Sun like star

Those stars that are particularly similar to the sun

Sun like star, similar names include sun like star, sun type star A solar analogue, twin sun, etc , are those stars that are particularly similar to the sun, and the twin sun is more like the sun than the sun analog, while the sun type stars are less similar to the sun than the sun analog. Observing these stars can learn more about our sun, especially about the Habitability , is quite important.

Chinese name: Sun like star
Foreign name: Sun-like Star

Alias: Sun like stars, sun type stars 、 Solar analog^[5]
Classification: fixed star

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These three types of definitions reflect the evolution of astronomy in observation technology. At first, the definition of solar stars was only the stars closest to and similar to the sun. Then, more accurate and improved observation technology takes into account several key details, such as temperature, which makes the sun Similitude It is a star more similar to the sun. After that, continuous improvement accuracy With technical improvements, the twin sun is almost the same star as the sun.

Considering the detection similar to the sun Export quantity - Like temperature, it is caused by Color index In contrast, only the sun is the star whose temperature can be measured correctly. For stars different from the sun, there will be no cross comparison.^[1]

Solar type star

These stars are associated with sunlight The similar range of B-V color index Between 0.48 and 0.80 Main sequence star The B-V color index of the sun is 0.65.

Another way is to define it according to the definition of spectrum type, such as F8 V to K2V, corresponding to the B-V color index between 0.50 and 1.00.

About 10% of stars are suitable for this definition, so the list of solar stars is very wide.

Solar stars show that their rotation rate and Chromospheric activity (such as H and K line And Coronal activity (e.g X-ray radiation ）With height between relevance 。 When the rotation rate of solar type stars decreases due to the magnetic braking of the main sequence star during its life cycle, these also have a rough correlation with age. Mamajek and Hillenbrand (2008) once based on their chromospheric activity (by measuring the H and K of calcium Emission line ）Estimated distance is 16 Second gap 108 solar cells inside (F8V-K2V) Main sequence star Age of.^[2]

List of solar stars
name	Right ascension（ J2000.0 )	Declination（ J2000.0 )	Distance (light year)	Stellar spectrum	Surface temperature（ K )	Metal abundance (dex)
Tianyuan IV	03 h thirty-two m fifty-five point eight s	−09° 27′ 29.7″	ten point five	K2V	5,153	−0.11
Tiancang Five	01 h forty-four m four point one s	−15° 56′ 15″	eleven point nine	G8V	5,344	–0.52
40 Eridani A	04 h fifteen m sixteen point three s	−07° 39′ 10″	sixteen point five	K1V	5,126	–0.31
Eridana 82 G.	03 h nineteen m fifty-five point seven s	−43° 04′ 11.2″	nineteen point eight	G8V	5,338	–0.54
Peacock Six	twenty h 08 m forty-three point six s	−66° 10′ 55″	nineteen point nine	G8IV	5,604	+0.33
HR 7722	twenty h fifteen m seventeen point four s	−27° 01′ 59″	twenty-eight point eight	K2V	5,166	−0.04
Gliese 86A	02 h ten m twenty-five point nine s	−50° 49′ 25″	thirty-five point two	G9V	5,163	−0.24
Kui Su Enhances Three	00 h thirty-nine m twenty-one point eight s	+21° 15′ 02″	thirty-six point one	K0V	5,129	+0.19
Auriga V538	05 h forty-one m twenty point three s	+53° 28′ 51.8″	thirty-nine point nine	K1V	3,500–5,000	−0.20
HD 14412	02 h eighteen m fifty-eight point five s	−25° 56′ 45″	forty-one point three	G5V	5,432	−0.46
HR 4587	twelve h 00 m forty-four point three s	−10° 26′ 45.7″	forty-two point one	G8IV	5,538	zero point one eight
HD 172051	eighteen h thirty-eight m fifty-three point four s	−21° 03′ 07″	forty-two point seven	G5V	5,610	−0.32
Tianji increases by 13	seventeen h twenty m thirty-nine point six s	+32° 28′ 04″	forty-six point nine	G0V	5,662	−0.37
HD 196761	twenty h forty m eleven point eight s	−23° 46′ 26″	forty-six point nine	G8V	5,415	−0.31
Jackal ν two	fifteen h twenty-one m forty-eight point one s	−48° 19′ 03″	forty-seven point five	G4V	5,664	−0.34

reference material:^[5]

Solar analogue

These stars are Photometer It is similar to the sun in measurement and has the following properties:

The temperature difference with the sun is within 500 K (about 5200 to 6300 K)
Amount of metal 50-200% Solar of the sun means Protoplanetary disk There is a similar amount of dust to the sun, which can allow the formation of planets.
No close companion (The orbital period is ten days or less), because such a companion star will intensify the activity of the star.

List of sun analogs
name	Right ascension（ J2000.0 )	Declination（ J2000.0 )	Distance (light year)	Stellar spectrum	Surface temperature（ K )	Metal abundance (dex)
Alpha A	fourteen h thirty-nine m thirty-six point five s	−60° 50′ 02″	four point three seven	G2V	5,847	+0.24
Alpha B	fourteen h thirty-nine m thirty-five s	−60° 50′ 14″	four point three seven	K1V	5,316	+0.25
Grandfather IV A	eighteen h 05 m twenty-seven point three s	+02° 30′ 00″	sixteen point six	K0V	5,314	−0.02
Kitchen Two	nineteen h thirty-two m twenty-one point six s	+69° 39′ 40″	eighteen point eight	K0V	5,297	−0.20
Wang Liangsan A	00 h forty-nine m six point three s	+57° 48′ 55″	nineteen point four	G0V	5,941	−0.17
Lou Suzeng III	01 h forty-two m twenty-nine point eight s	+20° 16′ 07″	twenty-four point four	K1V	5,242	−0.04
Always used	twelve h thirty-three m forty-four point five s	+41° 21′ 27″	twenty-seven point four	G0V	5,930	−0.30
Virgo 61	thirteen h eighteen m twenty-four point three s	−18° 18′ 40″	twenty-seven point eight	G5V	5,558	−0.02
Bird beak six	00 h twenty m four point three s	–64° 52′ 29″	twenty-eight	F9.5V	5,956	−0.14
Si Guai IV A	05 h fifty-four m twenty-three s	+20° 16′ 34″	twenty-eight point three	G0V	5,902	−0.16
Zhou Dingyi	thirteen h eleven m fifty-two point four s	+27° 52′ 41″	twenty-nine point eight	G0V	5,970	−0.06
HR 4523 A	eleven h forty-six m thirty-one point one s	–40° 30′ 01″	thirty point one	G5V	5,629	−0.29
Step down and add one	eleven h forty-one m three s	+34° 12′ 06″	thirty-one point one	G8V	5,483	−0.12
HR 4458 A	eleven h thirty-four m twenty-nine point five s	–32° 49′ 53″	thirty-one point one	K0V	5,629	−0.29
HR 511	01 h forty-seven m forty-four point eight s	+63° 51′ 09″	thirty-two point eight	K0V	5,333	+0.05
Mountain bench α	06 h ten m fourteen point five s	–74° 45′ 11″	thirty-three point one	G5V	5,594	+0.10
Reticulum seat ζ one	03 h seventeen m forty-six point two s	−62° 34′ 31″	thirty-nine point five	G3–5V	5,733	−0.22
Reticulum seat ζ two	03 h eighteen m twelve point eight s	−62° 30′ 23″	thirty-nine point five	G2V	5,843	−0.23
55 Cancri	08 h fifty-two m thirty-five point eight one s	+28° 19′ 51″	forty point three	G8V	5,235	+0.25
HD 69830	08 h eighteen m twenty-three point nine s	−12° 37′ 56″	forty point six	K0V	5,410	−0.03
HD 10307	01 h forty-one m forty-seven point one s	+42° 36′ 48″	forty-one point two	G1.5V	5,848	−0.05
HD 147513	sixteen h twenty-four m one point three s	−39° 11′ 35″	forty-two	G1V	5,858	+0.03
Nine Qi Seven	04 h forty-seven m thirty-six point three s	−16° 56′ 04″	forty-three point three	G3V	5,868	+0.02
General Tian VI A	01 h thirty-six m forty-seven point eight s	+41° 24′ 20″	forty-four	F8V	6,212	+0.13
HD 211415 A	twenty-two h eighteen m fifteen point six s	–53° 37′ 37″	forty-four point four	G1–3V	5,890	−0.17
Prison Three	ten h fifty-nine m twenty-eight s	+40° 25′ 49″	forty-five point nine	G1V	5,954	+0.06
Tian Yuan Zeng San A	03 h twelve m four point three s	−28° 59′ 21″	forty-six	F6V	6,275	−0.19
Bazeng-1A	fifteen h forty-four m one point eight s	+02° 30′ 55″	forty-seven point nine	G5V	5,636	−0.03
HD 84117	09 h forty-two m fourteen point four s	–23° 54′ 56″	forty-eight point five	F8V	6,167	−0.03
HD 4391	00 h forty-five m forty-five point six s	–47° 33′ 07″	forty-eight point six	G3V	5,878	−0.03
Increase nine points in internal level	ten h 01 m zero point seven s	+31° 55′ 25″	forty-nine point one	G3V	5,741	+0.20
Phoenix ν	01 h fifteen m eleven point one s	–45° 31′ 54″	forty-nine point three	F8V	6,140	+0.18
51 Pegasi	twenty-two h fifty-seven m twenty-eight s	+20° 46′ 08″	fifty point nine	G2.5IVa	5,804	+0.20

reference material:^[5]

Twin sun

These stars are more similar to the sun and have the following properties:

The temperature difference with the sun is within 50K (about 5720 to 5830K).
The amount of metal in the sun is 89-112% (± 0.05 dex ）, which means that the protoplanetary disk is almost the same as the total amount required for planet formation.
There is no stellar companion, because the sun itself is lonely.
The age difference with the sun is less than 1 billion years (about 3.5 billion to 5.6 billion).

Twin Sun List
name	Right ascension（ J2000.0 )	Declination（ J2000.0 )	Distance (light year)	Stellar spectrum	Surface temperature（ K )	Metal abundance (dex)
One penalty	sixteen h fifteen m thirty-seven point three s	–08° 22′ 06″	forty-five point one	G2Va	5,790	−0.03
HD 9986	01 h thirty-seven m forty point nine s	+12° 04′ 42″	eighty-four	G2V	5,785	+0.09
HD 150248	sixteen h forty-one m forty-nine point eight s	–45° 22′ 07″	eighty-eight	G2	5,750	−0.04
HD 164595	eighteen h 00 m thirty-eight point nine s	+29° 34′ 19″	ninety-one	G2	5,810	−0.04
HD 195034	twenty h twenty-eight m eleven point eight s	+22° 07′ 44″	ninety-two	G5	5,760	−0.04
HD 117939	thirteen h thirty-four m thirty-two point six s	–38° 54′ 26″	ninety-eight	G3	5,730	−0.10
HD 138573	fifteen h thirty-two m forty-three point seven s	+10° 58′ 06″	one hundred and one	G5IV-V	5,760	+0.00
HD 71334	08 h twenty-five m forty-nine point five s	−29° 55′ 50″	one hundred and twenty-four	G2	5,770	−0.06
HD 98649	eleven h twenty m fifty-one point seven six nine s	–23° 13′ 02″	one hundred and thirty-seven	G3	5,770	−0.02
HD 134664	fifteen h twelve m ten point four s	–30° 53′ 11″	one hundred and forty	G3	5,810	+0.13
HD 143436	sixteen h 00 m eighteen point eight s	+00° 08′ 13″	one hundred and forty-one	G0	5,768	+0.00
HD 129357	fourteen h forty-one m twenty-two point four s	+29° 03′ 32″	one hundred and fifty-four	G2V	5,749	−0.02
HD 118598	thirteen h thirty-eight m thirteen point seven s	−23° 41′ 20″	one hundred and sixty	G2	5,800	+0.02
HD 133600	fifteen h 05 m thirteen point two s	+06° 17′ 24″	one hundred and seventy-one	G0	5,808	+0.02
HD 115382	thirteen h sixteen m forty-eight point four s	+12° 24′ 56″	one hundred and seventy-six	G1	5,780	−0.08
HIP 11915	02 h thirty-three m forty-nine point zero two s	−19° 36′ 42.5″	one hundred and ninety	G5V	5,760	-0.059
HIP 56948	eleven h forty m twenty-eight point five s	+69° 00′ 31″	two hundred and eight	G5V	5,795	+0.02
BD +15 3364	eighteen h 07 m eighteen point six s	+15° 56′ 46″	two hundred and nine	G2	5,785	zero point zero seven
HD 197027	twenty h forty-one m fifty-four point six s	–27° 12′ 57″	two hundred and fifty	G3V	5,723	−0.013
YBP 1194	08 h fifty-one m zero point eight s	+11° 48′ 53″	two thousand nine hundred and thirty-four	G5V	5,780	+0.023

Some other stars are sometimes called twin sun candidates, especially: Always used (Beta Canis) Gemini 37 and Cygnus sixteen B。 However, the temperature and luminosity of these three stars are too high to be true twin suns. Moreover, the metal content of Chang Chensi and Tianzuzengyi (Gemini 37) is too low compared with that of the twin sun. Finally, Xi Zhongsi B（ 16 Cygni B) It is a distant binary system, and it is too old to be a twin sun (at least 7-8 billion years old). Always used It is more suitable to be classified in the aforementioned solar analogy.^[5]

Livability

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Another way to define a twin sun is "habitable star" - a star considered to be particularly suitable for the existence of planets similar to the Earth, including mass, age Amount of metal , variability and proximity companion 。

This requires that the star stay in the main sequence period for at least 3 billion years, and its mass cannot exceed 1.5 times Solar mass The hottest spectral type is F5V. Such stars, Absolute magnitude It can reach 2.5, or 8.55 times of the sun.

Ideally, not Variability It means that the variability is less than 1%, but it is still acceptable to reach 3% in fact. Sidereal Livable zone Due to the companion and orbital Eccentricity , causing irradiance The variation of is also a problem.

stay Aggregate star In the system terrestrial planet As a system with three or more stars, it is impossible to have a long-term stable orbit. In a conjoined star system, a stable orbit is one of two types: an S-type (satellite or arch star) orbit is to orbit one of the stars; And P-type (planet or conjoined star) orbits, surrounding the entire conjoined star system. Eccentric Jupiter It may also interfere with planetary orbits in habitable zones.

Amount of metal At least 40% of the sun ([Fe/H]=- 0.4) is necessary for the formation of Earth like planets. High metal content and Hot Jupiter The formation of is closely related, but it has no absolute relationship with life. Like some gas Giant planet Eventually, there will be habitable zones surrounding their own orbits, and there may also be satellites similar to the Earth.^[3]

Extinction process

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Life cycle of sun like and massive stars

similar sunlight Such a star, death is beautiful and peaceful. It will produce brilliant Gas nebula 。 When this type of star runs out of hydrogen in its core, it starts hydrogen fusion in the thin shell around the core, and the core is wrapped in the shell like egg yolk. In the shell, the burning hydrogen releases energy, which heats the outer layer of the star, causing it to expand. Then the star becomes a Red Giant The outer layer of the star expands more and more violently, and finally it is completely blown away, leaving a hot, dying core. This core is called White dwarf 。 It lights up the surrounding gas, forms a luminous nebula, and then becomes the birthplace of a new generation of stars. These processes take about 10000 years to evolve slowly, until they are too thin to be seen. The white dwarf gradually becomes cold and dim, and finally becomes a cold Black dwarf 。^[4]

(Picture "Sun like and High quality The life cycle of stars ":^[6] ）

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