According to another classification standard, thylakoid membrane consists ofproteinAndlipidAnd its weight ratio is about 1:1.About half of the lipids are glycolipids（GalactoseLipids and thiolipids), otherBiomembraneContains morephospholipidAnd the content of thylakoid membrane is not much.
Many thylakoids are stacked together like disks, calledchloroplastGranaThe thylakoids that make up the grana are calledGrana thylakoid, consisting ofEndometrial systemOfGrana lamella（grana lamella）。The grana is about 0.25~0.8 μ m in diameter and consists of 10~100 thylakoids.There are about 40-60 grana in each chloroplast.
Penetrate two or moreGranaThe thylakoids between which no stacking occurs are calledStroma thylakoid, they formedEndometrial systemOfMatrix lamella（stroma lamella）。Because adjacent grana are connected by reticular tubular or flat matrix thylakoids, all thylakoids are actually interconnectedClosed system。Thylakoid as a single closureMembranous capsuleOfPrimitive conceptIt has lost its original meaning. What it means ischloroplastThe plane shape of the section.
Plant structure
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thylakoidchloroplastEndometrial systemIt is a flat pocket structure.It is composed of 5-7 thickNanometreThe thylakoid membrane is composed of a large number of lumens (about 10 nanometers wide) separated by the thylakoid membrane.It means "bag shaped object".In the pastLamella, flat sack, discoid body（disk）Etc.The shapes and sizes (0.5 to several microns) vary.
The first step of photosynthesis is light driven water decompositionPhotosynthetic electron transport chainRequired electron and proton gradients.fromOptical systemWater driven by captured lightdecomposition reactionIt occurs inside the thylakoid membrane.Oxygen generated incidentally in this reaction is released into the atmosphere.
Ring type electron transfer chain is only carried out by optical system I, but both optical systems can carry out non ring typeElectron transfer chain
Thylakoid of cyanobacteria
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blue-green algaeIs highly differentiatedMembrane systemCapable ofphotosynthesisOfprokaryote。They have the ability to carry out fully functional photosynthesis andRespiratory electron transport chainThylakoid membrane.The existence of different membrane systems gives these cells a unique complexity in bacteria.This makes blue-green algae must be able to recombine membranes and synthesize newmembrane lipidTransport the appropriate target protein to the correct membrane system.In cyanobacteria cellsadventitia，plasma membrane, and thylakoid membrane have different roles.Understand the organization, function and membrane systemproteinThe composition and dynamics ofCell BiologyA big challenge of.[2]
Like plants, the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria is not divided into matrix andGranaPart of.The grana they formed are close toBulk densityOfcell membrane。[3]The relatively large thylakoid distance provides space for the outer light harvesting antenna of cyanobacteria, the phycobilisomes.
Development history
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In December 2022, the team of Dr. Lin Xianfeng and Professor Fan Shunwu from the Department of Orthopaedics of Run Run Shaw Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the team of Professor Tang Ruikang from the Department of Chemistry of Zhejiang University successfully extracted the "biological battery" with photosynthesis - thylakoid from spinach, and passed the precise preparation technology,It is the first time in the world to realize the cross species delivery of plant thylakoids to the cells of animal aging lesions, so that animal cells also have the energy of plant photosynthesis, thus opening the "door of time" to reverse cell degeneration and aging.[4]
