economic globalization(Economic Globalization) refers to the worldeconomic activityBeyond national boundaries, through foreign tradecapital flows 、Technology transferThe whole process of global organic economy formed by providing services, interdependence and interconnection.
Economic globalization refers to goods, technology, information, services, currency, personnel, capital, management experience, etcproduction factorsCross border and cross regional flows, that isworld economyIt has increasingly become a closely linked whole.Economic globalization is one of the important features of the contemporary world economy and an important trend of world economic development.
The term "economic globalization" was first proposed by T. Levy in 1985, but there is no universally recognized definition so far.International Monetary Fund(IMF) believes that "economic globalization refers to transnational trade in goods and services andcapital flows The increase in scale and form, as well as the wide and rapid spread of technology, has made the economies of all countries in the world interact with each otherdependenceEnhanced. ".
andOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) believes that "economic globalization can be seen as a process in which the economy, market, technology and forms of communication are becoming more and more global,nationalityAnd localities are decreasing ".To this end, economic globalization can be understood from three aspects: first, the strengthening of economic ties and increasing interdependence among countries in the world;Second, the domestic economic rules of various countries are constantly becoming consistent;ThirdInternational economic coordinationMechanism strengthening, that is, various multilateral or regional organizationsworld economyThe role of coordination and restraint of is becoming stronger and stronger.In general, economic globalization meansmarket economyBased on advanced technology and productivitydeveloped countryDominated by the maximum profit andeconomic performanceAs the goal, the process of market division, collaboration and integration among countries can be achieved through division of labor, trade, investment, multinational companies and factor flow.
Economicsglobalization, conducive to resources andproduction factorsThe reasonable allocation in the world is conducive to the global flow of capital and products, the global expansion of science and technology, and the promotion ofunderdevelopedRegional economyThe development of is the performance of human development and progress, and the inevitable result of world economic development.But for every country, it is onedouble-edged sword, both opportunities and challenges.Especially for those with weak economic strength and relatively backward science and technologydeveloping countryIn the face of fierce global competition, the risks and challenges will be more severe.The urgent problem to be solved in economic globalization is to establish a fair and reasonable new economic order to ensure competitionFairnessandEffectiveness。Economic globalization refers to the globalization of trade, investment, finance, production and other activities, that is, the optimal allocation of production factors in the global scope.At the root, productivity andinternational division of laborThe high level of development requires further cross national and national boundaries.Since entering the 21st century, economic globalization and the in-depth development of transnational corporations have not onlyworld tradeHas brought significantimpetusAt the same time, it has brought many uncertainties to the economy and trade of various countries, resulting in many new characteristics and new contradictions.
Development history
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Formative factors
1、 The fundamental factor is the result of the development of productive forces.
2、 The development of high-tech, especially information technology, has laid a solid foundation for economic globalizationBasis of Material Technology。
3、 More and more countries are developingmarket economyIt is the institutional guarantee of economic globalization.
5、 The internationalization of enterprise management, especially the rapid expansion of multinational companies in the global scope, has played a role in promoting.[1]
Concept presentation
It is said that the term "economic globalization" was first proposed by Te Levy in 1985, but there is no universally accepted definition so far.
Some people think that economic globalization is a historical process from the perspective of the development of productivity movement.On the one hand, in the world, the economies of various countries and regions are intertwined, influenced and integrated into a unified whole, that is, to form a "unified global market";On the other hand, norms have been established worldwideeconomic behaviorBased on the global rules ofeconomical operation The global mechanism of.In this process, the market economy dominates the world, and the factors of production are in the global scopefree flow And optimized configuration.Therefore, economic globalization refers to the historical process in which factors of production cross national boundaries, flow freely around the world, and countries and regions merge into a whole.
Since the 1990sInformation technology revolutionWith the rapid development of high-tech, the world economy has become more and more integrated.But economic globalization is a "double-edged sword".It has promoted the great development of global productivity, accelerated world economic growth, and provided a rare historical opportunity for a few developing countries to catch up with developed countries.At the same time, it has also intensified international competition, increased international speculation, increased international risks, andnational sovereigntyAnd developing countriesnational industryIt has caused a serious impact.More seriously, in the process of economic globalization, developed countries and transnational corporations will benefit most from different strengths, while developing countries will benefit very little.Therefore, the gap between developing countries and developed countries will be further widenedLeast developed countriesIt will be excluded from economic globalization, increasingly "marginalized", and even become a "new technology colony" of developed countries and transnational corporations.
Economic globalization has shown strong vitality, and it has a great impact on all aspects of the world economy, politics, military, society, culture, and evenMode of thinkingAnd so on, which caused a huge impact.This is a profound revolution that no country can avoid. The only way is to adapt to it, actively participate in economic globalization, and accept the test in the tide of history.
As the fundamental driving force for the development of human society, productivity has greatly promotedworld marketExpansion of.Internet markedScientific and technological revolution, narrowing the distance between countries in terms of time and space, promoting the great changes in the world trade structureproduction factorsTransnational flow, which not only puts forward internal requirements for production to transcend national boundaries, but also provides globalizationProduction preparationConditions are the fundamental driving force to promote economic globalization.
Capital globalization
A worldwide network of financial institutions, with a large number of financial businesses across national borders, cross-border loansSecurities issuanceandCross border M&AThe system has been formed.Major players in the worldfinancial marketIn terms of time and price, we can achieve transactions of tens of billions of dollars within a few seconds, especiallyforeign exchange marketIt has become the most liquid and all-weather market in the world.
Globalization of science and technology
It refers to all countriesScientific and technological resourcesThe optimized allocation in the global scope is the latest expansion and rapid progress of economic globalization,advanced techniqueAnd large-scale cross-border transfer of R&D capabilities, cross-border joint R&D is widespread.withinformation-technology industryAs a typical representativetechnical standardIt is becoming more and more consistent. By monopolizing the use of technical standards, multinational companies have controlled the development of the industry and obtained a large number ofExcess profit。The four main carriers of economic globalization are closely related to transnational corporations, or transnational corporations are the promoters and bearers of economic globalization and its carriers.
Development factors
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The main factors leading to the rapid development of economic globalization are:
First, the progress of science and technology and the development of productivity.The progress of science and technology and the development of productive forces have provided a solid foundation for economic globalization. In particular, the information technology revolution since the 1970s has not only acceleratedinformation transferAt the same time, it greatly reduces the cost of information transmission, breaks the restrictions of various regions and even countries, connects the whole world unprecedentedly, and promotes the rapid development of economic globalization.
Secondly, the development of transnational corporations.Multinational corporations have provided appropriateEnterprise organization form。Multinational corporations use their advantages to organize production globally, which greatly promotes the global flow of various production factors and international division of labor, and thus greatly promotes the economyGlobalization process。
Finally, countrieseconomic systemChange.Since the 1990s, the traditionalplanned economyThe state has abandoned the planned economic system and turned to the market economy.to developcapitalist countryIn order to get rid ofEconomic stagflationIt weakens the state's control over the economy and strengthens itmarket mechanismThe spontaneous regulation effect of.Internationally, withWorld Trade OrganizationSince its establishment, its members have greatly relaxed their control over their own or regional markets, and the process of trade liberalization and investment liberalization has been accelerating.All of these areinternational capital The expansion of international tradeInternational productionThe large-scale implementation of the policy has provided a suitable physical environment and policy conditions, and promoted the development of economic globalization.[2]
consequence
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The process of economic globalization isProduction socializationThe process of increasing the degree.In the process of economic globalization,Social division of laborIf it can be carried out in a larger scope, capital, technology and other production factors can flow and optimize the allocation in the international community, which can bring huge benefits of division of labor and promote the development of world productivity.Developed capitalist countries are the main beneficiaries of economic globalization because they occupy a dominant position in the process of economic globalization, have a greater say in formulating trade and competition rules, and control some international organizations.Economic globalization also has a positive impact on developing countries: economic globalization is the acceleration of the flow of resources worldwide, and developing countries can use this opportunity to introduce advanced technology and management experience to achieve the upgrading of industrial structure, enhance economic competitiveness, and shorten the gap with developed countries;Developing countries can attract foreign investment, expand employmentLabor resourcesTo give full play to its advantages;Developing countries can also use the expanding international market to solve the problemProduct salesThe problem is to use foreign trade to drive the development of the domestic economy;Developing countries can also take advantage of investment liberalization and comparative advantages to form large transnational corporations and actively participate in the process of economic globalization in order to obtain greater benefits from economic globalization.[2]
However, the current effect of economic globalization is not good, and a few developing countries suffer from economic crisisThe government went bankrupt, the society was in turmoil, and the promotion of economic globalization was frustrated.
Development trend
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Economic globalization isthe Second World WarSince, especially since the 1990s, the world economy has developed in an important trend.Economic globalization means that in the new scientific and technological revolution and societyproductivityWith the promotion of development to a higher level, the society is in various links of production (production, distribution, exchange, consumption) and various forms of capital（Monetary capital, production capital, commodity capital, etc.The essence of economic globalization is the globalization of capitalProduction socializationAnd the objective trend of international development of economic relations.Economic globalization means that when science and technology and social productivity have developed to a higher levelEconomic interdependenceThe degree of mutual penetration is greatly enhanced and hinderedproduction factorsIt comes into being under the condition that various barriers to global free circulation are constantly weakening, and international rules for economic operation are gradually formed and constantly improved.Economic globalization is a historical process, and its germination can be traced back to the 16th century to the 18th century.industrial revolutionin the future,Capitalist commodity economyandmodern industry、communications and transportation industryThe rapid development of the world market has accelerated the expansion, and the trade between countries in the world has greatly exceeded the level of previous generations.Since the 1990s, economic globalization has developed rapidly. It has developed into a scientific and technological revolution and information technology development as the guide, covering all fields of production, trade, finance and investment, including the world economy and all aspects and processes related to the world economy.The main manifestations are:international division of laborFrom the past toVertical division of laborIt has developed from a focus on horizontal division of laborNew stage；The rapid growth of world trade andMultilateral trading systemBegin to form;internationalcapital flows To an unprecedented scale,Financial internationalizationThe process of;The influence of transnational corporations on the world economy is increasing;International economic coordinationThe role of;The intervention role of international and regional organizations in economic development is growing.
The formation and development of economic globalization are objectiveInevitability。This is because:
First, the new scientific and technological revolution and the highly socialized production have provided material conditions for economic globalization;
Second:international tradeThe high level of development provides a realistic basis for economic globalization;
Third:international financeIts rapid development has become an important driving force of economic globalization;
Fourth: The development of international mutual investment has accelerated the process of economic globalization.
The western developed countries are the leaders of economic globalization, and can have more advantages and gain more benefits in the process of economic globalization.
economic globalization
First,developed countryMastered the world's most advanced productivity andHigh techScience and technology, inGlobal division of laborIt is in an advantageous position in the system.Developed countries have mastered the foundation of information technology on which economic globalization dependsresearch and developmentInvestment, scientific and technological strength andScientific and technological achievementsIt is also mainly concentrated in developed countries.Developed countries focus on development by taking advantage of their abundant capital, technology, information and talentsHigh technology contentHigh information contentHigh tech industry, while traditional industries and industries with mature general technologydeveloping countryTransfer.
Second, transnational corporations in developed countries are an important driver of economic globalization, which is to realize the flow of global factors of production andOptimized allocation of resourcesThe main carrier of.dominateglobal economy The situation is still that of the world's largest transnational corporations, only 5 of the world's 100 largest transnational corporations are from developing countries.Developed countries further develop their highly developed and intensive economies through the global union, merger and expansion of transnational corporationsProduct competitivenessAlways occupy a leading position in the world.
As an irresistible historical wave, what can economic globalization bring to people?To measure the advantages and disadvantages of economic globalization, the most critical issue is to study what opportunities, risks and challenges economic globalization has brought to China.
The opportunities brought by economic globalization to China are mainly shown in the following aspects:
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First, it is conducive to attracting andUtilize foreign capital, introduce the world's advancedmanagement theory And experience and realize management innovation.According to statisticsforeign direct investmentAt the beginning of reform and opening up (1979-1982), the cumulative amount was 1.166 billion US dollars.Since then, it has increased year by year, and it has increased rapidly in the 1990s. By the end of 2002, it had accumulated to 441.6 billion US dollars, and actually utilized foreign direct investmentInvestment amountSince 1993, it has been ranked second in the worlddeveloping countryFirst place of.In the past 20 years, China has attracted 32.47% of all developing countries' FDI.Since economic globalization has realized the flow of talents, capital, information, knowledge and materials in the global scope, China can introduce and absorb advanced management theories and experience in the world, and carry out management innovation according to China's national conditions.In fact, multinational companies entering ChinaOperation managementIt has given people a lot of inspiration and reference.
Second, it is conducive to accelerating China's industrialization process and upgradingindustrial structure。Economic globalization enables China to incorporate more quicklyWorld economic systemMake full use ofdeveloped countryconductIndustrial structure adjustmentThe opportunity to integrate its relatively advanced technologyLabor-intensive industryOr the production links are transferred to accelerate China's industrialization process.According to domestic andinternational marketAnd constantly adjust and optimize the industrial structure and export commodity structure to strengthen economic competitiveness.
Third, it is conducive to in-depth participationinternational division of laborAnd give full play to the country's reality and potentialComparative advantageAnd expand overseas markets.Economic globalization provides Chinese enterprises with the opportunity to actively participate in international competition in a broader range of fields, which can be achieved by giving play to comparative advantagesResource allocation efficiencyTo expand overseas markets and improve the competitiveness of enterprises.
Fourth, we can catchNew technological revolutionBring opportunities to playLate mover advantage, DevelopmentHigh tech industry, realize economicLeap forward development。Economic globalization has promoted the globalization of scientific and technological talents, transnational corporations, countries and peopleScientific and technological activitiesIt will become increasingly active. If it can be effectively used and actively participated in, it will effectively promote the improvement of China's technological level.Chinese enterprises can make use of foreign technology or innovate on the basis of foreign product technology to establish and develop high-tech industries and achieve leapfrog economic development.
Impact of transnational corporations
Transnational corporations are the most active international organizations in the world economy except for countriesActor, is the world todayeconomic activityMain points oforganizer。As a product of the internationalization of production and capital, the rapid development of transnational corporations not only strengthens their position and role in the world economy, but also further promotes the internationalization of production and capitalinternational division of laborAnd economic globalization in production, investment, trade, financetechnological developmentSuch developments have promoted the process of economic globalization and the development of the world economy.
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The development of transnational corporations promotes the globalization of production;
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The development of transnational corporations promotes the globalization of capital;
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The development of transnational corporations promotes the globalization of trade;
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The development of transnational corporations has promoted the globalization of technology.
significance
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Economic globalization is the product of the development of the world economy and science and technology. To a certain extent, it meets the requirements of the further development of productive forces and promotes the rapid economic development of all countries.But at the same time, the development of the world economy also contains huge risks.From the positive role of economic globalization:
Optimized allocation and rational utilization
economic globalization
No matter how efficient a country's economy is, it is always limited by its own resources and markets. Only the integration of global resources and markets can make a country's economy get rid of the constraints of resources and markets to the maximum extent under the current conditions.Economic globalization can realize production under the most favorable conditions and sales in the most favorable market, so as to achieve the optimal state of world economic development and improveeconomic efficiency To make the goods more in line with the needs of consumers.
Promote international division of labor
Economic globalization has promoted the continuous expansion of the world market and regional unity, deepened the international division of labor, and countries can give full play toOwn advantages, engage in the production of products that can obtain the maximum comparative advantage, expand the production scale, and realizeEconomies of scale。Economic globalization can promote the transfer of industries and the accelerated flow of production factors such as capital and technology;It can make up for the shortage of capital, technology and other production factors in various countries, actively participate in international market competition, and rapidly realize industrial evolution andInstitutional innovation, improve management, improvelabour productivity, actively develop new products and improve their ownInternational competitiveness。
It has promoted the rational optimization of the economic structure and the greater improvement of productivity. Under the condition of economic globalization, it has realized scientific and technological research and development within the scope of globalization, andModern science and technologyIt has been rapidly spread around the worldtechnological innovationIt is worldwide. The scientific and technological activities of any country must and can only be based on the existing scientific and technological achievements in the world.Because of the worldwide flow of science and technology brought about by economic globalization, countries, especially developing countries, can import advanced science and technology needed by themselves in the world to promote scientific and technological progress, economic structure optimization andeconomic development。
Promote economic multipolar development
economic globalization
Economic globalization has made international economic relations more complex. It has developed the past relations between countries and regions into multipolar relations and global relations, promoted the development of international coordination and cooperation mechanisms to deal with these relations, and will inevitably lead to a series of global economic rules, making countries participating in the process of economic globalization transfer or give up part of their sovereignty,Form and comply with these economic rules.Therefore, in this sense, economic globalization is aInstitutional changeIt is a process of mutual competition, integration and infiltration.
Globalization promotes the global optimal allocation of production factors such as production, resources, personnel, trade, investment and financecost reductionAnd improve efficiency.Multinational companies have developed into global companies that set up R&D, production and sales chains in the world.Experience shows that a countryEconomic opennessImproveGDP per capitaGrowth is proportional to each other.No matter how a country's development model adjusts and changes, it is impossible to explore an advanced development model without considering globalization factors and taking advantage of globalization opportunities.
Promote the integration of international interests
Interest integration is shown not only in the economic field, but also in other fields;It is manifested in both bilateral and multilateral fields.Economic interdependence between countries has gradually deepened, and the situation of both prosperity and loss has begun to take shape.The global economic chain is getting tighter and tighter, and a country's economic development depends more on global economic development.exceptNational interestsIn addition, common regional interests and global interests have increased significantly.Interest convergence is conducive to improving national relations, increasing coordination and cooperation among countries, and different "volunteer alliances" formed for different interests continue to emerge.Seeking hegemony, engaging in confrontation, adhering to group politics andCold War mentalityMore and more unpopular.
Promote the expansion of safety connotation
Security fromTraditional securityExpand the field toNon-traditional securityDomain.terrorism、economic security 、environmental deterioration、Climate warming, epidemic spread, immigration wave andtransnational crimeEtc. non-traditionalsafety problemThe threat is increasing, involving a wide range of fields such as economy, people's livelihood, society and nature.Non traditional security is mainly caused by the unscientific development of human beings, the development of social and naturaluncoordinatedThe essence is the problem of development.Non traditional security issues blur the boundary between security and development, increasingInternational securityThe urgency of cooperation challenges the traditional securityleading role , easing the military confrontation between countries.For example, terrorism and climate change cannot be solved by any single country, and the United States has to rely on many ways to fight terrorisminternational society。Another example is that the United States and Russia aremissile defence There are sharp contradictions on the issue, but on the whole, cooperation in non-traditional security areas is smooth.
Promote the transfer of national sovereignty
Globalization has promoted the development of international organizations.From 1990 to 1998 alone, the number of international organizations increased from 26656 to 48350, including more than 250 intergovernmental international organizations.Intergovernmental international organizations become the makers and supervisors of global rulesImplementers、Global issuesAnd global dispute settlement.In its Understanding on the Rules and Procedures for the Settlement of Disputes, the WTO has comprehensively stipulated the political methods for WTO to settle trade disputesLegal methods, enforcement and supervision of rulings, remedies, etc., and a special dispute settlement body has been set up（DSB）。Indeed, the state is still the main actor of the international community, and national sovereignty is still the sovereign right of the state. However, in the context of globalization, an indisputable fact is that national sovereignty is increasingly transferred to intergovernmental international organizations.For example, tothe United NationsRegional organizations transfer political, diplomatic and military rights to WTO, IMFWorld BankAnd global corporate transfersEconomic rights, transfer to various other non-governmental international organizationssocial rights 。Globalization also urges a country's domestic rules to be as consistent as possible with international rules.
The main characteristics of the current international system are: dominated by the West, especially the United States, nominally equal but actually unequal among countries, limited role of international organizationshegemonismAnd "problem countries" are not effectively restricted.The current international system is increasingly weak in dealing with increasing global problems, and its adjustment, improvement and transformation are the general trend.The new international system is likely to take shape in the coming decades. Its main characteristics are: first, the world pattern is multipolar.As a result of the revitalization of emerging powers and developing countries, the international balance of power is changing in favor of "one superpower" and in favor of developing countries and in favor of developed countriesSouth and NorthThe imbalance between the two forces is expectedFinal settlement。According to the prediction of international authoritative institutions, the world's top 20Economic PowersIt will be reshuffled, and China will leap to the second place in the world,Russia, IndiaBrazilIt will jump into the top 10, and some major developing countries will jump into the top 20.The interests of the United States, China, Europe, Japan, Russia, India, Brazil and other new poles have become more integrated and interdependent, with sharp confrontation andAll-out warThe risk of is reduced.Second, the West and Africathe WestJoint leadership.In the future, with the gradual loss of the United States' "one superpower" status and the western power advantage, the western dominance will be difficult to maintain, and the multipolar, western and non western will jointly dominate the new international system,Democratization of international relationsWill be developed.Third, the role of international organizations has been strengthened.International organizations and rules will be further enriched, improved and strengthened, and constraints on major countries and "problem countries" will be strengthened.Fourth, diversification of international governance.The increase of global issues will promote the diversification of international governance models, such as national governance andGlobal governanceThe governance of major countries and small and medium-sized countries, global international organization governance and regional international organization governance are mutually integrated and complementary.Fifth, peaceGradualness。In the past, the transformation of the international system was achieved through war. This transformation of the international system may be gradually completed through struggle, consultation and compromise between major countries and between countries in the north and the south while maintaining overall peace.
It is possible for human beings toGlobal issues, global interests and global governance to form a new common humanitysense of worthThink about the new human civilization, break the dominant position of the West in human civilization, and achieveWestern CivilizationThe overall transcendence of.
However, economic globalization is unfair and unreasonableOld international economic orderFormed and developed without fundamental change.Occupy a leading position in economic globalization andabsolute advantageIt is developed in the westcapitalist country, in the economic globalizationcapitalismThe internal essence ofRegularityFeatures will be fully reflected;The law of unbalanced development of capitalism will play a more prominent role, makingmarket competition And ethnic conflicts will be more intense and sharp;A small number of major countries have manipulated world economic affairsPrinciple of equality and mutual benefitAnd international cooperation has been repeatedly undermined;Ethnic frictionseconomic crisisAnd political and economic shocks are also easy to spread and expand globally, increasingInternational politicsEconomic instability andUncertainty。
Economic globalization has linked the economies of all countries in the world. While promoting economic cooperation among countries, it also makes the economic fluctuations of one country may affect other countries, even the whole world, exacerbating the instability of the global economy, and especially posing a great threat to the economic security of developing countries.
Development opportunities
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joinWorld Trade OrganizationAfter that, China's opening up cause will enter a new stageDevelopment stage。The biggest development opportunity for China in the 21st century is economic globalization.It is in China's best national interest to continue to expand opening up and actively participate in the process of economic globalization.
At least so far, many analyses have shown that the benefits of economic globalization have not been found in various countriesUniform distribution。The gap between North and South is widening.However, fromMarket-oriented reformFrom the perspective of development performance, China is one of the biggest beneficiaries of economic globalization.According to the World Bank (1997).Since 20 years of reform and opening up, China andintegration of world economyRapid progress, trade, foreign direct investment and domesticHigh savings rateThe relationship between the two has become a key factor in China's rapid economic growth.The opportunities brought to China by economic globalization are mainly shown in the following aspects.
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Globalization can effectively promote economic growth and make full use of capital, technology, resources and markets at home and abroad, which is the main benefit of developing countries in opening up.Trade and investment liberalization can effectively promote the economic growth of a country or region, and its mechanism can be summarized as: improving the efficiency of resource allocation by giving play to comparative advantages;Expand aggregate demand through exports and drive economic growth: make up the savings gap and foreign exchange gap of developing countries or regions through foreign capital;Foreign capital can promote economic growth by improving the original asset stock of the investment place, and further form high-quality assets through new enterprises: increase the original asset stock through acquisition and merger;Both attracting foreign investment and attracting foreign investment can bring advanced and practical technologies abroad;Equipment and scientific management methods have achieved the so-called "breeding effect";Foreign capital accumulates human capital for economic growth through the development of human resources in the investment area.Foreign invested enterprises have become an important part of China's economy.According to the research of the World Bank, foreign investment in the economy during 1990-1994.China's GDP growth rate contributed 0.9 percentage points.Its contribution rate is 8.6%.This contribution rate has exceeded 10%, and it is expected that this contribution will become more and more important in the future.
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Globalization can create a large number of new jobs.The transformation of China's economy from a "shortage economy" type to a "structural surplus" type where supply exceeds demand has led to the closure, suspension, merger, transformation and break-up of many enterprises, which has led to a sharp increase in laid-off workers during this period.However, as far as China's national conditions are concerned, "development is the absolute principle" is not simply equivalent to GDP growth.No matter how large the GDP is, if the employment scale does not increase in a certain proportion, the employment problem will be very prominent, and social stability will not be guaranteed.Therefore, in the face of the most basic national conditions of rich labor resources and relatively scarce capital resources, China must develop labor-intensive export processing industries, open up the service industry, and actively attract foreign direct investment (FDI), so that the surplus capital of industrial countries can be used to create more jobs for China's surplus labor.
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Globalization helps to promote the construction of market economy. China is not only lack of development impetus, new investment sources and technology sources, but also lack of reform impetus, competition mechanism and elimination mechanism.Seizing the opportunity of globalization can effectively solve the problem of insufficient reform and development impetus.The rules of the WTO and other international economic organizations are based on the market mechanism, and China can use external forces to remove obstacles in the market-oriented reform.Globalization will introduce external competition mechanism, bring pressure and sense of urgency, and become a huge driving force for reform and development.
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China must continue to integrate into the world economy. China is rich in labor resources, accounting for 26% of the world;Agricultural resources are in short supply, with arable land and water resources accounting for only 7% of the world: energy shortage.Oil and natural gas reserves only account for 2.34% and 1.20% of the world respectively;Capital shortage, domestic investment only accounts for 3.4% of the world total;The technology is backward, and the number of international patent approvals is less than 1% of the world.This basic national condition determines that China must effectively develop and import international resources such as agriculture, energy and minerals, introduce foreign capital and advanced technology, and use the international market to develop labor-intensive industries.
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Globalization is an important way for China to narrow the gap with developed countries. The World Bank believes that if developing countries want to narrow the economic development gap with developed countries, they must first narrow the technological gap and knowledge gap, and the main ways to narrow these gaps are:
(1) Introduce foreign direct investment.
(2) Expand international trade.
（3）Technology transferandTechnology License。In the early 1980s, ChinaPPPGDP per capita calculated bydollarThe value is only 3% - 4% of the per capita level of the United States, and by 1998 it had risen to more than 10% of the per capita level of the United States.One of the fundamental reasons why China can effectively implement catch-up is that China has actively participated in the world economyintegration process , through activeIntroduce foreign capital。promoteexport trade Growth, make full use of and enjoy the benefits of international division of labor and comparative advantage, make foreign direct investment and international trade the engine of economic growth, become the main source of new jobs and the main way to improve competitiveness.
Whether a country can successfully participate in globalization depends on how it learns to participate and seize the initiative from it.For the world economyGame rulesChina is studying, recognizing, abiding by, utilizing, participating in, and gradually transitioning to revision and formulation.The game rules of the world economy are always changing, and China must learn how to changeaggressivenessTo participate and make rules.
One of the costs of "economic globalization": the instability of the global economy will become a normal state.In the process of "economic globalization", the interdependence of the economies of various countries has been strengthened unprecedentedly.Many countriesDependence on foreign tradeIt has exceeded 30%, and in some countries it has reached 50-60%.In this environment,economic fluctuationAnd the international contagion of crisis has become frequent and inevitable.The internal imbalance of any country will be reflected as an external imbalance, which will soon affect the countries with close trade and investment relations with it, and will most likely lead all countries to imbalance and crisis in varying degrees.2008 USsubprime crisis , soon spread to the whole European region andSoutheast AsiaTo form a seriousRegionalfinancial crisisAnd then spread toLatin AmericaIn fact, the global financial turmoil has formed in the region.
International hot moneyThe existence of WTO is certainly one of the important sources of global economic instability.As a huge financial force that transcends national boundariesManufacturerTime and again, they played the role of the producer or promoter of global financial turmoil and the main vector of crisis contagion (BIS, 1997/1998).1960sDollar crisis, early 1970sBretton Woods systemThe disintegration of Latin America in the early 1980sdebt crisis European monetary system crisis in the early 1990sMexicoExchange rate crisis, 1997Southeast Asia Financial CrisisEach time, it shocked the worldHot moneyOfDestructive power。By 2008US subprime crisis, and derivedEuropean debt crisis。Since the 1960s, although economists in various countries have been exploring ways to control and supervise international hot money, many countries suffering from the impact of hot money have also tried to strengthenCapital control。But in general, these explorations and efforts have not yielded obvious results.
So in the context of economic globalizationLocal areasThe global financial crisis is likely to be caused by the economic shock of.
