synonymRed Oak(North American tree species) generally refers to red quercus
Quercus rubra (scientific name:Quercus rubra50. ) is a member of Fagaceae and Quercus.The trunk is 27 meters high, the diameter at breast height is 90 centimeters, and the crown diameter can reach 15 meters.The crown of the tree is symmetrical, the young tree is oval, and gradually becomes round with the increase of tree age. The leaves are beautiful in shape and bright in color. The leaves are alternate, and the leaves are 7 to 11 split.In autumn, the leaf color gradually turns red, and sufficient light can make the leaf color more bright in autumn.The tender branches are green or reddish brown.Nut brown.[2]
Red Quercus has fast growth speed, drought resistance, cold resistance, barren resistance, fire resistance, shade resistance, light preference, strong sprouting ability, and can withstand - 29 ℃ low temperature.It is resistant to environmental pollution and has strong adaptability to soil with different pH values.It is an excellent urban ornamental tree species.It is used as a shade tree in streets, parks, campuses and courts, widely used for urban greening, and hasecological value It can be used for ground cover restoration, especially suitable for large-scale cultivation.[3]
It is native to North America, eastern and central United States, and southeast and south central Canada.A small area that has been introduced into Western Europe is also distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.[6]
Chinese name
Red Quercus[7]
Latin name
Quercus rubraL.
Alias
Quercus pumila、Red oak tree、North Red Oak、American red oak、American Oak
Red Quercus is a fallen leaftree, tall tree, adulttrunkIt is 18-30m high, 90cm in DBH and 15m in crown diameter.The young trees are pyramidal and oval in shape;With the growth of the tree age, the tree shape gradually becomes circular to conical.The trunk is straight, the crown is symmetrical and broad, the branches are upright, the tender branches are green or reddish brown, and turn to gray the next year.
The petiole is 2.5-5.0 cm long, and the leaves are large, alternate, obovate, leathery, wavy serrated or pinnatifid, glossy.The leaves are green above and gray below.They have 7 to 11 pointed leaves with sharp tips.The leaves have beautiful shape, wavy shape, wide oval shape, 4-6 pairs of large lobes on both sides, leathery, shiny surface, 7-11 split leaves, 11.5-21.3 cm long, 10-15 cm wide, bright green and shiny leaves in spring and summer, gradually turning pink, bright red or reddish brown in autumn, and falling leaves in winter for a long time.In spring, inconspicuous male and female flowers appear, male catkin, yellow brown, drooping flowers, and open at the end of April.
In autumn, the fruit is 2-4cm nuts, round and large, flat and thick, brown, spherical.[2-3][6]
Quercus rubra
Growth environment
Announce
edit
It usually grows in high land, medium low slope, bay, canyon or valley bottom with moderate slope and good drainage.[6]
Distribution range
Announce
edit
country of origin:Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec);U.S.A(Mississippi, Minnesota, Michigan, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Louisiana, Kentucky, Kansas, Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West VirginiaAsia, Wisconsin, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Ohio, North Carolina, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Missouri, Georgia, District of Columbia).[4]
introduction:Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kerim, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine.It is also planted in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.[5]
Distribution Map of Red Quercus[9]
Growth habit
Announce
edit
Red Quercus prefers light and bears half shade. It does not grow well under the canopy and sufficient light can make its leaves more bright in autumn.The main root is developed, barren resistant, and the sprout is strong.Anti pollution, anti sandstorm, anti insect.It is not strict with the soil, and likes sandy sandy soil to loam or slightly acidic soil with good drainage.It has strong adaptability to poor, dry and different pH soils, and grows rapidly in places with sufficient water and fertilizer.They can tolerate drought, dry soil, black walnuts and air pollution.It is easy to transplant.Red Quercus generally begins to bear fruit in 20-25 years, but will not produce acorns in large quantities until 40-50 years.The fruit needs two growing seasons to mature.[6]
Reproductive methods
Announce
edit
Generally, it is sown and propagated. It is suitable for a wide range of planting in China, and can be planted in the northeast, north, northwest and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The main pest of Red Quercus is the chestnut weevil. The larvae eat in the seeds. The seeds can't see the column holes outside, only a small black spot.If more than three larvae are harmed, they generally lose their bud power.Especially during the accumulation of seeds, the temperature rises, and the larvae are seriously damaged.Therefore, the seeds should be treated before sowing to reduce the diseases and pests of young seedlings of Red Quercus quercus.Treatment methods include:
one
Soak seeds in warm water: immerse seeds in 55 ℃ warm water for 10 minutes.
two
Fumigation with methyl bromide: put the seeds in a secret room or sealed container, and when the temperature is 23 ℃, apply 37.4g of medicine per cubic meter, and fumigate for 40 hours.It has no effect on seed germination.
The sowing time is in spring.Sowing shall ensure humidity and good drainage.The germination time of red quercus was longer.The sowing amount per 667 square meters (1 mu) is 100-250 kg. When sowing, the seeds should be placed horizontally to facilitate the downward growth of radicle.The thickness of soil cover is 2-5cm, and the height of seedlings can reach 20-40cm.[8]
cultivation techniques
Announce
edit
Water and fertilizer
When most seeds are unearthed, remove the plastic film in the morning, so that the seedlings are not exposed to the sun. Shade properly at noon. After the seedlings are slightly aged, gradually remove the shade. Transplant them to the field in the first ten days of May. In management, water once every 10 days depending on the weather conditions, spray fertilizer on the leaf surface with 0.5% urea from June to July, and apply compound fertilizer once in the middle of July. Loosen the soil and weed in time to promote the growth of seedlings.[8]
Stubble cutting
Because of its obvious upright character, if the trunk is not straight due to other reasons during cultivation, it can be stubbled at the base of the trunk after planting in the spring of the second year, and the annual growth can reach 60-100 cm.According to the observation in the nursery, due to the weak resistance of 1-2 year old seedlings, when overwintering in the open in winter, some plants are prone to the phenomenon of "shoot pulling". The seedlings with this phenomenon can be stubbed at about 5cm above the base of the trunk in the spring of the second year.There is no such phenomenon for large seedlings over 3 years old, which can be widely used in landscaping construction.[8]
Disease and insect control
Announce
edit
The main pest of red quercus is the chestnut weevil.Larvae harm seeds and seedlings of Quercus rubra.Prevention measures:
one
Artificial killing during the peak period of adult worm excavation.The orange trees were vibrated during the adult boom period, and then burned with plastic film.
two
Use glue to kill.Use tung oil and heat to make a paste, and apply it on the base of the tree trunk. The width is about 10 cm. The weevil is stuck when it is on the tree.One application is valid for 2 months.
three
The ground under the canopy shall also be sprayed with 25 g/2500 times of cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate, or 6000 times of 3% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate, or 1000 times of 90% Badan wettable powder or 800 times of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate when spraying to the canopy, so as to kill the fallen pseudonymous elephants.[8]
Key values
Announce
edit
Red Quercus is tall, with well proportioned crown, dense branches and leaves, beautiful leaf shape, colorful, and long red leaves. The leaves still remain in the branches in autumn and winter, with good ornamental effect, and are mostly used for landscape tree planting;It is also an excellent street tree and shade tree species, which are widely planted in grasslands, parks, golf courses and other places.Strong resistance to urban pollution.With solid material and dense and beautiful texture, it is a good fine wood material, which can be used to make valuable furniture. It is the preferred tree species for the construction of special economic timber forest in combination with highway, barren mountain greening and ecological environment forest construction.It is especially suitable for large-scale cultivation.Widely used for urban greeningecological value , which can be used to be restored.[6]
The main purpose of the mixed forest is to mix and match different tree species according to the characteristics of light preference and shade tolerance of crops, root depth, crop growth cycle and fertilizer preference, so as to make full use of land resources and reasonably allocate light, water and nutrients in different layers.
Red Quercus andHongsenhuaiMixed forests can make full use of space and nutrient area, give better play to protection benefits, enhance the ability to resist natural disasters, improve site conditions, and improve the quantity and quality of forest products.[6]
It is usually planted because of its shape and great ornamental value of autumn leaves.It is also an important food source for squirrels, deer and birds.It can also be used as specimen, shade tree, street tree and leisure area.[6]
