Federal Republic of Somalia（English: The Federal Republic of Somalia)African continentEasternmostSomali Peninsula , with the longestcoastlineWith a total area of 637660 square kilometers,Population 17.59 million (2022)[11]The vast majority of them are Somali, and they are divided into Samarai and Sabu ethnic groups. Mogadishu, the capital, is divided into 18 states.[1]
Before the 17th century BC, Somalia established a "Punt" country famous for producing spices.In 1941, Somalia was completely reduced toBritish colonies。On July 1, 1960, the Republic of Somalia was established.Since the fall of the Siad regime in 1991, Somalia has been under the armed separatist regime of warlordsAnarchy。NorthwestSomalilandAnd the middlePuntlandas well asSouthwestern Somalia They are substantially independent.[1]
Before the 17th century BC, it was called“Horn of Africa”Somalia established a "Punt" country famous for producing spices.
Since the 7th century,arabGradually move here,IslamismIt is also popular.stayGulf of Adenandthe indian oceanTrade points and several Sultanate States were established along the coast.
In the 13th century, a feudal empire was established.
Established in July 1976“Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party”And take over all the powers of the Supreme Revolutionary Council.In the same month, Siad became president.
In January 1991, the Siad regime was overthrown, and Somalia plunged into civil war, with multiple regimes coexisting.In February of the same year,Ali Mahdi Mohamed A new government was established, which appointed itself as the "Interim President" and renamed the country the "Republic of Somalia".On May 18 of the same year, northern Somalia declared independence and established“Republic of Somaliland ，Abdulrahman Ahmed Ali ToureIt is the "President".
On February 8, 2017,Mohammed Abdullahi Mohammed(Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed) was elected President of Somalia and was sworn in on February 22.[1]
On June 6, 2024 local time, members of the United Nations General Assembly voted at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, and Somalia was elected as a non permanent member of the Security Council from 2025 to 2026.[13]
geographical environment
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Regional location
Somalia is located inAfrican continentEasternmostSomali Peninsula , adjacent to the northGulf of Aden, bordering the Indian Ocean to the east and the westKenyaandEthiopia, connected to the northwestDjibouti。The coastline is 3200 kilometers long, with a total area of 637660 square kilometers.The land area is 627340 square kilometers, and the water area is 10320 square kilometers.[1]
Map of Somalia
topographic features
The east coast of Somalia is a plain with many sand dunes;Gulf of AdenThe coastal lowlands are the Jiban Plain;The middle part is the Somali plateau with an altitude of 500 meters to 1500 meters, which descends from north to south and southeast;Mountainous north;The southwest is grassland, semi desert and desert.Mount Surad, 2400 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in Somalia.
Climatic characteristics
Most of Somalia is subtropical andtropical desert climate, Southwest SubordinateSavanna climate, high temperature all year round, dry and little rain.The annual precipitation decreases from 500-600 mm to less than 100 mm from south to north.[1]
Somalia mainly includes uranium, iron, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, lead, coal, etc.In addition, there is oil and natural gas.Most of the mineral deposits are undeveloped.Fishery resources are abundant, and the forest coverage rate is 13%.[1]
In 2012, Somalia formulated an interim constitution, which stipulates that two or more states can merge to form a federal member on a voluntary basis.In 2016, the establishment of federal members nationwide was completed, and a total of six federal member states were formed, namely:Somaliland(It consists of five states, namely, Odale, Northwest, Togdale, Sanag and Soler)Puntland(mainly composed of Bari, Nugar and northern Mudug)Galmudug(consisting of southern Mudug and Gargudoud)Hillsaberry(Composed of Heland and Middle Shabelle)southwest(consisting of Bakool, Bayi and Lower Shabelle)Jubaland (It is composed of Gedo, Central Juba and Lower Juba).[1]
Administrative divisions of Somalia
capital
Mogadishu has a population of 2.61 million (2022).The average temperature in hot season is 26 ℃ - 32 ℃, and the average temperature in cold season is 23 ℃ - 28 ℃.
National symbol
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Country name
The Federal Republic of Somalia;Somali: Jamhuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya), referred to as Somalia for short.[1]
national flag
Somali flag
Somali flagIt was opened on October 12, 1954 and designed by Mohammed Aval Liban.The national flag is rectangular, with a length to width ratio of 3:2.The bottom color of the flag is light blue, with a white star in the middle.The five pointed star symbolizes the freedom and independence of Africa.
national emblem
Somali National Emblem
Somali National EmblemThey are two standing African black spotted golden leopards, with a shield on their forelimbs, forming the national emblem of Somalia.The shield surface adopts the color and design of the national flag.The upper part of the coat of arms is painted with a topEthiopiaThe crown of the king of ancient dynasties, which symbolizes independence and sovereignty.African leopardOur image is the embodiment of courage and strength.The spear crossed at the lower end of the coat of arms reflects the determination of the Somali people to use force to defend their national sovereignty;The posture of two palm trees on the spearWhirling, representing national crops.
In 2019, the population was 15.44 million.The vast majority of them are Somali, and they are divided into two major ethnic groups: Samarai and Sabu.Among them, the Samarai clan accounts for more than 80% of the national population, which is divided into four major tribes: Darud, Haveye, Isaac and Dir.The Sabu clan is divided into two major tribes, Digir and Lahan.[1]
Politics
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regime
In order to put an end to the separatist regime of Somali warlords, the international community has convened 13 national reconciliation conferences in Somalia, all to no avail.In October 2002, the East African Intergovernmental Development Organization (IGAD) held the 14th Somalia National Reconciliation Conference in Kenya.On February 23, 2004, representatives of the separatist forces, political groups and civil society organizations of all factions in Somalia adopted the Transitional Charter of Somalia.On October 10 of the same year, the Transitional Parliament of Somalia elected Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as President of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, for a five-year term.On January 15, 2005, the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia was officially established and moved back to Somalia in June of the same year.In December 2006, the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, with the support of the Ethiopian army, defeated the anti government "Union of Islamic Courts" and controlled the capital Mogadishu and surrounding areas, but failed to achieve effective control over the whole territory of Somalia.On December 29, 2008, President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed resigned.On January 31, 2009, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, leader of the main opposition "Alliance for the Re liberation of Somalia", was elected as the new President of Somalia, appointed Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmark as Prime Minister and established a new transitional government.The anti government forces "Shabab" (Shabab) and the Islamic Party refused to engage in dialogue with the Transitional Government, and armed occupation of most streets in Mogadishu and most areas in central and southern Somalia resulted in the assassination of several government officials, resulting in a large number of casualties.With the support of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), the Transitional Government has held some streets in Mogadishu and parts of central Somalia, and the two sides have formed a stalemate.On March 15, 2010, the Transitional Government reached an agreement with the Sunni Alliance, an important armed faction in Somalia, which announced its accession to the government.In June 2011, President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and Speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden reached the Kampala Agreement on extending the transition period under the mediation of Uganda, and agreed to extend the transition period to August 2012.On September 10, 2012, Hassan Sheikh Mahmud was elected President of Somalia.In November of the same year, Somalia ended its eight year political transition period and established its first formal government since the outbreak of civil war 21 years ago.In September 2016, Somalia launched a new parliamentary election.On December 27 of the same year, the 10th Federal Parliament was sworn in in Mogadishu.On February 8, 2017, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed defeated President Mahmoud who sought re-election in the presidential election held at the joint meeting of the two houses of the Federal Parliament and was elected as the new President of Somalia.On the 23rd of the same month, President Mohammed appointed Hassan Ali Khayre as Prime Minister of the Federal Government.On July 25, 2020, the Federal Assembly of Somalia dismissed the post of Prime Minister Sohail, and on September 23, President Mohamed nominated the new Prime Minister Mohamed Hussein Roble.On May 16, 2022, former President Mahmoud defeated current President Mohammed and was elected President.On June 15, President Mahmoud appointed Hamza Abdi Barre as Prime Minister.
constitution
The current constitution of Somalia is the Interim Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia adopted by the National Constitutional Assembly of Somalia on August 1, 2012, which stipulates that Somalia implements a political and federal system with the separation of legislative, administrative and judicial powers, and makes it clear that all people are equal and that citizens have the basic rights of speech, publication, assembly, association, etc;The President is the Head of State and Commander in Chief of the Army, who holds real power and is elected by the Federal Parliament for a term of four years without explicit term limit;The president appoints him as the head of the federal government, responsible for appointing deputy prime ministers, ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers, and non members of parliament can also serve as ministerial officials;Judicial independence and the establishment of a three-level court system consisting of the Constitutional Court, the Federal Court and the state courts;The national security sector consists of the military, intelligence, police and prison departments.[1]
parliament
According to the Interim Constitution, the Federal Parliament exercises federal legislative power and implements a bicameral system, namely the House of the People and the Upper House, which are not subordinate to each other.The term of office of members is four years and they can be re elected.There are 275 members of the People's Congress, and the number of members of the Upper House shall not exceed 54.Each House of Representatives has one Speaker and two Vice Speakers, who are elected by secret ballot of the members of the House. The Speaker shall not concurrently hold government and political party posts.In the 2022 election of the federal parliament, 275 seats in the People's Assembly will be distributed in the "4.5 tribal decentralization model" (that is, the seats in the parliament will be distributed by the four major tribes and other small tribes in a ratio of 1:1:1:1:0.5). 135 elders of all ethnic groups will select 14025 electors as representatives of all ethnic groups, and then every 51 tribal representatives will elect one member of their own tribe.The current Speaker of the People's House is Adan Mohamed Nur.Forty eight of the 54 seats in the upper house were equally allocated to the six federal member states, and the remaining six seats were equally divided between Somaliland and Puntland.The current Speaker of the House of Lords is Abdi Hashi Abdullahi.
government
President Hassan Sheikh Mahmoud.In addition to Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre, the Cabinet mainly includes Deputy Prime Minister Salah Ahmed Jama,Deputy Prime Minister), Mukhtar Robb Abu Mansoor, Minister of Endowment and Religion, Hassan Macallin, Minister of Justice and ConstitutionAli Yusuf Ali, Minister of Interior, and Dr. Elmi Mohamud Nur, Minister of Finance,Minister of Finance, Abdulqadir Mohamed Noor, Minister of Defense, Ahmed Moalim Fiqi, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation,FarahSheikh Abdulqadir, Minister of Education and Higher Education, Mohamud Abdirahman Beena Beene, Minister of Planning and Investment,Abdullahi Ahmed Jama, Minister of Ports and Transport, Fardowsa OsmanDhore, Minister of Air and Land Transport,Mohamed Adan Moalim, Minister of Posts and Communications, Hassan Hussein Elaay, Minister of Animal Husbandry, and Jibril Abdirashid, Minister of Industry and Trade,Minister of Industrial Trade), Abdisalam Abdi Ali, Minister of Public Works and Housing, Amina Hassan Ali, Acting Minister of Women's Affairs,Crissaq Omar Mohamed, Minister of Petroleum and Minerals, Abdullahi Sheikh Ismael, Minister of Internal Security, Mohammed Abdi Hayir, Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation,Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation, Ali Haji Adan, Minister of Health, Ahmed Hassan Adan, Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources, and Daoud Aweys, Minister of Information,Minister of Information), Bihi Iman Cige, Minister of Labor and Human Resources, Abdullahi Bidhan Warsame,Minister of Electricity and Water), Mohamed Barre Mohamud, Minister of Youth and Sports, Khadija AIMakhzoumi, Minister of Environment and Climate Change, etc.[11]
party
There are many parties in Somalia with strong tribal color, and each party is constantly divided and combined, up to 30 at most.The main parties are:
●Somali National Movement : Referred to as the People's Movement, it was founded in London in 1981 and set up its headquarters in Didarwa, Ethiopia, in 1982.Most of the members are of the Issac nationality.It is the strongest and most influential armed faction in the north.After the collapse of the Siad regime in 1991, it controlled the entire northwest region, declared the north "independent" and established the "Republic of Somaliland".The first leader was Abdulrahman Ahmed Ali Toure.In May 1993, Mohammed Ibrahim Egal was elected "President" and was re elected in February 1997.On May 31, 2001, Somaliland held a referendum to adopt a new constitution containing independence clauses.In July, Egal set up the "United People's Democratic Party" in Hargeisa because of conflicts with the opposition, passed the party constitution and established the Central Committee.Egypt died of illness in April 2002, and the former "Vice President" Dahir became the "Acting President" on May 1.[1]
●Somali Salvation Democratic Front : Referred to as Rescue Front, it was founded in 1979 as the earliest anti-government organization.The members are mainly Mizhoutini and Durbahunt sub tribes under the Darod nationality.Control northeast and central Somalia.In 1993, it split into two factions, one headed by Mohamed Abuhir Moussa, the former chairman of the Rescue Front, and the other headed by Abdullahi Yusuf, the former military leader.In July 1998, Yusuf joined forces with small factions such as the Somali Democratic League in the northeast and the Somali United Party to establish the "Puntland" autonomous regime and serve as its own "President".On June 27, 2001, the Puntland Parliament voted to extend its term of office for three years, which was opposed by the State Supreme Court.On November 14, the Puntland National Congress elected Jama Ali Jama as the second chairman of Puntland and Ahmed Mahmoud Guenley as the vice chairman.Yusuf refused to recognize the election results, and the two sides had armed conflict.In August 2002, Yu expelled Jia and his supporters from Puntland and announced the formation of a new "cabinet".[1]
●Lahanwen Resistance Army: Established in April 1995.It is composed of the Lahan people, and the chairman and commander-in-chief Muhammad Nur Shargudoud.On December 9, 1999, an autonomous regime was established in the Bayi Bakor region.In 2000, representatives of the Lahanwen Resistance Army participated in the Arta Peace Conference. The Secretary General of the Resistance Army, De Luo, was elected President of the Somali Transitional Parliament, while the President, Shargudoud, withdrew his support for the Peace Conference and the new regime because he did not receive tangible benefits.On March 31, 2002, the Rahanwen Resistance Army (RRA) held a meeting in Baidoa and decided to establish“Southwestern Somalia ", and elected Shargudrud as Chairman. Soon, Vice Chairmen Gabiyu and Ismail began to have internal strife with Shargudrud and expelled Xia and his supporters from Baidoa.[1]
●Somali National Alliance : Referred to as the NLD, it was founded in 1992, and its members are mainly the Hawiye nationality.In June 1995, it split into the NLD/Atopia led by Osman Hassan Ali Ato and the NLD/Atopia led by Mohammed Farah Aidid.After Aidid died in August 1996, his son Hussein Mohammed Aidid succeeded to the throne.In 1999, Epain supported Ethiopian rebelsOromo Liberation FrontConflicts with Ethiopia have caused heavy losses.In 2001, Ai faction and four other anti TNG factions formed the Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Commission (SRRC).[1]
●Somali Patriotic Movement : Aiyun for short, was founded in 1989. Its members are mainly the Ogaden sub tribe subordinate to the Darod ethnic group, and it is one of the main forces to overthrow the Siad regime.Control Kismayo Port and its surrounding areas in the south.Later, they split into two factions due to internal strife.One faction, headed by Ahmed Omar Jess, became a part of the NLD, and the other faction, headed by Aden Abdullahi Nur, was headed by Morgan, the son-in-law of former President Siad, as the vice chairman and military leader (in charge).In June 1999, Jess faction and Aidid faction joined hands to seize Kismayo from Morgan.The main force of Morgan was eliminated.[1]
Dignitaries
Hassan Sheikh Mahmoud: President.67 years old, received a bachelor's degree from Mogadishu National University of Science and Technology, and a master's degree from Bakatura University, India.From 1993 to 1995, he served in the United Nations Children's Fund.From 1999 to 2010, he served as the President of the Somali School of Management and Administration.The Peace and Development Party was founded in 2011.He served as President of Somalia from September 2012 to February 2017.We lost the re-election in 2017.In May 2022, he will be re elected as President.
Hamza Abdi Barre: Prime Minister.Born in 1974, he received a bachelor's degree in management from Yemen University of Science and Technology in 2001 and an MBA from Malaysia International Islamic University in 2009.Pakistan served as the Secretary General of the Somali Peace and Development Party (PDP) founded by the current President Mahmoud from 2011 to 2017.From 2014 to 2015, he served as the senior management adviser to the Mayor of Mogadishu, from 2015 to 2019, as the senior adviser to the Constitutional Affairs Department of the Federal Republic of Somalia, from 2019 to 2020, he served as the chairman of the Independent Boundary and Electoral Commission of Jubaland, and in December 2021, he was elected as a member of the People's House of the Federal Assembly of Kismayo District, Jubalan.
Economics
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overview
Somalia is one of the least developed countries.The economy is dominated by animal husbandry, and the industrial foundation is weak.In the early 1970s, due to the excessive nationalization policy and natural disasters, the economy was in serious difficulties.In the 1980s, with the support of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, economic policies were adjusted, and the economy turned for the better.After 1991, due to years of civil strife, industrial and agricultural production and infrastructure were severely damaged, and the economy completely collapsed.After the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in 2012, it focused on the development of infrastructure, public services, manufacturing, real estate, building materials and other industries. The economic development began to show vitality, foreign capital began to enter, a large number of overseas Chinese returned home, and people's living standards improved.In 2016, the Federal Government of Somalia formulated its first national development plan in 30 years, identified priority areas for economic development, and will strengthen infrastructure construction, develop agriculture, fishery and animal husbandry, and establish and improve financial, tax and audit systems.After President Mohammed took office, he actively implemented the national development plan of Somalia, strengthened the cooperation between the government and the private sector, and actively did the work of the international community on debt relief.
The economic indicators in 2023 are as follows:
GDP: US $11.515 billion.
GDP per capita: 717 US dollars.
GDP growth rate: 2.8%.
Trade currency name: Somali Shilling.
Exchange rate: 1 dollar ≈ 23605 Somali shillings.
(Source: IMF World Economic Outlook Report)[11]
Agriculture
The country has 8.2 million hectares of arable land, accounting for 13% of the land area.There are only more than 1 million hectares of cultivated land.Grain crops mainly include sorghum, corn, wheat, cassava and rice, and cash crops mainly include cotton, sugarcane, banana, coconut, sesame, mango, myrrh, frankincense, etc.Food cannot be self-sufficient, and cash crops are mainly used for export.
Animal husbandry is the main economic pillar. The output value of animal husbandry accounts for about 40% of GDP, and the export income of animal husbandry products accounts for more than 50% of the total export income.It mainly raises camels, cattle, sheep, etc. It is the country that raises the most camels in the world.
It has the longest coastline on the African continent and rich fishery resources.According to the estimation of the World Food and Agriculture Organization, the annual catch can reach 180000 tons, but the actual catch is very small due to backward fishing methods, small market sales and other factors.[1]
Industry
Mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, the main sectors include textile, leather, sugar, pharmaceutical, tobacco, food processing, oil refining, power and building materials industries.After the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, industrial production basically stopped.[1]
Finance
In 2015, the total external debt of Somalia was about US $2.9 billion.In recent years, banks closed due to war began to recover.At present, the larger banks in Somalia include the Central Bank of Somaliland, the Central Bank of Puntland (established in August 1999), the Somaliland Barakat Bank (located in Mogadishu, opened in 1996; its branches in the United States and Europe were closed after the September 11 incident in 2001) and the Somaliland Malaysia Commercial Bank (located in Mogadishu, opened in April 1997).In March 2020, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank announced that Somalia has reached the decision point of the HIPC Plan.[1]
foreign trade
Foreign trade occupies an important position in the economy, but it has a deficit for consecutive years.Traditional export commodities are live animals, bananas, charcoal and fish.The main imported materials are food, fuel and building materials.The main export destinations are the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia and other Middle East countries, and the main import source countries are India, China, Oman, Kenya, etc.[1]
Foreign aid
Foreign aid mainly comes from western countries, international financial organizations and Turkey, and about 150 institutions provide humanitarian aid to Somalia.After the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia in 2005, it received assistance from some countries, including China.In 2012, with the establishment of a formal government and the end of the political transition period, the international community has increased its attention and investment in Somalia.International assistance includes humanitarian, livelihood and development fields.[1]
Culture
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language
The official languages are Somali and Arabic, and English and Italian are widely used.[1]
Religion
The state religion of Somalia isIslamism，MuslimIt accounts for 99% of the total population.[1]
custom
Social customs
Somali women
Somalis are courteous, polite in their speech and behavior, and pay attention to etiquette in social exchanges. They are full of strong national feelings.When communicating with foreign guests, Somalis always take the initiative to greet them, shake hands warmly and greet them. When greeting, they ask questions, which is kind and friendly.When meeting friends who are familiar with each other, most of them should embrace each other and greet each other with a wide range of contents, such as "I'm glad to see you", "How are you recently?" "Are you enjoying your life?" "Are family members harmonious?" "There must be achievements in your career.".The words of greeting are said in a string of words. In addition, sometimes we have to greet camels. It seems endless and often lasts for a long time.When meeting distinguished guests of high status, local people always kneel on their right legs.When men and women meet, they usually greet each other with a smile. They don't talk much to each other, and it is rare for men and women to shake hands with each other.In many rural areas, when meeting foreign guests, men, women and children always take the initiative to greet them and sing and dance around the guests to express their happy feelings of warm welcome.
In places of social interaction, Somalis attach great importance to their own clothes and pay great attention to whether their clothes are appropriate.Whether attendingFormal occasionsOr go out to visit friends, or receive guests at home. The vast majority of those with status, status, and higher education are dressed in suits, ties, and polished leather shoes.Many Somalis also like to wear all overNational costumeMen always wear wide cotton gowns, while women wear colorful dresses and a colorful headband.Due to the hot climate, dry and little rain, the high-ranking Somalis like to wear leather sandals with the heel exposed at the back. Those ordinary people like to wear plastic foam slippers, which are the slippers that walk with the upper between two toes that have long been out of date in China.It is precisely because the local fashion of paying attention to clothes is the embodiment of civilization and politeness and respect for others, therefore, foreign guests should pay attention to dignified, clean and decent clothes.Clothing contains rich cultural connotations, which can reflect a nation's cultural quality, spiritual outlook, material civilization development, and a person's social statusCultural accomplishmentAesthetic awareness and attitude towards oneself, others and life.China is known as the "land of ceremonies" in the world. Chinese people should pay more attention to their own dress in business activities when they go to Somalia to open up markets and develop their careers. Proper dress reflects the spirit of the Chinese nation and builds a good image of the Chinese people.When conducting business exchanges with Somalis, first of all, we need to consider the needs of the venue and content of the event. We should choose clothes according to our own figure, temperament, age, identity, etc., and pay attention to the hairstyle, makeup and accessories that match the clothes.In a word, the clothes you wear can show harmonious beauty when you participate in etiquette activities.
When invited to a friend's home in Somalia, you should arrive on time according to the time agreed in advance, and the host will greet you warmly outside the courtyard.When guests come in, they always bring joy and festivity to the host's home.The hostess will lead all the children to salute and welcome the guests one by one, and then exit the living room one by one.The host began a warm and friendly conversation with the guests.Somalis are very particular about the drinks used to entertain guests. Although different regions and ethnic groups may differ, Somalis who mainly rely on beef, mutton and dairy products in their daily lifeCamel milkIt has become a regular drink that Somalis cannot leave for a moment, so camel milk has become a traditional hospitality drink for Somalis.In the northnomadic peopleIn the middle, tea is an indispensable drink in people's life, and it is also a widely used entertaining drink in social activities. Among many nomadic people, tea entertainment has almost become a synonym for banquet.Different from the majority of Somalis' habit of drinking tea, Diqir and Lahanwen people have no habit of drinking tea, but they prefer to drink green coffee beans boiled in butter.When guests come to the door, Diqier and Lahanwen people will bring the cooked buttered coffee beans and put them in a wooden plate for each guest to taste.After the guests have eaten the coffee beans, the host will pass the hot soup of the boiled coffee beans to the guests and ask everyone to rub it on their arms and hair. Then the guests will learn from the host and suck the butter into their nostrils, which will immediately produce a special sense of satisfaction and pleasure.
Somalia, rich in frankincense and myrrh, has been a famous "spice country" since ancient times.Frankincense is a kind of gel formed from the resin oozing from the stem and bark of frankincense tree. It is mild in nature and bitter in taste. It can be used as a medicine for activating blood flow, promoting qi flow, and relieving pain. It has significant curative effects on chest and abdomen pain, bruises, carbuncle and swelling, and has very high economic value.Myrrh is also a jelly made from the fat exuded from the bark of the tree, which can be made into anti-inflammatory, analgesic, blood activating and pulse activating drugs.Frankincense and myrrh have long been famous as spices.Since ancient times, people have the habit of burning spices in mosques, wedding ceremonies or reception rooms.Because of the hot weather, people gather together, and the smell secreted by their armpits fills the halls and rooms, which is sometimes unbearable. Therefore, in Somali families, they often burn a little frankincense, and smell all over the room for a long time.Every time a guest comes to the door, after the host treats the guest to drink, he takes out a refined, small and exquisite copper stove, puts in the burning charcoal, and removes a few spices. The indoor fragrance immediately overflows, refreshing, and the guest and host have a warm and friendly conversation in such a fragrant atmosphere.
Dietetic customs
Somalis entertain guests with unique cooking, special flavor, rich and delicious food.The main food for guests includes rice, corn cake, coconut cake, dairy cake, etc., and non-staple food includes beef, mutton, chicken, eggs, seafood, vegetables, etc.Bananas are the main agricultural products in Somalia. They are large, thin skinned, thick fleshed, and sweet. They have always been popular in the international market and enjoy the title of "the world's sweetest banana"Laudatory name。When Somalis entertain guests, there are bananas on the table. There are bananas for eating raw and bananas for eatingBanana riceBanana cake, banana wine, etc.In business activities, Somalis like to invite guests to restaurants and guesthouses for dinner and entertain them with western food. Many Somalis also invite guests to their homes for traditional meals after they are close to their customers.
Love Camels
Camels can provide Somali nomads with the things they need: cheese made from camel milk is the main food in the region; boots made from camel skin can prevent herdsmen's feet from being scalded in the scorching desert; camel hair can be exchanged for the daily necessities they need; in famine years, they can rely on camel meat, camel milk, camel blood, etc.In Somalia, a popular saying goes, "If you raise a few camels at home, you can have enough to eat and wear." Up to today, camels are still popular in many parts of Somalia as a symbol of wealth and a means of payment. For example, camels are used for pension or compensation for homicide cases caused by civil disputes;When men and women prepare for marriage, the man's family first sends several camels to the woman's family as betrothal gifts. A family holds a marriage ceremony, and people gather from all directions to celebrate with camels.At sunset, the herdsmen ended their day of grazing, drove their camels back to the camp, played happy drums, danced beautifully, eliminated the fatigue of running in the daytime, and welcomed the new day with ease.
taboo
Somalia is also a country with many taboos. Foreign guests need to be familiar, understand and respect.In the local area, people are not allowed to enter the mosque without permission. Men are not allowed to reach out to shake hands with women, ask women's age in person, inquire about others' wages, ask others curiously whether they have lovers, or say anything harmful to the Somali country or nation.
stayMuslimThe region shall not eat pork, horse meat, donkey meat, mule meat, etc., and shall not drink alcohol.
Camels play an important role in the lives or minds of Somalis. For a long time, people have been accustomed to taking the number of camels as the standard to measure wealth. People love camels and cherish camels. When they meet with each other, they greet camels in addition to greeting people. They are not allowed to speak blasphemous words about camels. They are not allowed to take pictures of camels without permission.Somalis have a history of respecting camels.
festival
Independence Day: June 26 (independence of northern Somalia);National Day: July 1 (the southern part of Somalia became independent, and the southern and northern parts of Somalia merged to form the Republic of Somalia on the same day).[1]
military
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In 1990, the total force of Somalia was about 64500.After the overthrow of the Siad regime in 1991, there was no unified national army for a long time, and various factions and tribes were armed.In 2005, after the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, it began to establish a national security force.After the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in 2012, the security forces, police and intelligence agencies were reorganized and pro government forces were incorporated.At present, the national security force of Somalia is composed of the national army (army), navy, air force and police force.The army is set to have more than 18000 people, the special forces "lightning commandos" are set to have 4000 people, and the police force (including the coast guard) is set to have 32000 people.In addition, Somaliland and Puntland have their own armed forces, police and other security forces.[1]
traffic
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The traffic is mainly highway, without railway.
Somali Airlines aircraft
Sea transportation: The main ports are Mogadishu Port, Kismayo Port, Berbera Port and Bossaso Port.Mogadishu Port is operated by a Turkish company. In 2016, the bulk cargo throughput was nearly 720000 tons, and 128 container ships arrived at the port, handling 94400 TEUs.In 1997 and 1999, the European Union invested twice in upgrading the ports of Berbera and Bossaso.In 2016, the United Arab Emirates began to expand Berbera Port.
Air transportation: There are 62 airports, large and small, most of which are in poor conditions. Only 7 airports have paved runways.Mogadishu Airport is operated by a Turkish company, and international flights can directly reach Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Djibouti, Istanbul, Doha, Kampala and Dubai.There are direct international flights to Addis Ababa, Djibouti and Dubai in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland.[1]
Sociology
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education
Education is backward.In the early 1970s, the Siad government attached importance to the development of education and launched a literacy campaign, which raised the literacy rate from 2% before independence to 60%.After the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the national public education system collapsed, and the illiteracy rate soared to 76%.In recent years, with the help of UNESCO and other non-governmental organizations, schools have been rebuilt in many areas.In September 1998, Amaud University in Awado was completed, becoming the first university in Somalia since 1991.There are Somali National University and Mogadishu University in the capital Mogadishu.There is also a university in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland.In 2007, the national literacy rate was 28 per cent.[1]
media
The national official news agency is the Somali National News Agency.The official television station is Somalia National Television, which was re established on April 4, 2011.The official radio station is Mogadishu Radio.The main news websites include the Somali National News Agency website, Hilan Online, Garowe Online, etc.[2]
Somalia has been plagued by long-term war, unstable public security, backward economy and shortage of daily necessities. It is one of the countries with the lowest medical standards in Africa.The average life expectancy in 2015 was 55.4 years.The maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate rank the third in the world.Dysentery, cholera, typhoid and other food and water borne diseases are common.The population using electricity only accounts for about 15% of the national population.Affected by climate change and backward domestic infrastructure, drought and flood disasters frequently occur in Somalia.The drought in Somalia in 2019 will be severe. At present, more than 4.2 million people need emergency humanitarian assistance, and more than 900000 children are seriously malnourished.[1]
communication
After Somalia fell into civil war in 1991, the communication industry was completely paralyzed.In recent years, some private companies have entered the industry.Fixed line telephones are underdeveloped, with only about 51000 users in 2015.Mobile communication is relatively developed, with 5.836 million users in 2015, and mobile payment is relatively common.[1]
International Relations
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external relations
It pursues a foreign policy of equality among countries, respect for their sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-interference in each other's internal affairs and strengthening good neighborliness and friendship.[1]
East African Community
On November 24, 2023 local time, the 23rd East African Community Member States Summit announced that Somalia officially became the eighth member of the East African Community.
On February 10, 2024 local time, the Somali Parliament voted to approve the treaty of the country's accession to the East African Community (EAC).[9]
On March 4, 2024 local time, Somalia officially became the eighth member of the East African Community.[10]
Relations with China
Somalia China relations
China and Somalia established diplomatic relations on December 14, 1960.At the end of 1990, the civil war broke out in Somalia, and the Chinese embassy, medical team and engineering and technical personnel in Somalia were forced to leave in January 1991.Resubmitted on October 12, 2014.
China has always supported and actively promoted the peace process in Somalia, and served as the coordinator of the United Nations Security Council on Somalia from 2003 to 2007.After the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, the Chinese government recognized it and accepted the ambassador to China appointed by the Transitional Federal Government on December 28, 2005.Since 1992, the Chinese government and the Red Cross Society have donated a certain amount of medicines and general materials to Somali victims every year.In August 2011, in order to help Somalia cope with the drought, the Chinese government provided 16 million dollars in cash for food aid to Somalia.
Both the two transitional governments and the newly established formal government of Somalia attach great importance to relations with China, reiterate the one China position many times, and are willing to further strengthen ties with the Chinese government and develop cooperation with China.
On June 30, 2014, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei announced that, in order to further promote the development of friendly and cooperative relations between China and Somalia, the Chinese government decided to resume its embassy in Somalia and sent a restoration team to Somalia on July 1.
On October 12, 2014, the Chinese Embassy in Somalia officially reopened 23 years later.
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, China Somalia economic and trade relations and economic and technological cooperation have progressed smoothly.Since 1963, China has provided assistance to Somalia, helping to build projects such as the National Theater, Hargeisa Water Supply Project, Cigarette Factory, Match Factory, Benadier Maternity and Children's Hospital, Somalia Stadium, Belaitween Blau Highway, Balowen Farm, etc.In August 2011, in order to help Somalia cope with the drought, the Chinese government provided $16 million in cash for food aid to Somalia.In August 2017, the Chinese government, through the United Nations World Food Programme, provided more than 2800 tons of emergency food aid to the Somali government to support drought relief.In 2018, the Chinese government provided 39 million yuan of materials and 1.5 million dollars in cash for flood aid to Somalia.In 2019, the Chinese government provided food aid worth US $10 million to Somalia.In 2022, the Chinese government will provide a batch of emergency food aid to Somalia.
Since 1982, China has carried out labor cooperation in Somalia.In 2022 and 2023, the bilateral goods import and export volume will be US $1019 million, including US $1013 million of China's exports and US $67 million of imports.China mainly exports agricultural products, electromechanical products, textile products, etc., and mainly imports frozen fish, sesame, etc.After the outbreak of COVID-19, the two sides actively carried out anti epidemic cooperation, and China provided anti epidemic materials to Somalia.[12]
In 1963, the two countries signed an agreement on cultural cooperation.In 1978, China and Somalia signed an agreement on cultural and educational cooperation, and China began to provide scholarships to Somalia.From 1965 to 1991, China sent 13 batches of 400 medical teams to Somalia.
With the United States
In 1954, the United States opened an office of the International Development Agency in Mogadishu.Since 1962, the United States has sent a peace corps to Somalia and set up an information center.In 1964, Somalia was dissatisfied with the military assistance provided by the United States to Ethiopia. After the Siad regime came to power in 1969, it adopted a pro Soviet policy and expelled the US Peace Corps. The relationship between Somalia and the United States was once tense.After the outbreak of the Ogaden War in 1977, due to the Soviet Union's support for Ethiopia, the relations between Somalia and the Soviet Union deteriorated in an all-round way, and the United States took the opportunity to repair its relations with Somalia.In 1982, Siad visited the United States.After the end of the Cold War, Somalia's position in the US diplomatic strategy declined.In 1990, the situation in Somalia worsened, and the United States stopped providing assistance to Somalia.In 1991, US diplomats in Somalia withdrew from Mogadishu.In 1993, 19 US soldiers were killed in Mogadishu when a US helicopter gunship was shot down. After that, US military personnel withdrew from Somalia.After the September 11 incident in 2001, the United States began to actively support the international community to mediate the internal conflict in Somalia, support the efforts of the United Nations and IGAD to mediate the peace process in Somalia, provide financial assistance for the Somali National Reconciliation Conference held in Kenya, and support the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia to combat the "Union of Islamic Courts" armed forces with the support of Ethiopian troops and provide substantial assistance,In 2009, it provided US $10 million of weapons and ammunition to the new transitional government of Somalia.In September 2009, US commandos killed Nabhan, an important leader of Al Qaida in East Africa, in southern Somalia.Since 2010, while continuing to provide support to the Somali Transitional Government, the United States has strengthened its relations with Somaliland, Puntland and other local governments.After the formal establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in September 2012, the United States sent high-level delegations to visit Somalia for many times and officially recognized it in January 2013.In January 2013, President Mahmoud of Somalia visited the United States and met with the President of the United StatesObamaAnd Secretary Clinton.In October 2013, the US African Command deployed a military team in Mogadishu.In August 2014, President Mahmoud went to the United States to attend the first US Africa Summit.In September 2014, the US special forces dispatched warplanes and unmanned aerial vehicles to behead and blow up "Shabab" leader Godani.In May 2015, US Secretary of State John Kerry visited the country.In 2016, the United States appointed a full-time ambassador to Somalia for the first time since 1991, and was resident in Nairobi.In May 2017, U.S. President Trump met with President Mohamed of Somalia during the Islamic Summit of the United States in Saudi Arabia.In December 2018, the United States reopened its embassy in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia.In April 2019, during his visit to the spring meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, Prime Minister Haile of Somalia met with US national security adviser Bolton and Deputy Minister of Defense Norquist.At present, the United States is the largest donor to Somalia, and its assistance to Somalia is mainly used to provide logistics support and training for AMISOM and the Somali security forces, government capacity-building, health care, food safety and other fields.In recent years, the United States has implemented a "degradation" strategy against "Shabab", frequently carrying out drone strikes against its senior figures, so as to disintegrate this force.In October 2019, the United States announced that it would provide a new round of humanitarian assistance of $257 million to Somalia, and said that it had provided $498 million in assistance to Somalia in fiscal year 2019.In September 2020, the United States announced that it would cancel more than US $1 billion of debt in three years.In May 2022,MahmoudThe President spoke on the phone with Secretary of State Brynken of the United States.In June, President Mahmoud will meet with visiting US Deputy Secretary of State Newland.In September, Mahmoud visited the United StatesWashingtonmeetingInternational Monetary FundPresident Georgieva, US Secretary of State Blinken, US National Security Advisor Sullivan, US Homeland Security Advisor Randall.[1]
Same as Britain
Britain was the suzerain of northern Somalia.In the 1980s, some Somali opposition groups formed anti government organizations in London, and the relations between Somalia and Britain were tense.After the overthrow of the Siad regime, Britain supported the UN to send peacekeeping troops to Somalia.After the failure of the peacekeeping operation, the UK supported the international community to mediate the contradictions among the factions in Somalia and supported the peace process in Somalia. It is an important donor country to Somalia.In February 2012, British Foreign Secretary Haig visited Somalia. In the same month, the first London International Conference on Somalia was held.In May of the same year, President Ahmed of Somalia visited Britain.In April 2013, British Foreign Secretary Haig visited Somalia and co chaired the ceremony of the British Embassy in Somalia with President Mahmoud of Somalia. The UK became the first European country to resume its embassy in Somalia since the civil strife in 1991.In May 2013, the second London International Conference on Somalia was held.In 2016, British Foreign Secretary Hammond visited Somalia.In May 2017, the third London International Conference on Somalia was held.In August 2018, British Defense Secretary Williamson visited Mogadishu.In September 2022, President Mahmoud joined the UKQueen Elizabethfuneral.[1]
Same as EU
european unionIt is one of the largest donors to Somalia. Assistance to Somalia focuses on security, humanitarian and development fields, and it is the only contributor to AMISOM's military pay.In July 2018, the European Union, Somalia and Sweden jointly held the second Somali Partners Forum in Brussels. A total of 58 countries and 6 international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, attended the forum and issued a communiqu é.President Mohamed of Somalia delivered a speech at the ministerial meeting.The European Union's High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy Morguelini said that the EU would provide 200 million euros to Somalia to support its national and security forces.In May 2019, Morguelini visited Somalia for the first time to advance the peace and reconstruction process of Somalia.In September 2022, Mahmoud will meet with visiting EU Vice President Borrell in charge of political and security affairs.[1]
Same as Italy
Italy was originally the suzerain of southern Somalia, and the two countries had close traditional relations.After the independence of Somalia in 1960, Italy maintained an important influence on the political economy of Somalia by signing various agreements with Somalia.In 2004, Italy actively supported the IGAD led peace process in Somalia, funded the new round of national reconciliation conference in Somalia, and provided substantial assistance to the two Transitional Federal Governments of Somalia.In 2012, after the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia, unexpected long Terz visited Somalia.In February 2017, after President Mohamed of Somalia took office, Italy increased its assistance to Somalia and sent military trainers to help Somalia train the national army.In October 2018, President Mohammed visited Italy and held talks with Prime Minister Koonte.Since October 2016, when the World Bank established the "Multi partner Infrastructure Fund for Somalia", Italy has donated a total of 3.5 million euros.In April 2019, Italian Defense Minister Trenta visited Mogadishu.[1]
Same as Turkey
The historical origins of the two countries can be traced back to the Ottoman Empire in Turkey.Since 2010, Turkmenistan has increased investment in cable.Turkey hosted the Istanbul International Conference on Somalia in May 2010 and May 2012 respectively.In August 2011, Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan visited Somalia. After his visit, Turkey launched a nationwide donation campaign to Somalia and raised 300 million dollars.In March 2012, Turkish Airlines opened the route from Istanbul to Mogadishu.In February 2015, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan visited Somalia.In June 2016, Turkish President Erdogan visited Somalia and attended the opening ceremony of the Turkish Embassy in Somalia.In 2017, the military training base built by Turkey Weisuo was completed, which is used to train the troops of Turkey and other African countries.In April 2017, August 2018 and October 2018, President Mohamed of Somalia visited Turkey three times successively.In July 2022, President Mahmoud visited Turkey. Turkish Minister of Education greeted him at the airport. Turkish President Erdogan held a grand welcome ceremony for Mahmoud at the presidential palace.Ma delivered a speech at the Turkish Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research.In August, Mahmoud had a telephone conversation with Turkish President Erdogan.At present, Turkey is the country with the largest number of economic and trade cooperation projects and the widest influence in Somalia. Nearly 1000 people, including the Turkish International Cooperation Agency, companies, non-governmental organizations, volunteers and others, are implementing various projects in Somalia, covering roads, airports, ports, water supply, aviation, medical care, security, humanitarian aid and other fields.The airport and port of Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, are operated by Turkmenistan.The Turkish government provides a large number of places for international students to Somalia every year, and trains government officials, military police and medical personnel for Somalia.[1]
With Arab countries
As an Islamic country, Somalia joined the League of Arab States in 1974 and has long religious, cultural and trade relations with Arab countries.Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries are important aid countries and trade partners of Somalia.After the overthrow of the Siad regime in 1991, Arab countries such as Egypt, Yemen and the League of Arab States actively promoted reconciliation among Somali factions.The League of Arab States opposes Ethiopia and other foreign forces' interference in Somalia's internal affairs. It once hoped that the international community would treat the opposition "Union of Islamic Courts" objectively and mediate the two rounds of peace talks between the Transitional Government of Somalia and the "Union of Islamic Courts" in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, in 2006.In 2016, the relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran deteriorated. Somalia supported Saudi Arabia and announced the expulsion of Iran's ambassador to Somalia, and the two countries broke off diplomatic relations.In June 2017, during the Gulf diplomatic crisis, Somalia announced to maintain a neutral attitude.In April 2018, President Mohammed attended the 29th Summit of the League of Arab States in Saudi Arabia.In February 2019, President Mohammed went to Egypt to attend the first EU Arab League Summit.In June 2022, President Mahmoud will visit the United Arab Emirates, which will be the first time for Malaysia to visit and meet with the President of the United Arab Emirates.[1]
Same as Ethiopia
Ethiopia is the largest neighboring country of Ethiopia, and has historical grievances and territorial disputes with Somalia.In 1977, the Ogaden War broke out between Somalia and Ethiopia, and the two countries broke off diplomatic relations in September of the same year.With the support of the Soviet Union, the Ethiopian army defeated the Somali army, which withdrew from Ogaden in 1978.In 1988, the two countries signed an agreement on normalization of relations and resumed the exchange of ambassadors.After the outbreak of civil war in Somalia in 1991, Ethiopia actively participated in the peace process in Somalia and promoted the convening of national reconciliation conferences in Somalia for many times.In December 2006, Ethiopia sent troops to help the transitional government of Somalia defeat the "Union of Islamic Courts" and control the capital Mogadishu and most of Somalia.In January 2009, Ethiopian troops withdrew from Somalia.In 2010, Ethiopia facilitated an agreement between the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia and the Sunni Alliance, the armed faction of Somalia.In December 2011, Ethiopia once again sent troops to assist the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia in eliminating Shabab.In 2014, the Ethiopian troops into Somalia joined the African Union Mission in Somalia.In February 2017, Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam went to Somalia to attend the inauguration ceremony of President Mohamed of Somalia.In October 2017, President Mohamed of Somalia visited Ethiopia.In May 2018, Prime Minister Haile of Somalia visited Ethiopia.In June 2018, Ethiopia's new Prime Minister Abi visited Mogadishu and met with President Mohammed.In November 2018, President Mohammed visited Ethiopia, held trilateral talks with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi and Eritrean President Isaias and issued a joint communiqu é.In January 2020, President Mohamed of Somalia visited Eritrea and held trilateral talks with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi and Eritrean President Isaias.In September 2022, Mahmoud visited Ethiopia and met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi.[1]
Same as Djibouti
Djibouti, formerly a French colony, was known as "French Somalia" before independence.Djibouti and Somalis are of the same origin.After Djibouti's independence in 1977, it was very concerned about the situation in Somalia and hoped that the political situation in Somalia would be restored to stability as soon as possible and that Djibouti would actively participate in mediating the issue of Somalia.In November 2004, President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed of Somalia visited Kyrgyzstan.In 2008, Kyrgyzstan facilitated the peace talks between the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia and the Somali rebel "Alliance for the Re liberation of Somalia" in Djibouti.In 2009, the new Transitional Federal Government of Somalia was established in Kyrgyzstan.In December 2010, the Kyrgyz Embassy in Somalia was restored.In November 2011, Kyrgyzstan sent 200 peacekeeping soldiers to Somalia to join the African Union Mission in Somalia.In February 2017, President Guelleh of Kyrgyzstan attended the inauguration ceremony of President Mohamed of Somalia.President Mohammed visited Kyrgyzstan twice in October 2017 and August 2018.In June 2018, Prime Minister Haile of Somalia visited Kyrgyzstan.In July 2018, President Mohammed went to Kyrgyzstan to attend the founding ceremony of the Kyrgyzstan International Free Trade Zone and the first China Africa Economic Forum.In February 2019, President Mohammed visited Kyrgyzstan.In March 2019, President Guelleh visited Somalia.In July 2022, President Mahmoud will visit Djibouti and meet with President Guelleh of Djibouti.[1]
Same as Kenya
Kenya tethered its neighbors, and the two sides had territorial disputes. In 1984, the two countries signed an agreement, and Kenya announced that it would permanently abandon its territorial claims to Somali populated areas in Kenya.After the overthrow of the Siad regime in 1991, the situation in Somalia was turbulent, and a large number of refugees poured into Kenya.Kenya actively promotes the peace process in Somalia and has provided substantial financial support to the National Reconciliation Conference in Somalia over the years.In October 2002, Kenya, as the chair of IGAD authorized joint mediation on the Somali issue, facilitated the convening of a new round of national reconciliation conference in Kenya.Kenya actively calls for sending peacekeeping forces to Somalia and training security forces for Somalia.In October 2011, Kenya sent troops to Somalia to assist the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia in eliminating Shabab.In December of the same year, Kenyan troops joined the African Union Mission in Somalia.In September 2013, Shabab made a terrorist attack on the Ximen Shopping Center in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, resulting in 67 deaths and more than 240 injuries.In April 2015, Shabab launched a terrorist attack on the University of Kengalisa, resulting in 148 deaths and more than 100 injuries.In February 2017, Kenyatta, President of Kenya, went to Somalia to attend the inauguration ceremony of Mohamed, President of Somalia.In March of the same year, President Kenyatta of Kenya visited Somalia, and then President Mohammed visited Kenya and attended the Somali Refugee Summit held in Nairobi. Both sides reached a consensus on opening border ports and opening direct flights from Nairobi to Mogadishu.In May 2018, President Mohammed visited Kenya.In February 2019, Prime Minister Haile of Somalia visited Kenya.In March 2019, President Mohammed and Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi went to Kenya to meet with President Kenyatta to seek a solution to the maritime delimitation dispute in Soken.In August 2014, Sukkonen filed a lawsuit with the International Court of Justice, requesting the court to delimit the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the two countries. In 2016, Sukkonen will sue the Shanghai Ya International Court of Justice. At present, Sukkonen's dispute over maritime delimitation is on the rise.In December 2020, Suo ShouKenyaIt infringed on its sovereignty and territorial integrity, interfered in Somalia's internal affairs, and announced to sever diplomatic relations with Kenya.In May 2021, Somalia and Kenya successively issued statements announcing the resumption of diplomatic relations.In July 2022, President Mahmoud will visit Kenya and meet with Kenyan President Kenyatta.In September, President Mahmoud attended the inauguration ceremony of Kenya's new President Ruto.[1][6]
With Eritrea
In July 2018, President Mohammed visitedEritreaThis is the first time that President Somalia has visited Eritrea since its founding in 1993. The two heads of state announced that the two countries will establish diplomatic relations and send ambassadors to each other.In August of the same year, Foreign Minister Urte visited Somalia.In April 2019, President Mohammed visited Eritrea again to meet with President Isaias.In the same month, Foreign Minister Urt visited Somalia.In January 2020, President Mohammed visited Eritrea.In October 2020, President Mohammed visited Eritrea again and met with President Isayas. The two sides announced that they would enhance the cooperation between the two countries and promote the implementation of the tripartite agreement signed by Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia in 2018.In July 2022, Mahmoud visited Eritrea and met with President Urte.[1]
With Guinea
On July 4, 2019, Somali Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister Awad announced in Mogadishu that Somalia andGuineaBreak off diplomatic relations.[3]
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BerberaThe first translation of "Berbera", a natural deep-water port in the northern port city of Somalia, bordering the Gulf of Aden and strangling the southern mouth of the Red Sea, plays an important role.With a population of 65000 (1984), it is the commercial center of the vast pastoral area in the north. Every year in the cool season, a large number of herdsmen drive their livestock here and trade is flourishing.Most of the country's exported live animals also export leather and gum arabic.Fishing ports.There are cement plants and other enterprises.Roads lead to Hargeisa and other inland cities.There is an international airport.In 1985, the port expansion project was completed, and 330 meters of wharf was newly built.[4]
In May 1991, tribes belonging to the Dir nationality in northern Somalia declared independence and established the Republic of Somaliland, occupying five of Somalia's 18 provinces.The country is roughly located between Ethiopia, Djibouti and the Gulf of Aden, with an area of 137600 square kilometers and the capital Hargeisa.
Somaliland has the cave murals of Laas Gaal, which is considered to be the most attractive scenic spot in the Horn of Africa.It is believed that a small number of tourists visit the country to see this scenic spot.This scenic spot is located near Hargeisa and was discovered by a French archaeological team in 2002.The local government restricts the number of tourists in and out to protect the site.Other attractions worth visiting include the Freedom Arch in Hargeisa and the War Memorial in the city center.The natural landscape of the country can be seen everywhere. The twin mountain Naasa Hablood, located on the outskirts of Hargeisa, is considered by Somaliland as its great natural landmark.[5]
Somaliland
celebrity
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Iman Bowie(Iman Abdul Majid), known as the "black pearl", is the first supermodel of colored people. In 1991, he played the princess of the pharaoh in Michael Jackson's MV Remember The Time, and kissed Michael Jackson in the MV.
Iman Bowie
Waris Dirie , Somali supermodel.Selected as one of Forbes' 30 global female models.
Waris Dirie
Mohammed Farah, the men's 5000m champion and the men's 10000m champion of the London 2012 Olympic Games (becoming the sixth player in history to win both the 5000m and 10000m Olympic champion)
