synonymThe Long March of the Red Army(The Red Army's Long March) generally refers to the Long March (historical events)
During the Agrarian Revolutionary War,Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red ArmyThe main force withdrew from the Soviet areas in the north and south of the Yangtze River, moved to the Shaanxi Gansu Soviet Area for two years, and reached the strategic transfer action.
In October 1934, after the failure of the fifth anti "encirclement and suppression" campaign, the main force of the central Red Army was forced to implement strategic transfer, withdraw from the central base area and carry out the Long March in order to get rid of the encirclement and pursuit of the Kuomintang army.
The Long March is a great miracle in human history,Central Red ArmyMore than 600 battles were fought and more than 700 county towns were captured. The Red Army sacrificed more than 430 cadres above the battalion level, with an average age of less than 30 years. It defeated hundreds of Kuomintang regiments. During this period, it traveled about 25000 li through 14 provinces, 18 mountains, 24 rivers, grassland and snow mountains,The Red First Front Army arrived at the revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi in October 1935 and successfully joined the Red Army in northern Shaanxi.[16]In October 1936, the Second and Fourth Front Armies of the Red Army arrived in Huining, Gansu, and joined forces with the First Front Army of the Red Army.The meeting of the three main forces of the Red Army marks the end of the victory of the Long March.[1][14]
From September 1933 to the summer of 1934, the Red Army in the Central Soviet Area fought against the "encirclement and suppression" for the fifth time. Because Bogu (Qin Bangxian), the leader of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Li De, the military adviser sent by the Communist International (also known as Waffle, formerly Otto Braun, a member of the German Communist Party), first implemented the adventurist offensive strategy, and then implemented the conservative defensive strategy, the Red Army lost many wars,The Soviet area is shrinking.In April 1934, the Central Red Army (renamed from the Red First Front Army in January) had a decisive battle with the Kuomintang Army in Guangchang, Jiangxi Province, with serious losses and a dangerous situation.In July, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Soviet Republic (hereinafter referred to as the Central Revolutionary Military Commission) ordered the 7th Corps of the Red Army to form an advance team to fight against Japan in the north, advance to the border of Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi, and establish a new Soviet area;The 6th Red Army Corps was ordered to break through the Western Expedition from the Hunan Jiangxi Soviet Area and develop guerrilla warfare in central Hunan.The Central Revolutionary Military Commission sent two regiments to the north and west respectively, with the intention of mobilizing the Kuomintang's "encirclement and suppression" forces to relieve the pressure on the Central Soviet Area.But the goal was not achieved.At the beginning of October, the Kuomintang army attacked the central area of the Central Soviet Area and quickly occupied the frontline of Xingguo, Ningdu and Shicheng.The Red Army had even less room for maneuver, and it was impossible to break the Kuomintang army's "encirclement and suppression" in the Soviet area, so it was forced to withdraw from the Soviet area and carry out a strategic shift (that is, the Long March).
Previously, on September 8, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission ordered the 6th Red Army Corps of the Western Expedition to carry out guerrilla warfare in Chengbu, Suining and Wugang areas of Hunan Province, then moved to western Hunan, and made contact with the 3rd Red Army on the border of Sichuan, Guizhou and Hunan.Later, as the main force of the Kuomintang troops in Hunan and Guangxi (now Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) moved to Suining and Jingxian (now Jingzhou), the 6th Red Army Corps moved south in mid September and occupied Jiuzhou in Guizhou Province on October 1.On the 24th, the 6th Red Army Corps joined up with the 3rd Red Army Corps in Muhuang District, Yinjiang County, Guizhou Province.After the meeting, the 3rd Red Army resumed its designation as the 2nd Red Army Corps.Then, Red 2 and Red 6 Corps launched the offensive in western Hunan, successively occupied Yongshun, Dayong (today's Zhangjiajie), Sangzhi and other places, created the Soviet Area of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, and effectively cooperated with the Central Red Army's breakthrough and transfer action.
On October 10, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission led the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th and 9th Corps of the Central Red Army and the Corps directly under the Central Committee and the Military Commission, with a total of more than 86000 people. Starting from Ruijin, Gucheng and other places in Jiangxi Province, they began a strategic shift and were ready to join the 2nd and 6th Corps of the Red Army in western Hunan.The 24th Division of the Red Army and local armed forces totaled more than 16000 people, who stayed in the Central Soviet Area to fight.
On October 17, the Central Red Army crossed the tribute from Yudu (today's Yudu) to the south.On the 21st, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission took the 1st Red Army Corps as the left-wing vanguard, the 3rd Red Army Corps as the right-wing vanguard, the 9th Red Army Corps as the left-wing, the 8th Red Army Corps as the right-wing, the central and military commission organs and the teams directly under them were in the middle, and the 5th Red Army Corps acted as the guard, breaking through the first blockade line of the Kuomintang Army between Wangmudu and Xintian, and crossing the Xinfeng River (Taojiang River) on the 25th.Since then, the Central Red Army has continued to carry a large number of materials and equipment in this corridor type formation, slowly moving westward along the mountain road. Until November 15, it successively passed the second and third lock lines from Tianma Mountain in the south of Rucheng in Hunan Province to Chengkou in Guangdong Province, and from Liangtian in Hunan Province to Yizhang, and then entered Linwu, Lanshan and Jiahe regions.At this time, Chiang Kai shek used 16 divisions and 77 regiments to carry out "pursuit and suppression", and ordered the Guangdong and Guangxi armies to intercept a total of 9 divisions in an attempt to encircle the Central Red Army in the area east of the Xiangjiang River.At this time, in the vast area between Yizhang and Xiangjiang, the Kuomintang army was weak, and because of factional contradictions, the movements were different, which was convenient for the Red Army to maneuver.However, Bogu, Li De and other leaders blindly retreated and fled, passively avoiding war, and continued to put the Red Army in a very passive position.On November 25, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided that the Central Red Army should be divided into four columns to cross the Xiangjiang River from Xing'an and Quanzhou to the west of the border area between Hunan and Guangxi.On the 27th, the first division of the Red Second Division, the vanguard force, broke through the fourth blockade line of the Kuomintang army and crossed the Xiangjiang River;The next day, the Red Fourth Division also crossed the Xiangjiang River.The Kuomintang armies of all lines marched north and south with superior forces and attacked the Red Army fiercely with the support of aircraft.The Red Army fought hard on both sides of the Xiangjiang River. After fighting in Xinwei, Zhilingtou, Jieshou, Jiaoshanpu, salt water, etc., it blocked the fierce attack of the Kuomintang army and covered the crossing of the Xiangjiang River by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission and the troops directly under it on December 1.However, the Red Army suffered heavy losses. The 34th Division of the 5th Red Army Corps and the 18th Regiment of the 6th Division of the 3rd Red Army Corps were blocked on the east bank of the Xiangjiang River, and most of the officers and soldiers died.After crossing the Xiangjiang River, the Central Red Army dropped to more than 30000, and the designation of the 8th Red Army Corps was revoked.
After the Xiangjiang Campaign, Chiang Kai shek adjusted his deployment, quickly transferred troops to Qianyang and Hongjiang areas in the west of Hunan Province, built fortifications, and attempted to encircle the Central Red Army on the way north to Xiangxi.On December 11, the Central Red Army entered the passage, the countryside and Changanbao area on the Hunan Guangxi border.At this time, if the Central Red Army goes north to Xiangxi as planned to join the Red 2 and Red 6 Corps, it will inevitably fight against the superior Kuomintang army waiting for work with ease, which will be in danger of collapse.At this critical juncture, Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic, based on the military situation in front of him, strongly advocated abandoning the original plan and moving to Guizhou, where the Kuomintang's ruling power was weak, in order to get rid of the enemy and gain the initiative.On the 15th, the Central Red Army occupied Liping, Guizhou Province.On the 18th, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting in Liping.The meeting accepted Mao Zedong's opinion and decided that the Central Red Army would continue to move westward to create a Soviet area on the border of Sichuan and Guizhou.On the 20th, the Central Red Army marched in two directions to the border areas of Sichuan and Guizhou with Zunyi as the center, followed by Kejian River, Taigong (today's Taijiang), Zhenyuan, Shibing and other places, and then Yuqing and Weng'an.From January 2 to 6, 1935, the Central Red Army crossed the Wujiang River from Huilongchang, Jiangjie River and Chashan Pass, and on the morning of the 7th, the vanguard troops occupied Zunyi.From 15th to 17th, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Zunyi.The meeting focused on summing up the experience and lessons of the failure of the fifth anti "encirclement and suppression" campaign, affirmed Mao Zedong's basic principles for the Red Army's operations, passed the "Summary Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Opposing the Enemy's Five" encirclement and suppression "(referred to as the" Resolution of the Zunyi Conference "), and formulated the tasks and strategic principles of the Red Army's future.The meeting reorganized the central leadership and elected Mao Zedong as the standing member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee.It was decided that Zhou Enlai and Zhu De would command the military, and Zhou Enlai was the person entrusted by the Party to make the final decision to command the military.Soon, the Central Committee decided that Mao Zedong was Zhou Enlai's helper in military command.Subsequently, a three member group of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Wang Jiaxiang was set up to take charge of directing the actions of the Red Army.The Zunyi Meeting established Mao Zedong's leadership position in the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army, so that the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army could survive under extremely critical circumstances.This is a vital turning point in the history of the Communist Party of China and the Red Army.[15]
After the Central Red Army occupied Zunyi, Chiang Kai shek mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops to march to the Zunyi area, trying to encircle the Red Army in the Sichuan Guizhou border area.The Central Red Army is prepared to cross the Yangtze River from Lantianba, Dadukou and Jiang'an in the west of Luzhou, Sichuan Province, to the northwest of Sichuan Province to create the Soviet Area, and then turn to counter attack with the cooperation of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army to strive for Chihua Sichuan.On January 19, the Central Red Army set out from Songkan, Tongzi and Zunyi areas in three routes and moved towards Tucheng and Chishui.On the 29th, we crossed the Chishui River into southern Sichuan.At this time, the Kuomintang army pursued and intercepted the Red Army separately, and strengthened the defense on both sides of the Yangtze River.On this basis, the Central Red Army decided on February 7 to suspend the plan of crossing the Yangtze River to the north and change to mobile operations in the border areas of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces.On the 9th, the Central Red Army gathered in Zhaxi (now Weixin) area of Yunnan Province for reorganization.On the 11th, he turned eastward, crossed the Chishui River twice, returned to northern Guizhou, defeated and annihilated two divisions and eight regiments of the Kuomintang Army in Loushanguan and Zunyi, and won the first major victory of the Central Red Army since the Long March.After the Zunyi Campaign, the Kuomintang army changed the strategy of combining fortressism with key attacks in an attempt to encircle the Red Army in the narrow areas of Zunyi and Yaxi.In order to find new fighters, the Central Red Army moved westward, crossed the Chishui River three times on March 16, and then entered southern Sichuan.Chiang Kai shek hastily ordered his "pursuit and suppression" army to pursue southern Sichuan.The Central Red Army suddenly turned eastward, crossed the Chishui River from the evening of the 21st to the 22nd, and secretly turned back to northern Guizhou.On the 27th, the Central Red Army used the Red 9th Army Corps to contain the Kuomintang army in Mazongling area, and the main force moved southward. On the 31st, it crossed the Wujiang River and approached Guiyang, leaving the "pursuit" army to the north of the Wujiang River.On April 8, the main force of the Central Red Army broke through the block of the Kuomintang army between Guiyang and Longli, moved westward, entered Yunnan Province on April 24, approached Kunming, and then turned northward.On the 29th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission instructed the legions: "The Central Committee has decided on the fundamental policy of transferring field troops to western Sichuan to establish Soviet base areas, but now it is possible to achieve it", "We should use the current favorable opportunity to strive to quickly cross the Jinsha River, transfer to western Sichuan to eliminate the enemy, and establish a Soviet base area".On May 9, the main force of the Central Red Army crossed the Jinsha River from Kyaupingdu.During this period, the 9th Red Army Corps, which was operating on the north bank of the Wujiang River, also crossed the Jinsha River from the tree festival and salt well flat to the west of Huize, Yunnan Province, and then joined the main force.So far, the Central Red Army has got rid of the siege of hundreds of thousands of Kuomintang troops and won a decisive victory in the strategic shift.
From March 28 to April 21, 1935, the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army, under the command of Xu Qianqian, the commander in chief, and Chen Changhao, the political commissar, won the battle of the Jialing River, controlling a vast new area stretching more than 100 kilometers from the Jialing River in the east, to Beichuan in the west, to Zitong in the south, and to the Sichuan Gansu border in the north, creating favorable conditions for consolidating the Sichuan Shaanxi Soviet Area and continuing to develop to the south of Gansu Province.At this time, however, Zhang Guotao, the main leader of the Sichuan Shaanxi Soviet Area and the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army, saw only the difficulties of the Soviet Area and the large-scale attack to be carried out by the Kuomintang army, and did not see the significance of adhering to the struggle in the Soviet Area, so he decided to abandon the Sichuan Shaanxi Soviet Area without authorization.At the beginning of May, the Red Fourth Front Army, local armed forces and Soviet authorities, with a total of about 100000 people, began to move westward.By the middle of the year, it had successively occupied Maoxian County, Weizhou, Lipan (today's Lixian County) and other vast areas in Sichuan Province, and continued to develop westward.
After crossing the Jinsha River, the Central Red Army continued its northward march from the vicinity of Huili County, Sichuan Province, on May 15, in order to implement the CPC Central Committee's strategic policy of creating a Soviet area in northwest Sichuan.Chiang Kai shek ordered Xue Yue, Liu Xiang and other troops to pursue the south and block the north, in an attempt to destroy the Red Army by virtue of natural obstacles such as the Dadu River.The Central Red Army resolutely implemented the ethnic policy formulated by the Communist Party of China and successfully passed through the Yi nationality area. The first regiment of the first division of the first Red Army Corps, the vanguard force, captured Anshunchang on the right bank of the Dadu River on the 24th.On the 25th, 17 warriors from the second company of the 1st Red Army Regiment successfully crossed the Dadu River by boat under the leadership of company commander Xiong Shanglin.However, the current here is too fast to build a bridge. It is difficult for the Central Red Army to cross the Dadu River in a short time with only four small boats.Therefore, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided that the main force of the Red Army would move quickly along the right bank of the Dadu River;The 1st Division and the Cadre Corps continued to cross the river from Anshunchang, and then went north along the left bank of Dadu River. The left and right roads crossed the river, seizing the Luding Bridge 160 kilometers away from Anshunchang.The leading force, the 4th Regiment of the 2nd Division of the 1st Red Army Regiment, advancing along the right bank, captured the west bridgehead of Luding Bridge in the morning of the 29th.At 16:00 on the same day, the fourth regiment launched the battle of seizing the bridge. The commando team, consisting of 22 soldiers from the second company, braved the dense firepower of the defenders, climbed on the hanging iron rope, defeated most of the defense of a Sichuan regiment, and captured Luding City.By June 2, the Central Red Army had crossed the natural peril Dadu River and won another major victory in the Long March.
Since then, the Central Red Army continued to move north and occupied Tianquan on the 7th.On the 8th, it broke through the defense lines of Lushan and Baoxing of the Kuomintang army.Then, with perseverance, we overcame many difficulties and climbed the great snow mountain with snow all year round and thin air Jiajin Mountain, which is more than 4000 meters above sea level.At this time, the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army was marching westward, and the vanguard troops captured Maogong (today's Xiaojin), and one of them went out to Davy.On the 12th, the vanguard of the Central Red Army and the First Division of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army met in Davy.On the 18th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission led the main force of the Central Red Army to Maogong area.The meeting of the two main Red Armies created favorable conditions for smashing the Kuomintang army's attack and creating a new situation.
In the winter of 1934, more than 40 regiments of the Kuomintang Army carried out "encirclement and suppression" and "clearing up the countryside" in Hubei Henan Anhui Soviet Area.According to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, more than 2900 members of the 25th Red Army set out from Hejiachong, Luoshan County, Henan Province, on November 16, moved to the west of the Pinghan Railway (now Beijing Hankou), and began the Long March, leaving some Red Army (soon to form the 28th Red Army) to stick to the struggle in place.In early December, the 25th Army of the Red Army broke through the Kuomintang Army's heavy barriers and entered Luonan (today's Luonan) area of Shaanxi Province via Lushi County, Henan Province.On December 10, the CPC Hubei Henan Anhui Provincial Committee held a standing committee meeting in Yujiahe, Luonan County, and decided to create a Soviet area on the border between Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi, and changed the CPC Hubei Henan Anhui Provincial Committee into the CPC Hubei Henan Shaanxi Provincial Committee.Later, the Red 25th Army carried out the work of creating the Soviet Area in the area between Yunxi, Lushi, Luonan and Zhen'an on the border of Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi.By May 1935, after the battles of Cai Yuyao, Wengong Ridge, Jingziguan, Yuanjiagoukou, etc., the two "encirclement and suppression" campaigns of the Kuomintang army were smashed, and the Hubei Henan Shaanxi Soviet Area was established.
On July 16, in order to cooperate with the actions of the First Red Army and the Fourth Red Army, and to join forces with the Red Army in the Shaanxi Gansu Soviet Area, the 25th Red Army set out from Fengyukou to the south of Xi'an, passing through Gui County (today'sXiyi District）盩厔厔厔厔厔厔盩厔厔厔 (this Zhou Zhi), the county moved westward, continued the Long March, and left the 74th Division of the Red Army to fight in situ.On August 3, the 25th Red Army entered Gansu and captured Liangdang County.Then he went north. On the 11th, he crossed the Weihe River to the north and occupied the county seat of Qin'an. Then he approached Jingning and cut off the traffic on the Xi'an-Lanzhou highway.On the 17th, Longde was captured, and then climbed over Liupan Mountain and moved eastward.On the 21st, a fierce battle was fought against the intercepted Kuomintang regiment in Sipo Village, Jingchuan County, and all of them were wiped out.In the battle, Wu Huanxian, a political commissar, died.On September 30, we went north through Ankouyao, Huating County, and reached Yongping Town, Shaanxi Gansu Soviet Area on September 15. The next day, we joined forces with the 26th and 27th armies of the Northwest Red Army to end the Long March.On the 18th, the 25th, 26th and 27th armies of the Red Army were combined into the 15th Red Army Corps.[2]
Ruijin → breaking through the enemy's four defense lines → crossing the Wujiang River → occupying Zunyi → crossing Chishui four times → crossing the Jinsha River skillfully → crossing the Dadu River → seizing Luding Bridge → climbing the snow mountain → crossing the grassland → meeting in Wuqi, northern Shaanxi (October 1935) → meeting in Huining, Gansu (October 9, 1936) → meeting in Jiangtaibao, Xiji County, Ningxia (October 22, 1936)[3]
Development stage
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Preparation stage of the Long March(July 7, 1934 to October 10, 1934)
Failure stage of the Long March(October 10, 1934 to January 15, 1935)
The turning stage of the Long March(January 15, 1935 to June 14, 1935)
Adhere to the split stage of going north and going south(June 14, 1935 to October 19, 1935)
Stages of development consolidation and southward setbacks(October 19, 1935~July 1, 1936)
Division stage(July 1, 1936 to December 12, 1936) All units
The first one isCentral Red Army(renamed laterRed Front Army）, set out from Ruijin, Jiangxi and other places on October 10, 1934, and arrived on October 19, 1935ShaanxiOfWuqi Town(TodayWuqi ）The journey is 25000 li;[4]
The second one isTwenty fifth Red Army(Later incorporatedRed Front Army）, issued by Henan Province on November 16, 1934LuoshanHe Jiachong set out and arrived in Shaanxi on September 15, 1935YanchuanYongping Town joined forces with the Shaanxi Gansu Red Army and formed the 15th Red Army Corps. It traveled nearly ten thousand miles and was the first Red Army to reach northern Shaanxi.
The third one isRed Fourth Front Army, abandoned in early May 1935Sichuan Shaanxi Soviet Area, byChangming, ZhongbaQingchuan、PingwuThey set out from other places, headed west to Minjiang River area, arrived in Huining, Gansu Province on October 9, 1936, and joined the Red Army, covering more than 10000 miles;
The fourth is the Second and Sixth Red Army Corps (later co organized with the 32nd Red ArmyRed Second Front Army）, from Hunan on November 19, 1935Mulberry plantingLiu Jiaping and other places set out and arrived in the east of Huining on October 22, 1936General's Fort, same asRed Front ArmyJoining teachers, the journey is more than 20000 li.
After the Central Red Army joined forces with the Red Four Front Army, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategic policy of creating the Sichuan Shaanxi Gansu Soviet Area according to the national situation and the situation at that time.Zhang Guotao, however, claimed that the Red Army would continue to move to remote areas such as Qinghai, Xinjiang or Xikang (now Sichuan and Tibet).In order to unify the strategic thinking, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting at Lianghekou, north of Maogong, on June 26, 1935, and made the Decision on the Strategic Policy after the Convergence of the First and Fourth Front Armies.The decision pointed out: "After the meeting of the first and fourth front armies, our strategic policy is to concentrate our main forces to attack the north, wipe out a large number of enemies in the movement, and first obtain southern Gansu, so as to create the Sichuan Shaanxi Gansu Soviet base area, so that the Chinese Soviet movement will be on a more consolidated and broader basis, so as to strive for the victory of the provinces in northwest China and even the whole of China." Accordingly,The Central Revolutionary Military Commission formulated a campaign plan to capture Songpan.On July 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission appointed Zhang Guotao as the General Political Committee of the Red Army.On the 21st, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided to take the General Headquarters of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army as the General Headquarters of the former enemy of the Red Army, with Xu Qianqian serving as the Commander in Chief and Chen Changhao serving as the political commissar.In addition, the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 9th Corps of the Central Red Army were changed into the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 32nd Corps.However, Zhang Guotao delayed the action of the Fourth Red Front Army, so that the Songpan campaign plan could not be realized.In early August, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to resume the designation of the Red Front Army, with Zhou Enlai as commander and political member.In order to continue to implement the policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to go north, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided to combine the First and Fourth Front Armies of the Red Army into the Left and Right Armies to forge ahead in the Xia River and Tao River basins in southern Gansu, and then develop eastward.On the 15th, Zhu De, the commander in chief of the Red Army, and Zhang Guotao, the political commissar in chief, led the Left Army, which was composed of the 5th, 9th, 31st, 32nd, and 33rd Armies, from Zhuokeji area to Aba area;On the 21st, the Red Army's former enemy headquarters led the Right Route Army, which was composed of the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 30th Armies, and set out from the Maorgai region to the Banyou and Brazil regions.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission followed the Right Route Army.The Right Route Army went through countless hardships and arrived at Banyou at the end of August through the vast grassland where people are rarely seen and the climate is changeable.The leading troops of the Left Road Army also arrived in Aba on August 20, but the follow-up troops were slow.From 29th to 31st, the 30th Army and the 1st Division of the 4th Army of the Right Route Army adopted the method of encirclement to fight and rescue, and annihilated more than 4800 people of the 49th Division of the Kuomintang Army in Baozuo, opening the door to Gannan.
After the Red Army's Right Route Army arrived in Banyou area, the CPC Central Committee repeatedly called the Left Route Army to move closer to the Right Route Army, so as to seize the favorable opportunity of the weak military strength of the Kuomintang army in southern Gansu, and jointly move north rapidly to create a new situation.However, Zhang Guotao made all kinds of excuses, refused to implement the instructions of the CPC Central Committee, and ordered the troops that had entered near Mowa to return to Aba.Then, Zhang Guotao put forward the plan that the main force of the Red Army would go south to Tianquan, Lushan, Daofu, Danba and other places in Sichuan and Kangbian, and with the help of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chen Changhao ordered the Right Army to go south, in an attempt to split and endanger the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Under this circumstance, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China led the first and third armies of the Red Front Army and the column of the Military Commission to go north first on September 10, and issued the Letter of Notice to the Central Committee for Implementing the Policy of Going North.On the 12th, the main force of the Red Front Army reached the Russian border (today's Gaoji Village) in Diebu County, Gansu Province.The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Russia.The meeting agreed on the steps taken by the Central Committee to fight against Zhang Guotao and the strategic policy of continuing to move north, and made the Decision on Comrade Zhang Guotao's Mistake.The meeting also decided that the column of the General Committee and the 1st and 3rd armies of the Red Front Army would be reorganized into the Shaanxi Gansu Detachment of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, with Peng Dehuai as the commander and Mao Zedong as the political member.On the 17th, the Shaanxi Gansu Detachment of the Red Army captured the natural danger Lazikou, seized the power to occupy Hadapu on the 18th, and occupied Bangluo Town and Tongwei in southern Gansu on the 27th.In Bangluo Town, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of the Standing Committee. According to the fact that there are still quite a large number of Soviet areas and the Red Army in northern Shaanxi, it decided to lead the Shaanxi Gansu Detachment into northern Shaanxi to defend and expand the Shaanxi Gansu Soviet area with the local Red Army.After the meeting, the Shaanxi Gansu Detachment broke through the Kuomintang military Weihe blockade line, crossed Liupanshan, and arrived at Wuqi Town (now Wuqi County) in the Shaanxi Gansu Soviet Area on October 19.So far, the Long March of the CPC Central Committee and the main force of the Red Front Army, which lasted one year, moved to 11 provinces and traveled 25000 miles, ended successfully.On the 22nd, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Wuqi Town, and decided that the strategic task of the CPC and the Red Army in the future is to establish the northwest base area and lead the revolutionary struggle throughout the country.At the beginning of November, the Shaanxi Gansu Detachment joined forces with the 15th Red Army Corps near Ganquan and restored the designation of the First Red Army. Peng Dehuai was the commander, Mao Zedong was the political member and had jurisdiction over the 1st and 15th Corps.From 21st to 24th, the Red Front Army won the battle of Zhiluo Town, annihilated one division and one regiment of the Kuomintang army, and completely smashed the third "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang army against the Shaanxi Gansu Soviet Area.The victory of Zhiluo Town Campaign laid the foundation for the Chinese Communist Party to put the national revolutionary base in the northwest.
After the CPC Central Committee led the main force of the Red Army to the north, in the middle of September, Zhang Guotao ordered the 4th and 30th Armies of the Left Army and the Right Army to go south from Aba and Baozuo respectively.Regardless of hunger, fatigue and danger, all the commanders and fighters crossed the grassland and gathered in Dangba, Songgang and Matang areas in the last ten days.On October 5, Zhang Guotao set up another "central committee" of the Party in Zhuomudou, Lipan County (today's Zhuomudou, Markang County, Sichuan Province), and embarked on the path of splitting the Communist Party of China and the Red Army.Zhu De and Liu Bocheng, who followed the Left Route Army, fought resolutely against Zhang Guotao's separatist activities.In order to open the road to Tianquan and Lushan, the Red Army moved southward to carry out the Battle of Suichong Danmao, defeating six brigades of the Sichuan Army, and capturing places such as Suijing, Chonghua, Danba, and Maogong.Then, the Battle of Tianquanlu, Mingshan, Ya'an, Qionglai and Dayi was launched.On November 24th, after climbing the snow covered Jiajin Mountain all year round, they developed in two ways to the above areas. By November 12th, they had successively captured Baoxing, Tianquan and Lushan, and wiped out a part of the Sichuan Army.On the 19th, we fought fiercely with more than 10 brigades of Sichuan Army in the northeast Baizhang area of Mingshan for 7 days and nights. Although we killed more than 15000 enemies, we also lost nearly 10000 casualties.In continuous operations, the Red Army was short of food and ammunition, and was constantly downsized without replenishment. Its combat effectiveness was greatly weakened, and it was forced to shift from attack to defense.In February 1936, the Red Army moved southward to evacuate Tianquan, Lushan and Baoxing areas and moved westward.Climb over the Zheduo Snow Mountain with an altitude of more than 5000 meters and enter the Daofu, Luhuo and Ganzi regions of Xikang Province in March.At this time, the number of Red Army troops moving southward was reduced to more than 40000.
In September 1935, more than 130 regiments of the Kuomintang Army carried out a new "encirclement and suppression" campaign against the Soviet Area of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou.The CPC Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou Provincial Committee and the Military Commission Branch decided that the Red Army would turn to outside lines to seek mobility and strive to create new Soviet areas in Shiqian, Zhenyuan and Huangping areas of Guizhou.On November 19, more than 17000 Red 2 and Red 6 Legions left Liujiaping, Sangzhi County, Hunan Province and other places to withdraw from the Soviet Area of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou and start a strategic transfer.After crossing Lishui River and Yuanjiang River to the south, they entered Xupu, Chenxi, Xinhua and Lantian at the end of November.Later, he turned to the west and occupied Jiangkou and Shiqian areas in eastern Guizhou on January 9 and 12, 1936.Due to the rapid approaching of the Kuomintang army, the Red 2 and Red 6 Corps decided on the 19th to give up the plan of creating Soviet areas in Shiqian and Jiangkou and continue to move westward.On February 2, we crossed the Yachi River in the upper reaches of the Wujiang River, occupied the county seat of Qianxi, and then carried out mass work in Qianxi, Dading (now Dafang) and Bijie areas.On the 27th, when various Kuomintang armies were approaching, the Red 2 and Red 6 Corps moved westward again and entered the Wumeng Mountains, where they fought against the superior enemy for nearly a month.After breaking through the tight encirclement, they arrived at Laibingpu in Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province on March 22, and then moved southward to Panxian County and Yizikong area in the southwest of Guizhou Province on March 28, and were ready to create a Soviet area here.On the 30th, he received a telegram from the General Headquarters of the Red Army asking the Red 2 and Red 6 Corps to cross the Jinsha River to the north and join forces with the Red Four Front Army. He left Panxian County on the 31st and marched westward in two directions.From April 25 to 28, the Red 2 and Red 6 Corps crossed the Jinsha River from Shigu and Judian in Lijiang, northwest of Yunnan Province respectively, marched northward, crossed several big snow mountains, reached Ganzi on July 1, and joined forces with the Red Army.On the 5th, according to the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the 2nd and 6th Red Army Corps and the 32nd Red Army formed the Second Front Army of the Red Army, with He Long as the commander in chief and Ren Bi as the political commissar at that time.
In the summer of 1936, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China continuously called Zhang Guotao to ask the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army to quickly move north to Gannan after meeting with the Second Front Army of the Red Army, to create the northwest anti Japanese base area with the First Front Army of the Red Army, and to promote the realization of the anti Japanese national united front.On June 6, Zhang Guotao was forced to cancel the separate "Central Committee", and replied to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on June 10, saying that he agreed to go north.But Zhang Guotao was still ready to move to the northwest of Xiahe River and Taohe River, trying to create another situation in the remote areas of Qinghai, Gansu and Xinjiang.After the Red Second and Fourth Front Armies met, Zhang Guotao continued to carry out separatist activities, which was resisted and opposed by Ren Bishi, He Long, Guan Xiangying, etc.After Ren Bishi and others carried out the unity work, the Second Red Army and the Fourth Red Army moved north together in early July.The Fourth Front Army of the Red Army formed three columns on the left, middle and right, and set out from Ganzi, Luhuo and Suijing respectively.The Second Front Army of the Red Army was divided into two echelons, following the Left Column of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army.The officers and men of the Second and Fourth Front Armies of the Red Army overcame many difficulties with amazing revolutionary perseverance and arrived at Banyou and Baozuo in early August through vast grasslands.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China expressed great satisfaction and concern for the Red Army II and the Red Army IV moving north together.On July 22, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed the Second and Fourth Front Armies of the Red Army to "take the advantage of getting out to Gannan quickly" and "achieve a complete meeting of the three front armies to carry out the great situation in the northwest".On the 27th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the establishment of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, appointed Zhang Guotao as the Secretary and Ren Bishi as the Deputy Secretary, and led the Red Second and Fourth Front Armies to move northward.On August 5, the Second Red Army and the Fourth Red Army successively set out from Baozuo area and continued to move northward. Through Lazikou, they defeated the Kuomintang army and entered Gannan. In the middle of September, they took control of eight counties, namely Zhangxian, Taozhou, Weiyuan, Tongwei, Chengxian, Huixian, Liangdang and Kangxian, and a large area nearby.At this time, the main force of the Red First Front Army moved southward from the Yuwangbao area of Ningxia to meet the Red Second and Red Fourth Front Armies.On September 21, Zhang Guotao, in violation of the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that the Red First Front Army, the Red Second Front Army and the Red Fourth Front Army would meet and then move to Ningxia, ordered the Red Fourth Front Army to withdraw from Tongwei and other places and move westward, and planned to cross the Yellow River between Yongjing and Xunhua to the west of Lanzhou, and develop independently to northwest Gansu.On the 27th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China telegraphed Zhang Guotao to lead the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army to the north, and quickly realized the meeting of the three front armies.On October 30, the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army turned back and marched northward. On October 9, it joined the First Front Army of the Red Army in Huining.On October 4, according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Second Front Army of the Red Army moved northward from Liangdang, Huixian, Chengxian and Kangxian. On October 22, it joined the First Front Army of the Red Army at Jiangtai Fort (now Xiji County, Ningxia) to the north of Jingning.At this point, the Long March ended successfully.
The great Long March of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army moved to 14 provinces, broke through the siege of hundreds of thousands of Kuomintang troops, climbed mountains covered with snow all the year round, overcame numerous difficulties and obstacles through the vast grasslands that were inaccessible, and finally completed the arduous task of strategic transfer.The victory of the Red Army's Long March created important conditions for the new situation of the Anti Japanese War.[2]
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1. The main force of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red ArmyYangtze RiverNorth and SouthChinese Soviet areatowardsshanxi-gansu revolutionary base area(also known as the Shaanxi Gansu Soviet Area).After the Red Army's Long March reached northern Shaanxi, Mao Zedong pointed out: "The Long March is a declaration, a propaganda team, and a seeder. The Long March ends with our victory and the enemy's failure."[8]
2. In August 1980, when meeting with Italian journalist Faraci,Deng XiaopingSaid, "In 1935, during the famous Long March in our historyZunyi MeetingIt was only after the establishment of Comrade Mao Zedong's leading position in the Party and the army that the Communist Party of China really formed a formed leadership. The previous leadership was very unstable and immature.[5]”When Mao Mao, Deng Xiaoping's daughter, asked him how the Long March came, his answer was "follow"!
3. Comrade Jiang Zemin once summarized the spirit of the Long March at the conference to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Red Army's Long March. He believed that the spirit of the Long March "is the spirit of putting the fundamental interests of the people and the Chinese nation above everything, strengthening the revolutionary ideals and beliefs, and firmly believing that just cause will inevitably win;It is the spirit of saving the country and the people, not afraid of any difficulties and obstacles, and willing to pay all sacrifices;It is the spirit of independence, seeking truth from facts and proceeding from reality in everything;It is the spirit of overall consideration, strict discipline and close unity;It is the spirit of closely relying on the people, living and dying together with the people, sharing weal and woe, and struggling hard. "[9]
4. Hu Jintao pointed out in his speech on studying, studying and propagating the history of Chinese revolution, including the Long March, when he presided over the study that "the Long March is a magnificent epic of the Chinese people's heroic revolution led by the Communist Party of China."[10]
5. "The Long March, a great feat in human history, has left us the most valuable spiritual wealth, which is the great Long March spirit forged by the Chinese Communists and Red Army officers and men with their lives and blood." At the conference commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Red Army's Long March, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the great significance and spiritual connotation of the Long March,It vividly explains the time value of the Long March spirit across time and space.[11]
6. The Long March of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army led by the Communist Party of China, which lasted for a long time, was large in scale, had a long journey, was extremely difficult and had a wide impact, and was the only one in the history of Chinese and foreign wars.The Long March is an immortal monument in the history of the Chinese revolution, a heroic epic of the Chinese nation, and a great feat in human history.It not only tempered the great Party and the great people's army, but also cultivated the great spirit of the Long March.[12]
Origin of the Long March
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The Long March of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army did not use the name "Long March" at first.At the beginning of the Central Red Army's action, the determined goal was to join the Red 2 and Red 6 Corps in the western Hunan and Hubei region, and then launch a counter offensive to break the "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang army and restore the Central Soviet Area.Therefore, the names used at that time were "long-distance march and battle", "expedition", "transfer" or "strategic transfer", while in the orders and instructions issued by the Central Revolutionary Military Commission and the Red Army headquarters, they were called "western expedition" and "breakthrough".These names were used until May 1935 when the Central Red Army passed through the Yi People's Area.At this time, it had been more than seven months since the Central Red Army left the Central Soviet Area in Jiangxi.
In May 1935, the Central Red Army entered the Yi People's District of Mianning District, Daliang Mountain. Zhu De, the commander in chief of the Red Army, issued the Bulletin of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, which read: "The Red Army is marching for a long time, and its direction is like a rock".At the meeting of founding Mianning County Revolutionary Committee, Zhu De mentioned the word "Long March" in his speech.This is the first time to use the word "Long March".
On June 12, 1935, the Central Red Army and the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army joined forces in the Dawei and Maogong areas in northwest Sichuan.The Red Star, the organ newspaper of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, published the "Song of Two Main Forces Meeting" specially written by the Propaganda Team of the General Political Department of the Red Army to celebrate the meeting of teachers. The lyrics of the song use the phrase "Ten Thousand Miles Long March".Subsequently, the Resolution of the Central Committee on the Political Situation and Tasks after the Convergence of the First and Fourth Front Armies, formed at the Maoergai Meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on August 5, 1935, clearly pointed out that "the 18000 mile Long March of the First Front Army is an unprecedented great cause in Chinese history".This is the first time that the name "Long March" is used in the official central document.Since then, the name of the Long March has appeared many times in the central documents. At the same time, with the extension of the Red Army's northward journey, the description of the Long March has gradually become "the 20000 li Long March".
In October 1935, the main force of the Red Front Army arrived in northern Shaanxi.At this time, starting from Jiangxi Ruijin, the first front army of the Red Army, namely the Central Red Army, had crossed eleven provinces and traveled more than 25000 li.In November, at the Red First Front Army cadres' meeting held in northern Shaanxi, Mao Zedong announced enthusiastically: "From Ruijin, 12 months and two days, a total of 367 days, no more than 35 days of fighting, no more than 65 days of rest, and about 267 days of marching. If the night marching is included, it will be more than 267 days.We have passed through eleven provinces, namely, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Kang, Gansu and Shaanxi. According to the statistics of the First Corps, we have traveled 25000 li at most. This is indeed an expedition, a real and unprecedented long march! "In the declarations issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, and in the speeches made by the leaders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the name "25000 li Long March" was also used.Mao Zedong clearly pointed out the significance of the "Long March" in his article "On Strategies against Japanese Imperialism" at the Party's activist meeting in December 1935.Since then, the history of the Party, the history of war and the history of the military have called this period of history the period of the Long March, and the term "Long March" is not a strategic shift of general meaning.
Today's Long March does not only refer to the Long March of the Central Red Army, but also refers to the main force of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, which is composed of the Central Red Army, namely, the Red First Front Army, the Red Second Front Army, the Red Fourth Front Army, the Red 25th Army, starting from different starting points, traversing Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xikang, Gansu, Hubei, Henan, ShaanxiQinghai and other provinces have traveled tens of thousands of miles, crossed dozens of rivers and rivers, climbed several snow capped mountains all the year round, crossed the rarely traveled grasslands, and passed dozens of ethnic minority residential areas to carry out nearly 600 battles and battles, captured more than 100 county towns, broke through the encirclement of the Kuomintang army, and finally joined forces in northern Shaanxi,Accomplish the great strategic shift of the founding of the Chinese revolutionary base in the northwest and the great strategic expedition never seen in human history.[7]
Important meetings
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List of important meetings of the Long March
Important meetings of the Red Army during the Long March
Channel Conference On December 12, 1934, the channel conference was held in Hunan Channel County.The meeting listened to Mao Zedong's opinions, changed the original route of going to western Hunan to join the Second and Sixth Corps, and took the west to Guizhou.
Liping Meeting On December 18, 1934, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting in Liping County, Guizhou Province, and again accepted Mao Zedong's opinion, giving up the plan of going north to meet the Second and Sixth Corps, and moving to Zunyi in northern Guizhou.
Houchang Meeting From December 31, 1934 to January 1, 1935, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting in Houchang Town, Weng'an County, Guizhou Province, and passed the decision to launch a strategic counterattack on the border between Sichuan and Guizhou and establish a new Soviet area.
Zunyi Meeting From January 15 to 17, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau in Zunyi, Guizhou, criticizing Bogu and Li De's wrong military line, and Mao Zedong returned to the leadership position of the Central Committee.
Jiming Meeting of the Three Provinces On February 4-5, 1935, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting in a village at the junction of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan (there is no exact research), decided to counter attack Zunyi, and Bogu formally handed over the central leadership to Zhang Wentian.
Zhaxi Conference On February 6-9, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of the Political Bureau in Zhaxi, Yunnan Province. It passed the resolution of the Zunyi Conference, decided to resume the work in the White Area, summarized the reasons for the defeat of the Tucheng Campaign, reorganized the Red Army and determined the strategic policy of returning to Zunyi.
Baisha Conference From February 15 to 16, 1935, the CPC Central Committee held a meeting of the Political Bureau in Baisha, Gulin, Sichuan Province, and decided that the Central Red Army should cross Chishui twice.
Gouba Meeting On March 10, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau in Gouba Village, Zunyi County, Guizhou Province, to discuss whether to carry out the new drum battle, and determined that Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Wang Jiaxiang should form a military decision-making trio, which further consolidated Mao Zedong's leadership.
On May 12, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau in Huili County, Sichuan Province. At the meeting, Mao Zedong criticized the "rightist sentiment" in the army, and named Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi, Huang Kecheng and others.
Luding Conference On May 31, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau in Luding County, Sichuan Province. It was decided that the Central Red Army would meet with the four armed forces across the snow capped mountains, and Chen Yun would go to Shanghai to restore the underground party organizations in the White Area.
Lianghekou Meeting On June 26, 1935, after the first and fourth front armies met, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting in Lianghekou, Xiaojin County, Sichuan Province, and decided that the Red Army would go north to Shaanxi and Gansu to establish a base area and prepare for the Songpan Campaign.
On July 18-22, 1935, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting of the Standing Committee in Heishui County, Sichuan Province (also known as Luhua County), appointed Zhang Guotao as the General Political Commissar of the Red Army, and focused on discussing the work of the Four Front Army.
Shawo Meeting From August 4 to 6, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau in Xueluozhai (called Shawo in Tibetan), Maoergai Prefecture, Sichuan Province, and added several four front army generals to the Political Bureau. At the same time, it decided to implement the Xiatao Campaign Plan.
On August 20, 1935, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting in Maoergai, Sichuan, and decided to quickly implement the development plan of moving north and east.
On September 8, 1935, the main leaders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Xu Qianqian and Chen Changhao held an informal meeting in Asiya Lane, Sichuan, and decided to jointly urge Zhang Guotao and the Left Army to move north as soon as possible.
On September 9, 1935, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an emergency meeting in Brazil, Sichuan, and decided that the Third Red Army Corps and the Military Commission Column would go north alone.
On September 12, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau in Gaoji Village, Diebu County, Gansu Province (also known as the Russian border), and made the Decision on Comrade Zhang Guotao's Mistake.
On September 26, 1935, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting in Bangluo Town, Tongwei, Gansu Province, and decided that the final destination of the Red Army's Long March was northern Shaanxi.
On October 22, 1935, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting in Wuqi Town, Chi'an County, Shaanxi Province, to summarize the actions of the Red Army after the Russian conference, determine the action policy of the Shaanxi Gansu Detachment under the new situation, and decide that the future strategic task of the Party and the Red Army is to establish the Northwest Soviet Area to lead the national revolution, thus declaring the end of the Central Red Army's Long March,It ushered in a new historical period when the CPC Central Committee placed the national revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi.[6][13]
