Purple Department (about 973 -?),JapanThe era of peaceShe is a female writer and one of the thirty-six singers in the Middle Ages.Her surname is Tengyuan, and the word is unknown. Shi Bu was her name during her service in the palace. Because her brother once served as the official of Shi Bu, and most of the female officials in the palace at that time took their father's and brother's official titles as their names, it was called Teng Shi Bu.Later she wrote《Tale of Genji》, the heroine in the bookZijiIt was also known as the purple part.It is generally believed that its name cannot be tested, and some people believe that its original name is Fujiwara Xiangzi or Fujiwara Zezi.[1-2]The main work is the novel "The Tale of Genji", which describes the characters' delicate psychology, elegant writing, and twists and turns of plot. It is considered to be the earliest novel in the world and has a great impact on Japanese literature in the future.Another book《Purple Department Diary》, written in the autumn of A.D. 1010.[1]
She was born in a noble literati family. When she was young, she learned Sinology from her father and was familiar with music and Buddhist scriptures.Both father and brother are good atkanshi 、Chorale。In April 1004, Zishi Bu lost his husband and lived alone. In the autumn of the same year, he began to write The Tale of Genji.In the winter when he was 36 years old, Zishibu was called to serve in the palaceAn emperorMiddle Palace ofZhangzi Fujiwara。
Zishibu, who was born in a middle noble family full of books in about 973, is a very talented woman. Her grandfather and elder brother were famous singers at that time, and her father was even better thankanshi 、ChoraleHe studied Chinese classical literature. His grandfather, grandfather and uncle were all good at Chinese poetry and songs. His mother was named Fujiwara Weixin, but he died when Zishibu was young.Zishi Department was raised by her grandmother, who is said to be good at music. Zishi Department can play zither well, and《Tale of Genji》It shows that the knowledge of music is inseparable from the education and cultivation of this grandmother.[3]
The original surname of Zishi Bu is Fujihara. Because women have no social status in Japan, their original name is not recorded. Some people also think that their original name is Fujihara Xiangzi or Fujihara Zezi.Learning from my father when I was youngSinologyShe is familiar with the rhythm and Buddhist scriptures, as well as ancient Chinese books. She not only has a deep knowledge of Bai Juyi's poems, but also has a good understanding of Buddhist scriptures and music.[1]
ChangdeAbout four years (998), due to the decline of Zishibu's family, the 20-year-old Zishibu married several wives and concubines, more than 25 years older than himselfFujiwara Xuanxiao。stayLong term insuranceShe had a daughter in the first year (1999)Kenko Fujiwara。[2]
large-mindedIn the first year (April 1004), Zishi Bu lost his husband and lived alone, relying on his father and brother, and began to live alone for ten years. In the autumn of the same year, he began to write The Tale of Genji.In his widowed life, he became famous for writing The Tale of GenjiTaoist FujiwaraSuch as high officials and dignitaries.[4]
On December 29 of the second year of Kuanhong (1005), Zishi Department entered the harem and became the empress of the haremZhangzi Fujiwara(Daughter of Taoist Master Fujihara)《nihon shoki 》And《Bai's Collected Works》And other ancient Chinese books.Its official name was Teng Shi Bu, later renamed Zi Shi Bu.In about 1013, Zishibu left the Imperial Palace. Later, news was unknown.[5]
Zishibu is the author of The Tale of Genji.The author quotes the words of "the Lord" in a rather triumphant tone, that is, "This one is a talented person".She was familiar with Chinese since childhood, read Chinese classics all over, and admired Bai Juyi very much.In ancient Japanese women's prose, from the perspective of the euphemism and interest of the brushwork and the extremely unique expression ability, there were few others on the right.Many commentators have mentioned it with the contemporaries' reticence, not to mention her superb story, only this
The Tale of Genji is a book published by the People's Literature Publishing House in August 2015. The author is [Japan] Zishi Department.
The Tale of Genji: Complete Translation and Color Insertion Collection
Author namePurple part
Work time2018-7
The Tale of Genji, which was born 1000 years ago in the Heian era of Japan, is the earliest novel in the world.It tells us a love story that has been handed down for thousands of years with a kind of aristocratic magnificence, beauty and historian like magnificence.The Tale of Genji: The Complete Translation and Color Insertion Edition is divided into two volumes, with 19 undamaged restoration drawings of Japan's national treasure "Genji's Tale Painting Volume" interspersed, and precious scroll illustrations such as "The Screen outside Luoyang" interspersed, bringing peace to the world
Tales of Genji: Three volumes
Author namePurple part
Work time2018-6
"The Tale of Genji" is a famous classic of Japanese literature, which has had a tremendous impact on the development of Japanese literature. It is the peak of Japanese classical literature and has opened an era of "material mourning" in Japan.Taking Genji's life experience and love story as the main line, the novel describes the style and features of the Heian era in Japan, exposes the complex and cruel court struggle of human nature, and reflects the court life in the Heian era.Purple Department (about 973 - about 1019 to 1025
Creative Features
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theme
Material sorrow
Purple part
Purple Department believes thatRealismThe work is not the product of shelving and groaning without illness. It should give people an infection and make people "moved". It is the result of the writer's feeling, "the real people and things in the world", "the lack of observation and hearing, but the feeling that this kind of plot can not close one's heart, must be passed on to future generations, and then write".[6-7]
Purple Department《Tale of Genji》How should women deal with themselves and hold a view consistent with Japanese traditional aesthetic and moral concepts, namely“Material sorrow”View.According to the "theory of material sorrow" of Ben Ju Xuan Chang, the perception of material sorrow should first understand the "heart of things", which should be in the process of knowing the facts and understanding life, and constantly experience the changes of the world and the changes of everything;It is a pure, slender and ubiquitous spiritual experience.[8-9]It can be said that the evolution of ancient aesthetic thought from "sorrow" to "material sorrow" was completed by the hand of the purple style department.The Tale of Genji takes "sorrow" and "material sorrow" as the keynote, and runs through more extensive, more complex and profound content than the previous generation's "sorrow" from beginning to end.However, the "material sorrow" in Genji's Tale is based on the "knowledge of material sorrow". It is intended to express the feelings of happiness, anger, sadness, and sympathy for women, especially the misfortune of women in love and the incoherent love between men and women, which more clearly shows the feelings of "material sorrow", that is to say,In The Tale of Genji, Zishibu used various artistic techniques and created various characters to best express the "sorrow of things", express people's true feelings, and discover and create beauty in the harmony between human nature and the world.
technique
real
Japanese narrative literature has a long history.In the era of ancient narrative poetry《Ancient notes》、《nihon shoki 》And other works are closely intertwined with myths and legends.Narrative literature began in the Middle Ages when it described reality and turned to its own independenceA storyThe rise of.However, they are either mainly fictional or historical facts, and still cannot leave the stereotype of folk legends.[7]The purple part, which has a deep understanding of ancient narrative works and medieval story literature, has initially realized that realism andromanticismDistinctive features.In the second chapter of "The Tale of Genji", the writer borrowed the words of the critics and put forward his own views. Although it is difficult to judge the advantages and disadvantages of different styles of painting, simple realistic depiction often gives people a deeper and direct impression.Although this is a discussion on painting, the reason mentioned is obviously connected with literature.It reveals two different kinds of work contents and creative ideas.[7]Zishi Department advocates that literature should be true and reflect all kinds of worldly wisdom, while acknowledging the role of novels in "knowing the world".For example, "The Tale of Genji records important things in the world in detail";"Since all the stories are written about the world's conditions and people's various mental states, it is natural to fully understand everything in the world, people's behavior and psychology after reading them.".Because the story "records important things in the world in detail", although she has repeatedly stated in the book that "the authors of women's generation dare not talk about major events in the world", in fact, it still involves "major events in the world", and only uses side descriptions and metaphors, with few specific in-depth descriptions, but it still shows the inseparable relationship between Genji's honor and disgrace and the struggle of the nobility.[10]
Purple type alignmentThe era of peaceIt is difficult for contemporary writers to match the description of reality.In her diary, Zishibu recorded how the maid at home privately commented that she had lost her husband because she was familiar with Chinese classics;He recorded how he pretended to be unintelligent in the palace, even though he could not understand the inscription on the screen, in order to gain the accommodation of people around him.[11]What the Zishibu reflects is that women are almost excluded from all cultural fields, unable to release the energy from the interaction of life and knowledge through any social participation. Under the condition of confirming "self-worth", "words" will become the only means for intellectual women to release their souls, stretch themselves, think about life, and "save themselves".The recognition or even respect of the male dominated society, in a sense, is not the affirmation of the author's "female value", but the affirmation of the author's "human value".[11]In addition, the historical facts of Genji mentioned by Zishibu himself in his diary are very similar to the character, appearance, words and deeds, and circumstances of Taoist Priest, Yi Zhou, Lai Tong, etc. At least, the historical facts of these characters are used as important auxiliary materials.According to the textual research of Japanese scholars, the exile of Genji in Sumo was actually based on the leftward migration of Daolong's eldest son, Yi Zhou.In a word, the Tale of Genji also carries out her realistic thoughts, and accurately depicts the world at that time.Both the socio political and cultural background, as well as the story content and characters, truly reflected the reality of the court life and the aristocratic society at that time.[12]
a gentle wind
When it comes to the aesthetic achievements of Zishibu, we should first mention her extensive and in-depth exploration of artistic beauty.In the classic realism masterpiece "Tale of Genji" and《Purple Department Diary》In her works, she expressed her opinions on many issues, such as the relationship between artistic beauty and life, the different characteristics of various arts, creative methods and their functions, and the relationship between the content and form of works.One of the most valuable is her realistic writing theory.In terms of the understanding of the characteristics of lyric literature, the purple part has not yet surpassed the ancient people of this nation, who said that "harmony songs are based on the heart, and when they are published, they are all kinds of literary talents", and that "the heart has thought, and the form is based on hearing and seeing"Ji GuanzhiThen, the realism theory that she summarized in the practice of narrative literature creation is unprecedented in the history of Japanese aesthetics, as well as amazing in the history of oriental and even world aesthetics.[7]
Zishibu's writing is implicit but not explicit, rarely directly expressing personal views and attitudes in the narrative, and the narrative language is quite plain, but full of talent.[9]Zishibu has deep attainments in Chinese literature.She not only mastered the basic education of learning, but also experienced the highest cultural life.[13]In the early days of Ping An, Japanese culture continued to be nourished by the culture of the Tang Dynasty, which was the most brilliant period of Han culture.In the second year of Kuanping (890), the right minister was born as a scholar and poetKanhara DaozhenReport to the Imperial Court. It is recommended to stopkentoshi And was approved in the same year.Since then, the relationship between Japanese culture and Chinese culture has changed to a certain extent. Japanese culture has gradually digested Chinese culture and formed a unique culture of peace, which has completed the transition from Han style culture to Hefeng culture, which is of great significance in the cultural history of Japan.In this regard, Zishibu emphasized that "ordinary people should always be based on knowledge, and they are strong when they have a soul and are seen in the world." Here, "knowledge" refers to "Han talent".This shows that Zishibu not only attaches importance to the ancient Chinese books at that time, but also has a conscious understanding of the spirit of harmony.[10]Including the purple part in the Tale of GenjiBai JuyiThe insertion and application of poetry and other classical Chinese poetry, as well as the characterization and plot《Redords of the Grand History of China》This is the reflection of Zishi's emphasis on "Han talent",[2][14]So on the one hand, Zishibu learned and absorbed Chinese culture and literary thoughts in an open way, on the other hand, it developed and discarded according to its own needs.This is also a typical feature of contemporary Japanese culture, namely the so-called Hefeng culture.[10]
Chorale
Zishibu added many poems andChoraleThere are nearly 800 harmony songs in total, except a small number from Japan《Ten thousand leaf set》And《Anthology of ancient and modern songs》In addition, most of them are created by the author himself.Most of the lyrics are simple and easy to understand, which mainly appear in the characters' response plot.[14]It shows that the author has a strong foundation in the creation of harmony songs and can be well integrated into the scene. She is also considered one of the thirty-six immortals in the Middle Ages.[1]As a novel focusing on love, love songs play a key role in the book.In the book, there are not only bold and unsophisticated verses like "Ten Thousand Leaves Song", but also sentimental harmony songs like "Ancient and Modern Tunes".The former expresses the true feelings directly, while the latter expresses implicit sorrow.[14]
However, due to its strong sociability and limited by the form of verse, it is obviously not suitable to express the profound and continuous thinking of Zishibu in his diary and the Tale of Genji. For example, the second half of Zishibu is mainly works reflecting the dark side of life in the palace and marriage, of which there are actually two Buddhist songs,It was done at the Dharma Meeting held by Taoist Master Fujiwara at the 30th Dharma Lecture of Fahua.In fact, it is her routine as a beautiful woman.Women's deep thinking about self survival is the fundamental reason for the prosperity of Ping'an women's prose literature.[15]
is a fusion of feelings with the natural setting
Another characteristic of Zishibu's writing is that he is good at combining the scenery description with the plot and the psychological changes of the characters, such asZijiWhen he fell ill, Genji's Six Institutes also entered a depression of dim lights.For another example, in Ziji's palace, mandarin ducks and various water birds were used to appear in pairs on the spring wave, which deeply reflected Ziji's popularity, while in the poor house where she was last picking flowers, the language of weeds and bleak autumn wind was used to describe the life of last picking flowers, suggesting its sad fate.In Zishibu's writing, the scenery is also a manifestation of social variation, such as the use of words such as autumn wind and autumn rain to describe the frustration of Luminaire.[16]
Character influence
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The design of purple part on the back of 2000 yen
The Tale of Genji created by Uchimoto opened the era of "material mourning" in Japanese literature and influencednatsume soseki 、Kawabata Yasunari、Hayao MiyazakiA large number of Japanese writers and other artists in various fields have inherited and carried forward the spirit of "material sorrow" based on "truth" from generation to generation, which has had a profound impact on Japanese culture and become an inseparable part of it.[6]
Zishibu's awareness of realistic description was very avant-garde at that time.Due to the influence of Japanese myths and ancient stories, the ancient Japanese characters are often mixed in narration, which can not restore the facts and reflect the reality well.But Zishibu has clearly realized that the task of realistic creation is to comprehensively reflect the essence of life.This is of benchmark and epoch-making significance in the history of Japanese literature, and also has a profound impact on the subsequent creation of Japanese literature.[7]
In 1966,UNESCOShe was listed as one of the world's great men for annual recognition.[2]
Character evaluation
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This one is a talented person——Minister of Taiping in the era of peaceTaoist Fujiwara[17]
Purple part andSei Shonagon , andIzumi Shikibu And Chiran Weimen and other famous poets are all female officials waiting on the court.No wonder people generally refer to the culture of the Ping An Dynasty and think it is the palace culture or the female cultureThis period really shows the prosperity of Japanese imperial culture——Japanese writerKawabata Yasunari[18]
Anecdotes and allusions
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With the young and the honest
Sei Shonagon
Purple doesn't like itSei Shonagon It is well known that she once criticized her attitude towards a young man in her diary, and she was not impressed by her knowledge and talent.Although Qing Shaonayan had been away from the palace for four years when the Purple Ministry entered the palace, the two had no direct contact.Purple department is not like a competitive, jealous woman.No matter whether there is a misunderstanding of hearsay or not, the purple style department does fall into the stereotype of "scholars despise each other".[9]
Zishibu's criticism of the young Nayan is mainly about his personality and personality. "The young Nayan is the kind of person who shows complacency and thinks he is great... Finally, people will see the flaws"[19]。It is certain that the young people have a high heart and will never fall behind others in everything[20]。In his diary, he has made brilliant and frank criticisms of various personnel, which may be considered as self righteous and supercilious.[9]
In addition, Zishibu also said that Qingshaonayan "pretended to be elegant", "even in the quiet and boring time, we should also pretend to be moved", and said: "How can the outcome of a person who has become frivolous?"[19]This kind of statement goes too far, even makes people feel bitter.Qing Shao Nayan made his own statement in the postscript《Occipital grass seed》"I used to see things in my eyes and mind, but I didn't plan to show them to anyone. I just lived at home and recorded them when I was bored."[20]For example, she said, "The far and near thing is the Blissful Pure Land. The distance of the boat. Between men and women." She said a few words, simple and concise, but thought it was profound.[9]
Taoist He Fujiwara
Fujiwara Taoist Priest and Fujiwara Daolong
Zishibu mentioned it in his diary and in his father-in-law's writing to the emperorTaoist FujiwaraThe night visit of, which indicates that there may be a certain relationship between Zishibu and Fujiwara Taoist Priest.[17]Although the author Zishibu's personal marriage life is only two years, she and her husband sing a song of reconciliation, and their feelings are harmonious.But in the society where the marriage of a polygamous concubine is the normal family form, the husband's purple department was lost two years after marriage. It is unnecessary in real life to refuse the courtship of the regent, Taoist Master Fujiwara, who placed the emperor in the hands of the people in politics and had an extraordinary and elegant manner in life.[11]
