase, economic development generally refers to Economic aggregate Increase and Economic structure optimization Appears at the same time. Therefore, changing the economic development mode is more important than changing Economic growth mode It has a broader and deeper meaning. However, it should also be noted that, first, economic growth is still the main body or core of economic development, and it is impossible to talk about economic structure optimization without increasing the number of economies; Second, the above classification of various types of economic growth is actually a specific manifestation of the economic development mode. The two concepts can be interchanged when there are no strict restrictions.

It is generally understood that the transformation of the so-called economic growth (development) mode is to promote the transformation of the traditional and old growth (development) mode to the modern and new growth (development) mode, and replace the traditional and old growth (development) mode with the modern and new growth (development) mode.

If we classify the two extremes, the traditional and old growth (development) mode refers to a collection of growth (development) modes: capital labour-intensive Of; Government driven; international market demand Pull type; Investment driven; Export driven; Extensive. The modern and new growth (development) mode refers to another set of modes: technology intensive; Market oriented: domestic market demand Driven; Consumption driven; Intensive. Historically, the above traditional and modern, old and new (development) growth patterns are just a relative division. In addition, different types of economic growth (development) modes have different formation conditions. They are not isolated or antagonistic to each other, but often have overlapping and complementary relationships, resulting in different growth (development) results. Such examples are numerous, needless to say.

In recognition Economic growth mode There are three points that are easy to be ignored: first, the existence of an economic growth mode has no value judgment. It is not transferred by people's subjective will under comprehensive conditions objectivity features. When the comprehensive conditions of a growth mode have not been broken or replaced by new conditions, it is unrealistic and impossible to subjectively withdraw this growth mode from the historical stage. In this way, we can understand why it was proposed to change the mode more than ten years ago, but it has not been completely changed until today. In addition to being constrained by institutional conditions (relatively speaking, institutional conditions are relatively easy to change), more importantly, it is subject to institutional conditions technical conditions 、 Resource conditions (These conditions are more difficult to change than the institutional conditions). Second, evaluate one Economic growth mode The key to success is not its process and means, but its implementation results or Purposiveness 。 If only purely academic evaluation is made, people will say that the best growth mode is the one with the least input and the most output. But this evaluation, which abstracts the real and historical conditions, actually says nothing. Marx is analyzing capitalism In the mode of economic growth, it was once thought that the attitude of capitalists towards the use of a new technological invention in production depends first on whether this technology can make Capital appreciation , or increase Relative residual value 。 If new technology cannot bring more Value added Capitalists would rather continue to use the old technology and ignore the new technology. The combination type of economic growth mode depends not only on the conditionality of growth mode, but also on the purpose of growth mode. Third, yes Economic growth mode Purpose can be explained in many ways, such as satisfying the people Consumption needs As the purpose of economic growth mode. However, the research here is about how to keep the economic growth mode in a reasonable performance state on the basis of meeting the people's consumption needs. Therefore, a consensus can be reached that no matter what kind of combination mode, economic growth must reach an ideal or nearly ideal growth state under given conditions.

The discussion of the above concepts has further evolved into the discussion on the relationship between the mode of economic growth (development) and the state of economic growth (development). Furthermore, can any mode of economic growth (development) achieve the ideal or near ideal state of economic growth? It can be seen from practical experience that an economic (development) growth mode can realize its ideal or approximate under given realistic conditions Ideal state Of. In other words, this relatively ideal state of economic growth exists, which is the so-called growth without inflation, or much more growth with much less inflation close to this ideal state.

No inflation growth is affected by Economic growth theory As an ideal growth state. This definition comes from nobel prize in economics Maurice, winner and French economist? Alai. He believed that "the creation of money growth rate Based on the ability to promote Real GNP At a sufficiently high level of growth. After calculation, this growth rate is 1%, which has a slight tendency to inflation, and has the advantage of flexibility without any shortcomings worthy of attention. " The author fully agrees with this definition, and further emphasizes that non inflationary growth is first of all low inflation or non inflation, on the premise of which there is a high growth phenomenon. Of course, high growth accompanied by high inflation and low growth accompanied by low inflation are not ideal. Besides, this is not deflation Because the inflation index is negative Only then did the so-called deflation problem arise.

The Effectiveness of China's Economic Growth and Its Comparison

Looking at the China's economy It can be seen from the actual state of high-speed growth that China's economic growth has gone through several significantly different periods, and its growth state is in turn: moderate inflation growth → high inflation growth → low inflation growth → high inflation growth → low inflation growth → no inflation growth.

It is worth noting that before 1997, China's economic growth was volatile, accompanied by inflation and growth, and the inflation index was much higher than the growth index for a considerable period of time. However, since 1998, China's economy has entered a golden age of inflation free growth. In terms of the actual results in 2007, this golden age does not seem to have ended yet.

It can be seen that since 1998 to 2006, the average annual growth rate of China's economy has reached 9.1% Consumer Price Index The average annual growth rate was only 0.7%. In another paper on China's economic growth, based on the analysis of the resources and technical conditions that support China's economic growth, the author used the growth trend equation to draw the conclusion that China's potential Economic growth rate 8.9% annually. Here comes Real growth rate An unreasonable gap of 0.2 percentage points more than the potential growth rate. There may be two reasons to explain this unreasonable gap: first, the author's calculation and analysis underestimate the potential of China's economic growth; Second, statistical data Underestimation has occurred. The author prefers the second explanation. Because after 2004 National Economic Census Later, the National Bureau of Statistics readjusted the previous data, and the new real growth rate was generally slightly higher than the old data. The author's previous calculation is based on the old data. In any case, since 1998, China's economic growth has reached its potential growth level critical point On behalf of the inflation index CPI Only about 1% growth, which is completely consistent with Maurice Allais It is said that there is no inflation growth. Pursue inflation free growth National economic management One of the main tasks and objectives of.

Coincidentally, through antithesis Asia Subculture Countries of economic growth type (Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan After analysis and comparison, it is found that the appearance of near ideal growth state is not a case. No inflation growth or low inflation and high growth are often successful economic growth Marker Or companion. The author takes Japan and South Korea as examples to give a brief explanation.

1. In the later period of rapid economic growth, both countries experienced growth without inflation or low inflation. Japan's average growth rate was 4.2% between 1982 and 1990, Inflation rate The average is 1.7%, close to the non inflation growth type. South Korea was in the period of 1983-1989, with an average growth rate of 9.1% and an average inflation rate of 3.8%, belonging to the type of low inflation and high growth. It should be said that both Japan and South Korea realized themselves under the given realistic conditions at that time Economic growth mode The best level that can be reached.

2. After 6-8 years of non inflationary growth or low inflation and high growth, these two countries were hit by economic recession or economic crisis Terminated. Japanese economy After entering the 1990s, along with the stock market and Housing Market The "bubble" burst and the economy continued to decline. Korean economy After entering the 1990s, the growth was unstable, and finally it was Asian financial crisis Drag into the valley.

Japan and South Korea Northeast Asia The typical cases of economic growth enlighten China as follows: First, the emergence of the ideal state (or near ideal state) of economic growth is marked by a golden period of economic growth. This sign means that there is no inflation growth or low inflation and high growth Economic miracle Companion of. But the good scenery is never long. By the end of 2008, the golden period of non inflation growth in China may also face an end. Second, the prime time will end sooner or later, but how long this prime time can last is a measure of a country Economic growth mode The best proof of effectiveness. As we all know, after the Japanese and Korean economies entered recession or crisis, the Japanese and Korean style growth mode was challenged and criticized. Japan and South Korea have entered a new round of Structural adjustment Period. China has proposed it more than ten years ago Transformation of economic growth mode However, the new mode of growth has not completely emerged, while the traditional mode of economic growth has created a decade of inflation free growth. In other words, the traditional mode of economic growth (development) still has its unique energy and effect, and this mode of growth (development) has reached its ideal state in the past ten years. Is the potential of this growth (development) mode completely exhausted? If not, then this kind of growth (how long can the development mode last effectively? If so, what new way can replace it as soon as possible?)

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Large gap and high energy consumption

At present, the traditional Chinese Economic growth mode The most critical issues are two: first, it has produced Income distribution gap It is too big. Second, it causes damage to the earth scarce resources The consumption of is too high. In order to prove the existence of these two problems, many literatures cite the reflection income disparity Various indexes or coefficients of (e.g Gini coefficient And the proportion of China's output and consumption in the world's major resources is getting higher and higher. In principle, the author also recognizes the Institute Column data , but these data and corresponding statements are not enough Complete negation Current growth mode Effectiveness , and these two questions are relevant to Transformation of economic growth mode Each has a different meaning. The following is the analysis of these two issues.

On the problem of excessive income gap

First of all, the widening of China's income distribution gap has a relative history rationality 。 As we all know, in 1978 planned economy Institutional Income distribution system 。 In practice, this income distribution system has led to "doing more and doing less, doing better and doing worse", which has led to equalitarianism , eating a big pot of rice and other violations Principle of distribution according to work Consequences. The reform after 1978 is precisely to correct this unreasonable phenomenon. The result of correction is naturally stimulating Income distribution gap Expansion of. Therefore, the small gap at the origin of growth is inherently unreasonable, which is a kind of "rationality" of equalitarianism. The expansion of income gap in the past 30 years is, in a sense market economy The return of income gap rationality in the sense of. Therefore, only with a certain coefficient or index Historical comparison It is impossible to say clearly that China economic transition Whether the income distribution gap in the process is reasonable. Borrow one Market economy theory In the market economy, Income distribution gap There is also a“ Naturalness ”。 It should be unreasonable to be higher or lower than this natural rate.

Second, the new Economic growth mode It will lead to excessive income gap. It is not accurate to say that China's economic growth continues to be a traditional and old way. China's economic structure One of the manifestations of diversity is the coexistence of traditional and modern, new and old growth modes, but the traditional and old growth modes still occupy leading role 。 However, the impact of the modern and new economic growth mode on the income distribution gap is very significant. such as IT industry 、 Modern service industry Equal to information economy These industries are all high wage industries in the society. Due to the accelerated growth of these industries in China, the resulting income gap between traditional industries and new industries is also accelerating. Even in the United States after the 1990s, new economy Or the new growth mode has occupied the leading position, Traditional economy Or the old way of growth has taken a back seat, but on the one hand it has led to the easing of the trend of personal income inequality, on the other hand it has led to the continued expansion of the trend of household income inequality. It seems that the new Economic growth mode For resolving Income distribution gap It does not necessarily play a positive role.

Again, from China's economic transformation Since then, the policy orientation has pursued a path of intentionally expanding the income distribution gap. The purpose of this line is to solve the equalitarianism at the starting point of growth assignment problem We do not want to expand the income distribution gap to an excessive extent. However, the control of the actual process does not depend entirely on the good will of the individual policy makers. In practice, on the one hand, policies to stimulate the gap in income distribution are constantly introduced, and on the other hand, there is a lack of new policies to narrow the gap in income distribution. The result is self-evident. Therefore, it can be said that the income distribution gap is too large to be completely Economic growth mode Or traditional growth mode.

About excessive energy consumption

The data has clearly shown that the economic growth in the past 30 years has brought about a unit gross domestic product Rapid reduction of energy consumption. Furthermore, when there was no inflation growth in 1998-2006, Energy consumption per unit of GDP The GDP, whose output has dropped to 10000 yuan, only consumes 1.35 tons Standard coal 。 Compared with 10.623 tons of standard coal consumed 20 years ago, the progress is very significant. Don't forget that this remarkable progress was made while the traditional and old growth mode still dominated.

The traditional and old growth mode has made such remarkable progress in energy consumption, which cannot be said to be no problem. These problems have been explained in many documents, such as the intensification of environmental pollution, 4-5 of the 10 most polluted cities in the world are Chinese cities, and so on. Moreover, compared horizontally, China and developed country There are significant gaps. For example, take Comparable energy consumption per ton of steel Compared with the data, in 2003, the standard coal consumption of one ton of steel produced by key enterprises in China was 726 kg, which was almost the same as that of Japan in 1980, the United States, the United Kingdom and France in 1985. China is about 20 years behind the developed countries. From a vertical perspective, although the energy consumption per unit of GDP has been decreasing continuously over the past 30 years, the rate of reduction is gradually decreasing. To None inflation During the growth period, the annual average decline rate of energy consumption was only 4.31%, compared with the past period Descending speed Compared with the annual average of 8-18%, it has slowed down significantly. There is even a positive U-curve of the decreasing speed of energy consumption. The above situation shows that the ability of the traditional and old growth mode to reduce energy consumption is coming to an end. In this sense, there needs to be a change in the growth mode to prevent the continuation of the positive U curve of energy consumption decline.

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Growth maintenance

More than 10 years ago, American economists Paul Krugman (Krugman) et al, East Asia Input driven growth is detrimental to the improvement of economic growth efficiency. In the long run, it will lead to slow economic growth and eventually collapse. Appeared in 1997 Asian financial crisis It seems that this view of Krugman and others has also been verified. In summing up the crisis, he further stressed that East Asia's economic growth was mainly through sweating（ capital accumulation ）Obtained, not through inspiration（ technical progress ）Acquired. This way economic growth rate Very high, but resource utilization The efficiency is not high. It should be recognized that the growth mode driven by factor input is also the dominant growth mode in China at present. Therefore, will this prediction of Krugmans also come true in China? In other words, this Economic growth mode How long can it last?

Observing the economic growth effectiveness of Japan and South Korea, we can see that the golden age of economic growth will come to an end sooner or later. The end date lies in the intersection of the economic growth curve and the inflation curve: the two curves originally moved in parallel with each other, but the two curves will eventually intersect, thus declaring the end of the era of low inflation and high growth or no inflation growth. China's economic growth curve and inflation curve are still in a state of divergence, and the degree of parallelism remains at 7-8 Percentage point 。 So, in the foreseeable years, Economic growth mode It can also continue to play a positive role. However, as pointed out in the previous analysis, the energy consumption reduction capacity of this growth mode is declining. If other conditions remain unchanged, sooner or later the golden age of growth encountered by Japan and South Korea will come to an end. To this end, National economic management One of our main tasks is to maintain and extend this prime time.

How to keep the prime time without inflation growth and make it as long as possible? It should be said that answering this big question is much more than this article can accommodate. Here I just want to point out a few ideas:

First, we should actively cultivate modern and new growth patterns before the potential of the traditional and old growth patterns is completely exhausted. Continue to maintain inflation free growth or Low inflation High growth. Transformed as a growth mode Expected results It should be technological progress among various factors of growth Contribution rate It exceeds the sum of labor contribution rate and capital contribution rate. The contribution rate of China's technological progress is only less than 40%, so it needs patience and perseverance, as well as a stable internal and external environment. There is a long way to go. It can be predicted that, on the road to the contribution rate of technological progress of more than 50%, it will be the greatest blessing for China and the world to continue to maintain a state of non inflationary growth or low inflation and high growth.

Second, in the implementation of Transformation of economic growth mode In process, technology Original innovation 、 Integrated innovation And introduction and absorption Reinnovation etc. Portfolio innovation It should be the first and the most important. Technology is an important part of the productive forces, which is internal drive Innovation. As far as the relationship between technology and institution is concerned, there are ambiguous explanations, for example, people think that institution is higher and more important than technology, so that people no longer pay attention to technology Continuous innovation And focus on Institutional innovation On. Actually, according to Historical materialism As a component of productivity, technology is fundamental and dynamic, while institution is Superstructure It is the need arising from the productivity and actively maintaining the development of productivity. Of course, the system cannot be higher or heavier than technology, but it can actively promote or passively confront the demand for the development of technological productivity. Technological innovation is the main contradiction facing China. change Economic growth mode First, we need to clearly pursue technological innovation.

Third, establish a foundation that can protect and promote Technical Invention And effective mechanisms for innovation. The lack of technological innovation in China involves many factors, but it is not perfect Intellectual property protection The system is directly related to the environment of technology utilization. Although related to intellectual property protection, technology invention awards patent application etc. legal system All have been established, but for actual use and infringement of intellectual property rights Technical patents There is still a lack of effective constraints on institutions and actions. There are still loopholes in many places. For example, for Knowledge Creation And the source of technological invention, only Academic morality Without explicit punishment in law. There is a view that "if a person steals money, everyone will hate him. If the thief can't hold his head up, society will be safe and stable. But if the thief steals someone else's academic achievements, if everyone still can't hate them, there will be no hope for academic. This is just like someone robs a bank in order to get rich. If the academia robs a bank, the society will be in chaos and the academia will lose credibility 。” This situation will inevitably restrict our country Economic growth mode The change of System construction We must attach great importance to it. (Source of references:《 Journal of Beijing Institute of Administration 》Issue 6, 2008)

Development mode

The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that realizing the future Economic development objectives , "The key is to Accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development , Improvement Socialist market economy Major progress has been made in "," accelerating the transformation of the economic development mode and promoting Optimization and upgrading of industrial structure ”。 The expression of "economic development mode" was first seen in the political report of the Party Congress and was mentioned as the top priority.

The Party is right economic problem The understanding and concept of "growth" has undergone a transformation from "growth" to "development". The Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China stressed that we must accelerate the transformation Economic growth mode During the 11th Five Year Plan period strategic focus , strive to make breakthrough progress economic growth Built on improving population quality Efficient use of resources, reduction of environmental pollution, and focus on Quality benefit On the basis of. The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further advanced the Party's understanding of economic issues, clearly proposing that we should implement the Scientific Outlook on Development and accelerate the "transformation of economic development mode". This shows that the CPC's concept of China's development in the 21st century has become more rational and mature.

Economic development refers to the growth process of per capita real welfare in a country or region, not only public wealth The increase of social wealth also includes the qualitative improvement of social wealth, namely economic structure 、 social structure Changes, Input and output The improvement of efficiency and people's living quality. It can be seen that economic development is based on economic growth Regional economic structure The process of continuous upgrading of social structure and population quality Quality of life The process of improving and civilizing the way of life.

The mode of economic development is the method, means and mode to achieve economic development, which not only includes Economic growth mode And includes structure（ economic structure 、 industrial structure , urban and rural structure, regional structure, etc.), operation quality economic performance 、 income distribution , environmental protection Urbanization degree 、 Industrialization level And the modernization process. To transform the mode of economic development, we should not only highlight the change of "quantity" in the economic field, but also emphasize and pursue economical operation The improvement of "quality" and the optimization of "structure" in. Its distinctive features are: Sustainability , taking into account Economic restructuring , optimization and Industrial upgrading , taking into account employment, consumption, distribution, etc social needs Etc.

Changing the mode of economic development is the sublimation of the concept of quantitative expansion of the economy to qualitative development. To realize this concept, further improvement is needed Market economy system Change on the basis governmental functions And the work style of cadres at all levels to establish as soon as possible Cadre assessment Indicator system , especially dealing with cadres Quantitative assessment And development orientation. To this end, at least four changes should be made: first, from the past focus on the assessment of material indicators, to focus on the assessment of people-oriented indicators; Second, focus on assessment economy from the past Quantitative indicators To focus on the assessment of economic operation quality and efficiency indicators; Third, from focusing on the assessment of economic development speed indicators in the past to focusing on the assessment of economy social undertakings coordinate Development indicators ； Fourth, from focusing on the assessment of short-term interest indicators to focusing on assessment Sustainable development indicators 。

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Economic Development Mode and Market Essence

Liu Zhou put forward the concept of "market essence" in "Market essence and transformation of economic development mode", and believed that Accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development Is adaptation Market law The decision of is an imperative major decision and a major decision to lead the world trend. The following are the main points of this article:

Market essence and transformation of economic development mode （1） The essence of the market is the public purchasing power Combination with public demand. Mass demand without purchasing power cannot form a market.

（2） The goal of transforming the mode of economic development is Built environment Friendly economic development system—— The so-called environment-friendly type not only includes natural environment , which should be more inclusive social environment 。 Only when the social environment supporting the healthy development of the economy is guaranteed can the economy develop healthily. The social environment for economic development can only be guaranteed if the market foundation required for economic development is guaranteed; Only when the purchasing power of the public is guaranteed can the market foundation required for economic development be guaranteed.

（3） All forms of economic entities take the public purchasing power as their ultimate goal consumer market Of. Even the economic sectors that do not seem to rely directly on the purchasing power of the masses, such as the raw material production industry, regard the purchasing power of the masses as the ultimate market. If the purchasing power of the public is weak, the raw material production enterprises will also be affected, because the industries using the products of these enterprises depend on the purchasing power of the public. These industries are being influenced by the public purchasing power When the impact of weakness occurs, the required raw materials will naturally decrease. Therefore, almost no economic entity is not affected by the purchasing power of the public.

（4） The core of building a social and environmental friendly economic development system is to ensure the improvement of public purchasing power and Economic development speed Basic synchronization. That is to say, most of the Members of society Income of Growth rate It basically keeps pace with the speed of economic development. Only in this way can we ensure the sustainable and healthy development of the social economy and maintain the“ ecological equilibrium ”。

（5） The foundation of social harmony lies in the economic field. The social environment friendly economic development system is the foundation of social harmony.

（6） Not only does China need to change the way of economic development to develop a socially and environmentally friendly economy. All over the world Needs development Social environment friendly economy. Since 2008 Global Economic Crisis The root cause is the global Weak market (i.e. Global purchasing power Any behavior that damages the purchasing power of the public will inevitably be punished regularly. Therefore, only by developing a socio environmentally friendly economy can we avoid all disasters caused by economic development problems around the world.