Real and modernAdministration, all through the management mode.The management mode ismanagement philosophyIt is a management behavior system structure composed of management methods, management models, management systems, management tools and management procedures.Entrepreneurial management modeIt's about peopleSecond time entrepreneurshipThe period is relatively proportional toknowledge management The management mode of taking opportunity management as the core.[1-2]
An important sign of a good management model is its adaptability to the environment.useG management modeThe concept of "is that it has the characteristic of field variation according to field state".So G management mode willIOSThe model developed into the IOS-X operating system model.
Management Mode Books
The management mode should have strong adaptability, so that this management mode can truly become the guarantee for the sustainable development of enterprises.The general managerEnterprise management modeThey are divided into 5 categories, and the following are the comparisons among them.
Chinese management mode
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Symmetry is the deepest essence of the universe, the law of symmetry is the most fundamental law of society, and the principle of symmetry is the most fundamental principle of science.The scientific management mode isSymmetrical managementMode ---- a management mode in which subject and object are symmetrical and subject and science are unified.
The biggest characteristic of Chinese traditional culture is symmetrical culture.Symmetrical culture: the symmetry between heaven and man, justice and benefit, morality and virtue, reason and qi, name and reality, metaphysical and metaphysical, rule of virtue and rule of law, birth and entry into the world.Symmetrical culture: democracy and legal system, fairness and efficiency, human rationality and irrationality, individuals and enterprises, folk and government.The Chinese management model is the symmetrical management model.
The global financial crisis shows that the economy isMicroeconomyUnification with macro-economy,Economic managementIt is the unity of micro management and macro management.With the socialization of production, the macro economy and the essence of socialist market economysocial management Scientific management mode will be gradually integrated.The management mode as a whole is the comprehensiveness, integrity, generality and humanity of management, and the embodiment of the unity of management scientism and humanism in management practice.The management mode of the unity of scientism and humanism is the symmetrical management mode.
according toFive dimensional space theoryThe space and level are the expansion of time. The different management models juxtaposed in space reflect the different levels of management thought and the different stages of time development. The horizontal alternation of Chinese management model and western management model reflects the vertical development of human management model at the macro level;The management mode of ancient China - classical western management mode - modern western management mode - contemporary Chinese management mode is the largest circle in the development of human management mode, and the circles at other levels of human management mode development must first be placed in this circle to be reasonably positioned.The management model of ancient China as a whole belongs to the first stage of the development history of human management model, which contains all the seeds of the development of human management model.If we exclude the ancient Chinese management model from the development history of human management model, and think that the western management model is the source of human management model, and the western management model is the standard model of human management, the result is to turn the small circle in the development history of human management model into a middle circle, and the middle circle into a large circle,On the one hand, it improperly improves the position and role of the western management model in the development history of human management model, and regards the western management model as the standard model and the only model of management. On the other hand, it denies the legitimacy of the Chinese management model, so that it cannot correctly grasp the development direction of human management model.Chinese management modeAsSymmetrical management modeIt is not only the modern development of China's traditional management model of "unity of heaven and man", "internal saintliness and external kingliness", "unity of righteousness and interests", and "doing everything without exception", but also the inevitable result of the development of the relationship between scientism and humanism in the development chain of human management model.[1-2]
Other specific management modes
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1. Friendly management mode
This management mode uses a very important function of family blood relationship, namely cohesion function, which is to try to achieve the management of enterprises through the cohesion function of family blood relationship.Historically, although an enterprise was in the period of entrepreneurship, this kindred enterprise management model did play a good role.But whenEnterprise developmentTo a certain extent, especially when the enterprise develops into a large enterprise, this kind of friendly enterprise management mode will soon have problems.Because the cohesive function in the family blood relationship used in this management model will change from its cohesive function to the internal friction function, this management model should be replaced by other management models.In China, the positive impact of the kindred enterprise management model on enterprises during the entrepreneurial period is almost 99%, but when enterprises leap over the entrepreneurial period, its negative impact on enterprises is almost 99%.The existence of this management mode is only because our country's credit system and legal system are still very imperfect, which makes people dare not give their assets to people who have no blood relationship with them, so they have to adopt this kindred management mode.
2. Friendly management mode
This management mode is also of positive significance in the start-up stage of enterprises.When money is low, that is, when friends can and are willing to do everything for friends, this model is very cohesive.But whenEnterprise developmentTo a certain scale, especiallyEnterprise profitAfter the growth to a certain extent, the friendship between brothers will be weakened. Therefore, if the enterprise does not adjust this management mode as soon as possible with the development, it will inevitably lead to the rapid decline and even bankruptcy of the enterprise.
3. Warm management mode
This management mode emphasizes that management should be more to mobilize the internal role of human nature. Only in this way can enterprises develop quickly.It is right to emphasize human feelings in the enterprise, but the emphasis on human feelings cannot be regarded asEnterprise management systemThe most important principle of.The Principle of Human Feelings and EnterprisesManagement principlesIt is a principle of different categories. Therefore, overemphasizing human feelings is not conducive to the development of enterprises. In the end, enterprises tend to lose control and even go bankrupt.Some people always like to talk about warmth and conscience in enterprise managementManagedIf you think carefully, the managed will surely have a good return, that is, work hard, so that the enterprise will develop better.It can be seen that the warmth management mode actually wants to use the principle of conscience in friendship to deal with the management relationship in the enterprise.In the relationship of economic interests, it is difficult to talk clearly about the so-called conscience.In terms of economic theory, conscience is actually a standardized way of return of economic interests in the form of ethics and human feelings.Therefore, if we talk about conscience and humanity in a general way, without touching the relationship of interests and mutual benefit of interests, it is actually difficult for the managed to do a good job, and ultimately the enterprise will fail.Management is not just about warmth, but first of all, the definition of interest relationship.Some people are naturally warm hearted and tend to be soft hearted in the definition of interest relations. However, in enterprise management, the definition of interest relations is "ruthless", and it is impossible to define interest relations with "no hot hand" and "no hard heart" at a certain time.Only those who are "unswerving" in the face of various interest relationships, especially those who can "make a face" in the definition of interest relationships, canBecome a professional manager。For example, if someone is crying when they are laid offcontrollerIf you let the laid-off workers go to work because you have softened your heart and felt sorry for them in an unprincipled way, then this person may not become a professional manager.
4. Randomized management mode
In reality, it is embodied in two forms: one is the autocratic management in private enterprises.The reason why autocratic management is regarded as a kind of randomized management is that some entrepreneurs of private enterprises are autocratic.He has the final say. He can change any rules and regulations at any time. His words are principles and rules, so this kind of management belongs to random management.Another form is administrative intervention in state-owned enterprises, that is, government agencies can intervene in the business activities of a state-owned enterprise at will, leading to very arbitrary management of enterprises.It can be seen that this management mode is either the autocratic management in private enterprises or the excessive administrative intervention of the government on enterprises in the state-owned enterprise system.The collapse of many private enterprises is the inevitable result of the implementation of this randomized management model.Because the entrepreneur's words are wrong, others can't speak and correct them. Even if the entrepreneur's decision is wrong, others can't change it. Finally, the enterprise is doomed.
5. Institutionalized management mode
The so-called institutionalized management mode refers to promoting enterprise management according to certain established rules.Of course, this rule must be a contractual rule recognized by everyone, and this rule is also symmetrical in responsibility and rights.Therefore, the goal model of future enterprise management is to properly absorb and utilize some useful factors of other management models based on the institutionalized management model.Why do you say that?Because the institutionalized management is "cruel", it is really beneficial to introduce a little kinship, friendship and warmth.Sometimes we can even properly deal with the contradictions and interest relationships in management in a random way, and "dilute" the rules, because institutionalization is too rigid.It's not easy to "soften" it properly. After all, the main object of management is still people, but people are not ordinary goods. People have all kinds of thinking and are dynamicInstitutionalized managementNeither.Appropriately absorb the advantages of other management modes to form a mixed enterprise management mode.This might be better.I'm afraid this is the consensus conclusion we have reached in the choice of enterprise management mode in China over the past decade.
6. Systematic management mode
The systematic, standardized and integrated management of the enterprise is completed through the establishment of seven systems, namely, the strategic vision management of the enterprise organization, the division of work responsibilities, salary design, performance management, recruitment, training of all employees, and career planning of employees.
This benefit is conducive to the rapid expansion of enterprises, because when you use this system to create a standard template for enterprise management, its branches or agents can simply copy, which reduces the difficulty of expansion.This is the maximum availability of enterprise organization system.
C Management Mode Theory
so-calledC management modeIs to build a human centered, physical and mental, follow the universal laws of the universe and natural organizations, and be able to constantly revise, self adjust, and improviseSmart organizationAnd integrate Chinese traditional culture of humanities (the way of doing things for people) and western modern management (the way of doing things efficiently and in high quantity)Humanized managementA new type ofEnterprise organization managementOperation mode。
This kind of human centered enterprise organization with greater initiative and stronger adaptability is called "smart organization" for short, because it follows the pyramid typeMechanical organization（A management mode）Learning flat organization（B management mode）The third kind of organization model appeared later, and it was based on the advanced western modern management science and integrated with the great wisdom of Chinese traditional cultureOrganization typeTherefore, the first letter "C" of "CHINA" is taken to name this intelligent organization "Enterprise C Management Mode".
"Taking people as the core" is the basis of building an intelligent organizationC management modeThe key to
The principle of C management mode is to operate intelligent organizations based on people
"Tao follows nature" and follows the general laws and basic rules of natural organization, which is the feature of C management mode
Means fromManagement thought、management theory 、Management principlesOrganization structure (includingFunctional structure、Departmental structure、Responsibility and authority structure）、operating mechanismandOperation mode, to management techniques and toolsmanagement systemThe general name of.Mode refers to the structural characteristics and existing forms of something.Although the word "mode" has been widely used in both the practical and theoretical circles, it still needs to keep pace with the times and explore constantly to take it as a new way of thinking and new method to study problems.The management mode refers to the basic ideas and methods adopted by management, and refers to a complete management system that is shaped and can be used for people's direct reference. Through this system, we can find and solve problems in the management process, standardize the management means, improve the management mechanism, and achieve the set goals.
people oriented
Connotation of humanistic management
No matter what kind of management school, it first judges the people in the enterprise as a basic value orientation, and then determines the management approach and means.The human factor is regarded as the primary and essential factor of the facts in management.Humanistic managementFirst, establish the dominant position of people in the management process, and then focus on all management activities of the enterprise to mobilize the initiative, enthusiasm and creativity of enterprise people.Through people-oriented enterprise management activities and the practice of obtaining as much output as possible with as little consumption as possible, we can exercise people's will, brain, intelligence and physical strength. Through competitive production and operation activities, we can improve people's will and character, improve people's intelligence, strengthen people's physical strength, and enable people to achieve more comprehensive free development beyond the needs of survival.
Human oriented management
Coordination of subject and object objectives (organizational objectives and personal needs) | | Incentive | | Contingent leadership | | Management is training (staff function training in the management process) | | Create an environment conducive to the full play of people's initiative, enthusiasm, creativity and their own comprehensive development. ||Integration of corporate culture on employees | | Beneficial combination of corporate interests, social interests and personal interests | | Corporate people fulfill their social roles
Individuals and organizations
Analyze and create enterprise people'sMental Models , creativityBehavior modeAnd self-management to play its role in the free and comprehensive development of individuals.In the process of human-oriented management, it is necessary to shape the environment in a targeted way, so as to guide the individual's thoughts, psychology and behavior.The mental model is that when relevant external things change, in order to seek survival and development, individuals use existing information and experience to make the first response, or take positive steps to further seize external information, grasp the changing laws of objective things, respond to the challenges of the external world, and actively transform the objective world and the subjective world,The way of thinking, psychology and behavior transformation is determined by the thinking set of grasping one's own destiny.
The training of creative ability is essentially the development of personal potential and functions.Behavior mode is the relationship between behavior motivation and behavior performance.Self management is the management of enterprise people on themselves, their thoughts, psychology and behavior.Through self-management, enterprise people can actively participate in all the work of the enterprise's human-oriented management and play their intelligence and creativity in the work, so that they can get comprehensive development.
The most essential requirement of human-oriented management for organizational structure, organizational form, and organizational system operation is to give full play to the intelligence of all members of the organization to ensure the overall efficiency of the organization.Through decisive, sufficient and reasonable authorization, the organization tends to flatten, achieving the balance and suitability of centralization and decentralization, and helping to obtain the ideal power structure of the organization.organization discipline An important part of is to optimize the design and operation of organizational policies, which is an important part of organizational development and management.From the content of organizational development, organizations often achieve organizational development by shaping organizational culture, tempering work teams, establishing the balance and suitability of centralization and decentralization, and the operating mechanism of communication and interaction.
The implementation of environmental human-oriented management is carried out in a realistic enterprise environment and even in a social environment.The shaping of cultural atmosphere, the improvement of working environment and the modification of living environment are the purposes of our research on humanistic management environment and the ways and means of implementing humanistic management.
Attaching importance to the shaping of cultural atmosphere to achieve the expected results of humanistic management is due to the unique functions, forces and functions of culture.Corporate culture atmosphereThe purpose of shaping is to emphasize the central position of members in all activities of the enterprise organization.It is different from other management measures and methods in that it affects and manages enterprises and business people in a "soft" and invisible way.The shaping of cultural atmosphere reflects the pursuit of humanistic management ideal and realm.
The reason why Z culture has helped Japanese enterprises achieve great achievements lies in the fact that enterprise leaders fully understand and apply the "soft" and powerful management means of enterprise culture.In the process of considering and mobilizing the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of members, the shaping of Chinese corporate cultural atmosphere should give full play to the role of culture in encouraging, standardizing, integrating, guiding and radiating.
FedererAccording to the contingent leadership model, leadership that emphasizes humanism and interpersonal communication can achieve good performance in a moderately favorable working environment.HouseIt is believed that the role of leaders is to remove obstacles on the way to subordinate goals, so as to help subordinates achieve goals and obtain a sense of satisfaction and achievement.
The principle of human-oriented management
The concept and management countermeasures of humanistic management will be infiltrated into various production, operation and management activities of the enterprise, so that all work of the enterprise will be carried out within the theoretical system and basic framework of humanistic management, that is, let humanistic management lead all work of the enterprise.In order to make all the work of the enterprise achieve the expected performance, we believe that humanistic management must follow some basic principles.
First, adhere to the principle that the primary management of enterprise organizations is the management of people.From the content of management, humanistic management emphasizes understanding and meeting people's needs, focusing on interpersonal communication and interaction in work, focusing on the cultivation of corporate consciousness and participation in major decisions of the enterprise and the team, as well as motivating and implementing contingent leadership for corporate people according to their work performance and the internal and external environment of the enterprise.
From the perspective of management relationship, enterprise people play different roles in management, so enterprise people can be divided into management subject people and management object people. However, these different roles all take each other's activities as the premise of their own activities.From the perspective of the essence of human-oriented management, human-oriented management is the management philosophy and management system based on people.
Second, the principle of attaching importance to human needs and giving priority to incentives.It will focus on making enterprise members respected and self fulfilling, that is, ensuring employees to participate in decision-making on major issues of the enterprise, and negotiating with leaders in the team to set team goals and personal goals, and implementManagement by Objectives。
Third, adhere to creating better conditions and means for training and education, and optimize and improve enterprise personnelMental Models Principle of.The establishment of this principle is based on the basic concept of "management is training". The training provided by enterprise organizations for employees is not only focused on the adaptability of employees to high positions, but also on the employees'External environment of the enterpriseAdaptability.
Fourth, the design and structure of the humanistic management organization should follow the principles of unity and effectiveness, reasonable range, corresponding authority and knowledge, combination of line supervisors and staff, balance and appropriateness of centralization and decentralization, and flexibility of organization and status.
Fifth, the principle of common development of people and organizations.This principle is based on the consideration that humanistic management is not an additional work of enterprise management, but to let humanistic management lead all the work of the enterprise, so that the enterprise organization can achieve the expected development performance while promoting the free and comprehensive development of people.
Define Analysis
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The management mode is a set of concrete design based on the assumption of management humanitymanagement philosophy、Manage content、management tool、Management procedures, management system andmanagementDiscuss the system and apply it to the enterprise repeatedly to make the enterprise conscious in the process of operation;Management rules to be followed.
The management mode is a highly conceptual and framework summary of management methods from the perspective of structure, which is often abstracted into a few words and cannot be seen from the management modecontrollerSpecific management methods and ideas.For example,A management mode(A management mode being promoted), dual management mode, network management mode, just literally can not see what the content is.
andManagement mechanismFocus onManage ObjectsThrough this mechanism, the management system, methods and schemes can be well implemented. Some people call the management mechanism the operation mechanism of the management system.To take a small example, the sanitation of the company's compound is always destroyed, and the office is always in charge of it.Because office staff work indoors most of the time, there is a time constraint to complete outdoor tasks.This is a mistake in management methods and a lack of management mechanism.If security personnel were to be responsible for health inspection, the situation would be different.The working places of security personnel are mostly outdoors, so they can supervise the health maintenance, which has achieved good results.The health system has changed from office staff and vandals to security staff and vandalsManagement mechanismChange on.But it cannot be called a change in management mode.Mode is a macro view.
The central task of management is to manage people.The management mode determines the content of managementrobert owen From the establishment of enterprise management system toTaylor's scientific management theoryGeneration of, and thenmanagement theory The management mode has also undergone many changes.
Mode is the standard form or fixed format of something. English expressions related to management mode include Management System and Management Model.
The definition of management mode is a set of operating system solidified in the management process from a specific management concept.The formula can be expressed as: management mode=management concept+system structure+operation method, which can be simply expressed as:
Management mode=concept+system+method
MS=f (i)+f (o)+f (s) (IOS model)
MS: Management System
I：Idea/Ideology
O：Operation/Organization
S：Stratagem/Strategy
The management mode, in general, refers to the difference between an enterprise and other enterprises in management systeminstitutional economicsFrom the perspective ofFormal systemAnd informal system, that is, the most basic different characteristics of enterprises in management rules and regulations and corporate culture.Generally speaking, enterprises in different countries have different management models, and the same enterprise has different management models in different periods.In theory, the generally accepted management models include Japanese management model and American management model.Different management models determine the difference of their management characteristics. For example, the American management model is characterized by encouragingindividualistic heroismAnd the mode with ability as the main assessment feature. Its main performance in management is standardized management, system management and regulation management, and scientific management with legal system as the main body.The Japanese management mode is characterized by collectivismAnnual merit system, recommendation decision-making system, etc., emphasizing interpersonal relationships, putting collective interests first, and familialism, etcEmotional managementThe main feature.
Main categories
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The management mode can be roughly divided into: traditional/hierarchical modeInterpersonal relationship model, system mode and modernHumanismManagement mode.
(1) Traditional/hierarchical model focuses on internal organizationmanagement systemAnd the improvement and perfection of management technology, emphasizing the construction of formal or informal groups in the organization, with the purpose of improving the efficiency of the organization and implementing equal management for employees.
Management Mode Classification
(2) In the system mode, management focuses on the integrity and objectives of the organization, emphasizes the overall coordination between people, people and departments, and departments and implements collaboration for employeesInteractive management。
(3) The humanistic management mode emphasizes the human centered and the role of individuals in the organization. The central task of management is to carry out human resource management and development around how to mobilize employees' work enthusiasm, with the purpose of making the organization more dynamic and implementing democratic and open management for employees.
Considerations
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（1） Content and scope of enterprise management
Management involves productivityProduction relationsAnd superstructure.Specifically, productivity includes the relationship between nature and human beings, and the relationship between technology and technology;Production relations are also called economic relations, including property rights relations, interpersonal relationsLabor cooperationRelationship, the end distribution relationship of products;The superstructure includes the value orientation of enterprises;Corporate culture andEnterprise systemThe specific content of the level.From the above, it can be seen that enterprise management contains rich and extensive contents.
（2） Cultural foundation
Management is a science, an art, and even moreCultural phenomenon。The management of a country is closely linked with its traditional culture.The cultural basis of management is mainly embodied in two aspects;On the one hand, any management is rooted in a culture,social cultureThe background is what kind of soil and environment the management depends onSociocultural environmentIt requires what kind of management behavior and way to adapt to it, because the social and cultural environment is objective, relatively stable, and objective existence that is not transferred by human will.Management rootingYu CultureIf it can adapt to it and meet its characteristics and requirements, the management effect will be good,Management efficiencyWill increase, and the efficiency of labor production will increase;If the management does not adapt to the culture, the management effect will be poor, even leading to management failure.On the other hand, we can develop and utilize culturecultural background、Cultural characteristicsCultural contentIt is borrowed as a specific management technique to use the serial connotation of culture itself to establish a correspondingmanagement style。The interest of modern management research is increasingly focused onManagement cultureAccording to the research, borrowing culture as one of the most effective management methods.
（3） Basis of national conditions
Because the main content of management isproductivityThe relations of production and superstructure are embodied in the social systemCultural resources, mode of thinking, values, history, geography, nationality, science and technologyProduction statusThese contents are different from country to country.In particular, the impact of traditional culture on the specific content of enterprise management mentioned above is even greater.Therefore, the enterprise management of any country is based on its own national conditions and is understood and accepted by its people.Determined by production relations and traditional culture
Management Mode Association
The particularity of enterprise management in different countries is also an important manifestation of the vitality of enterprise management.
（4） Advanced and forward-looking
On the one hand, the establishment of management mode should be based on the current productivity conditions, on the other hand, it should be fully utilizedManagement Science TheoryExisting development achievements, especially some cutting-edge theories and ideas, such as the concept of innovative management, the concept that knowledge is the most important resourceBusiness Reengineering Theory、Organizational theory of learning enterprises、Quick response concept、Theory of organizational structure inversion、Intercultural management concept, the ultimate goal of managementStrategic flexibilityManagement concept and a series of theories and concepts.Through the thorough application of them, the advanced and forward-looking management operation mode can be greatly improved, making it have a long period of vitality.
New ideas
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Change is eternal. Any existing and conventional management mode will be replaced by innovative management mode. Management innovation is the main theme of management. "Today is different from yesterday, and tomorrow will be different from today. The result of all the past efforts will be the same tomorrow" - Ryan《Evolution of management thought》。We should improve and improve the management model in the process of continuous development, instead of sticking to the old rules, we should pay close attention to the current situationManagement developmentTo revise the management mode.
（1） Knowledge has become the most important resource
The world economy has changed from agricultural economyindustrial economyIn the era of knowledge economy, knowledge has become the most important resource due to social development, and knowledge is creatingpublic wealthKnowledge has become an important tool to create material.
（2） Enterprise reengineering is a management revolution
Since the 1990s, a revolution of enterprise reengineering has emerged in the western developed countries, which is described as a revolution from "caterpillar" to "butterfly", and is also regarded as the second time after total quality managementmanagerial revolutionEnterprise reengineering is different from the traditional management model in two aspects: first, from the traditional top-down management model to the value-added management model of information process;Second, enterprise reengineering is not a gradual transformation based on the traditional management model, but emphasizes the fundamental approach.
（4） Inversion of Organizational Structure -- Large scale Transfer of Power in Future Organizations
The traditional organizational structure is a pyramid, with the president at the top, then the middle layer, and finally the grassroots.The command key is from top to bottom. Decisions come from the top layer, and the execution layer is below.However, the grass roots are the most exposed to the market.In a changing era, the individualization of customers is increasingly prominent, which requires that the pyramid structure mentioned above be inverted, which should be: customers -- front-line staff -- managers.The decision is made by the front-line staff, and the top leaders become support services.
（5） Cross cultural management -- handle wellAlien cultureBlending and conflict between
The globalization of enterprise competition will inevitably lead to the internationalization of management activities. Management activities are comprehensively affected by people's values, ethics, behavior and social customs. When they are combined with different cultures, different management cultures andmanagerial styleHow China should establish a management culture model that not only has Chinese cultural characteristics, but also absorbs all the advanced and diversified achievements of mankind is an urgent problem that needs in-depth study
New management mode
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First, pay more attention to people rather than jobs.Management is basically based onJob analysisGo, I think if you want tohommizationMaybe the starting point of management should be more people oriented.
Second, andachievementPay more attention thanability, combining short-term behavior with long-term interests.
Third, andpayMore attention is paid to development, both material and spiritual.
Intellectual property management mode
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The Intellectual Property Management Model of European and American Universities and Its Enlightenment
In the context of the marketization of intellectual property rights in colleges and universities, the acquisition, transfer and licensing of intellectual property rights are increasingly frequent. A sound and efficient intellectual property management model has become the key to improving intellectual property management in colleges and universities and standardizing the marketization of intellectual property rights, and has become an important part of the management system of colleges and universities.The intellectual property management system of Chinese universities is in the initial stage of development. The intellectual property management modes of various universities are different, and there are also many problems.Based on the analysis of the current situation of the intellectual property management mode of Chinese colleges and universities, and the comparative study of the intellectual property management mode and experience of European and American colleges and universities, this paper puts forward the solutions to the problems existing in the intellectual property management mode of Chinese colleges and universities.
Management mode of ship intellectual property rights in colleges and universities
With the large-scale development of industrialization and market economy.As a technology aircraft carrier with high-tech innovation ability and market promotion ability, colleges and universities are actively playing an important role in technological progress and human development.With the advent of the 21st century, the innovation ability and the awareness of intellectual property protection of China's colleges and universities have entered an unprecedented period of development.Taking the number of patent applications as an example, as of 2008, the cumulative number of invention patent applications in Chinese universities was 121413if -, the number of utility model applications was 43756, the number of design applications was 11977, and the total number of three patents applications was 178684. Since 1998, the number of patent applications in Chinese universities has been growing at a rate of no less than 5=20% every year.In 2008, there were 45145 applications for three kinds of patents in Chinese universities, an increase of 38 I% over 2007.Among them, the number of invention patent applications was 30808, an increase of 33.9% over 2007. The number of utility model patent applications was 9362, an increase of 46.8% over 2007. The number of design patent applications was 4975, an increase of 50.7% over 2007.The market-oriented development of intellectual property rights in colleges and universities requires colleges and universities to establish a sound intellectual property management model to better manage the intangible assets of intellectual property rights
1、 Problems in the Management Mode of Intellectual Property Rights in Chinese Universities
In terms of the management mode of intellectual property rights, most universities are still in the process of establishing systems and management structures due to the fact that Chengguo University's intellectual property rights management was incorporated into the school's original administrative management system for a short time.The management of intellectual property rights in Chinese universities has made some progress.However, due to the limitations of many conditions, there are still many problems and shortcomings, which need further improvement.
（1） The intellectual property management organization is not sound.Lack of professionals in intellectual property management
The intellectual property management model of universities and colleges in stabilizing the country is still in the initial stage, and about 40% of universities still have no full-time institutions for intellectual property management, mainly relying on the affiliated management model.Form is greater than immanence;However, in other universities that adopt independent management modes (including centralized management mode and decentralized management mode), the centralized management mode is too careless and the execution is insufficient, which makes it difficult to specifically implement the school's intellectual property policy to each department and scientific research unit. The decentralized management mode is fragmented and poor in coordination, and the functions of each department are ambiguous.Although there is an overall management organization, it has not formed an organic management system as a whole.This leads to inefficiency and poor operation.Due to the lack of professional management personnel, science and technology authorities often limit the management of intellectual property rights to the level of results management, and cannot make comprehensive consideration on the generation of intellectual property rights, evaluation, licensing and transformation.Sometimes this will cause serious problems such as the loss of high sales intellectual property rights.
（2） The technology transfer in the management of intellectual property rights in colleges and universities is not perfect enough
Technology transfer has become an important part of intellectual property management in international universities.However, China's university intellectual property management model does not focus on technology transfer, but focuses on the number of papersNumber of patent applications, professional title assessment, application for various awards, etc.This has led to a large number of technical achievements being made public through academic papers or conferences, and lost the opportunity to obtain intellectual property protection.There are also problems in the process of technology transfer: many technologies in colleges and universities do not reflect the value of intellectual property rights, and cheap incidental technologies as technology transfer have been transferred out.
（3） Problems in technical achievements of colleges and universities
There are two problems of "too high" and "too low" in the technological achievements of colleges and universities in China."Too high" can be divided into three aspects: first, colleges and universities undertake a lot of theoretical research, and most of the technical achievements formed lay particular emphasis on theory, with poor marketization conditions;The second is that the technology R&D undertaken by colleges and universities mostly belongs to high, refined and cutting-edge technology, and the enterprises have insufficient acceptance and transformation capacity, which causes difficulties in the implementation of such technologies;Third, many research projects in colleges and universities are comprehensive technologies. Only those who are very familiar with the market can refine technologies suitable for industrialization.The so-called "too low 1" mainly refers to the large turnover of personnel in research and development units of colleges and universities and the short duration of projectssystem of intellectual propertyThe intellectual property management model is still in its initial stage, which can no longer meet the needs of the rapid development of China's economy and the softball development of the world economy. It is urgent to reform the intellectual property management model in colleges and universities.In this regard, the development and banquet of horizontal construction of intellectual property in economically developed countries have provided us with good experience.
2、 Intellectual Property Management Mode of Universities in Europe and America
The intellectual property management mode of European and American universities is mainly based on technology transfer.In recent years, with technology transfer as the center, intellectual property management has been further developed with technological progress, and the management category has been further expanded.The intellectual property management model of European and American institutions of higher learning generally consists of three major parts, namely, the administrative decision-making body, the executive coordination body and the dispute resolution body within the school (see Circle 1 for details).
The executive decision-making body is mainly responsible for formulating the basic policies of intellectual property management. For example, the intellectual property management policy of Harvard University is formulated by the "Board of Directors of Harvard University" and bears the right to modify and interpret, while the President of California University is authorized by the Board of Directors to formulate and modify policies related to intellectual property.It can be seen that the administrative decision-making body of the intellectual property management system is the highest investment institution of colleges and universities.Intellectual property, as an intangible part of institutions of higher learning, is related to the development and comprehensive competitiveness of institutions of higher learning. The content of intellectual property management is also very complex, including the source and composition of funds needed for research and development, whether the research direction is forward-looking and consistent with the development direction of the university, the proportion and method of technology transfer, and the investment of scientific and technological achievements,The transfer and licensing of technology and the acquisition and distribution of income, whether intellectual property rights are involved in trade secrets, and the award system for the units undertaking inventions and creations.The importance of intellectual property rights and the height of the policies involved determine that only the highest authority of the school can make decisions.In order to ensure the perfection of intellectual property policy formulation and reform, and supervise the implementation of such policies, colleges and universities have also set up policy supervision and advisory bodies. These bodies are related committees independently established in the administrative system of colleges and universities to supervise the implementation of intellectual property policies, and provide suggestions on the revision and supplement of the political position.For example, Joe Yecheng University in the United States is appointed by the president to establish an intellectual property committee. The committee members are composed of the vice president in charge of technology licensing, the university's financial director, the director of legal affairs, and 11 teachers. The committee regularly holds centralized meetings, and is responsible for providing advice and suggestions on the formulation, understanding, and interpretation of intellectual property policies of colleges and universities. "1.The establishment and operation of these institutions ensure the objectivity and professionalism of intellectual property policies in colleges and universities, and ensure the sustainable development of intellectual property policies in colleges and universities.Through the policy supervision and consultation institution, the board of directors of colleges and universities can obtain the actual work of the specific implementation department, understand and update the information of the problems to be solved in time, so that they can make more active and effective decisions.
（2） Implementation coordination
The implementation and coordination organization is mainly responsible for the implementation of intellectual property policies of colleges and universities. Since the implementation of intellectual property policies requires the support of multiple departments, this function is often undertaken by independent organizations.There are mainly three organizational forms of the implementation mechanism of intellectual property rights.
1 Organizational model of internal organization The internal organization organizational model includes internal unified management model and internal decentralized management model.
(1) Unified management mode is set inside.Some institutions of higher learning have set up administrative bodies within their branches to carry out unified management of relevant intellectual property affairs, such asMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyThe internal "technology licensing" office, which is directly led by the president or vice president of the poor and responsible university who implements the intellectual property policy function, consists of three departments: the Patent Affairs Office, the Trademark Affairs Office and the Copyright Completion Office. Its functions almost cover the intellectual property affairs of the whole university.The advantage of this management mode is that it is conducive to the centralized banquets of the government. The banquets show the unity of policy implementation;The disadvantage is that the size of the institution will become larger and larger with the increase of management affairs undertaken, thus increasing the administrative cost of the university.
(2) Decentralized management mode is set inside.Many institutions of higher learning set up more than one administrative agency on campus to manage patents, trademarks and copyrights respectively. For example, Brigham Young University has a "Technology Transfer Office" to deal with patent applications, patent protection, patent transfer and licensing, as well as a "Copyright Licensing Office" and a "Creative Works Office" to be responsible for the registration of copyrightProtection and Transfer.This decentralized management mode is not fundamentally different from the above unified management mode, but it is easy to lead to a situation where each is in charge of his own affairs, which is not conducive to the coordination and unity of work.However, the internal institutions are set up around "technology transfer".According to the "first invention principle" of the United States Patent Law, many universities require campus personnel to "declare" their inventions and creations to the corresponding parts of the school. If the school adopts a decentralized management model, such management agencies should include the corresponding departments such as declaration information management, technology evaluation management, technology licensing and transfer management, and income distribution management,Systematically manage all aspects of technology transfer: review of invention fund source, explanation and classification of invention content, judgment and collection of invention experimental verification, evaluation of invention, management of patent application, technology licensing or transfer management, and distribution of technology transfer income.The advantage of this kind of management is that the school can systematically and effectively manage the technical achievements of the school, and effectively and reasonably distribute and utilize the benefits of technology transfer.In view of the overlapping links of the management authority of each department in the specific implementation, colleges and universities can formulate specific operational rules and regulations to enhance the coordination ability between various departments.
2. Peripheral organization management mode Peripheral organization management mode includes peripheral foundation management mode and peripheral company management mode.
(1) Peripheral foundation management mode.These foundations are often funded by university alumni and university directors. In fact, they are controlled and operated by the university. The university manages its intellectual property affairs through them.The Wisconsin Alumni Foundation, founded in 1925, is a representative of such foundations.The control ability of the university intellectual property decision-making department over the foundation, the foundation's own operation ability and the coordination ability between the foundation and the relevant departments of the university are the preconditions for this management model to play its due role.The advantage of this management mode is that it uses the original resources, reduces the internal administrative costs of the university, strengthens the professionalism and timeliness of management, and is conducive to the development of technology.
(2) Management mode of peripheral companies.Some colleges and universities conduct unified management of their intellectual property affairs through research and development companies with independent legal status established by colleges and universities.The typical representative of this model is Cambridge Limited, a wholly-owned company established by Cambridge University.The advantage of this management mode is that the R&D company exists as an independent legal person, which has inherent advantages in commercial operation and is very conducive to the transfer and licensing of intellectual property rights.
3. The management mode of entrusting external professional companies Some colleges and universities entrust independent commercial companies in the society to manage their intellectual property affairs on their behalf.Among them, the most representative is the American "College Licensing Company", which is a professional company engaged in trademark management and development. More than 100 colleges and universities have entrusted it to manage the trademark transfer and licensing of these universities on their behalf.The most advantage of this model lies in the integration of the most commercially efficient social resources, and the use of an existing commercial platform for technology transfer, which is far better than the situation of each university fighting independently.actually.The management mode of both external institutions and entrusted external professional companies places intellectual property management outside the school.These two management modes are the first choice for universities with active technology transfer.Taking patents as an example, universities have marketed their patented technologies through external licensing through the above-mentioned peripheral management agencies. Nearly 70% of the patent licensing objects of American universities are small and medium-sized enterprises. Many of these small and medium-sized enterprises are Xincang II companies based on this patented technology. Generally, in the process of technology licensing,The University will give the licensee 3-6 months to facilitate the other party to carry out market feasibility research, raise funds and find partners. During this period, the peripheral management organization can use its rich market resources to introduce venture capital to the licensee, or even introduce partners to help complete the technology transfer.For the disputes arising from the policy interpretation, ownership disputes, technology transfer or licensing incentives that are inevitably involved in the implementation of intellectual property management in universities, European and American universities have set up dispute resolution institutions, which are composed of two models.
1. Institutions that concurrently handle disputes. The policy supervision advisory committees of many colleges and universities also serve on campusIntellectual property disputesAt the same time, the "Intellectual Property Committee" of Harvard University also resolves disputes and disputes arising from policy interpretation.The institution dealing with disputes is itself a consulting and suggestion unit for formulating policies, and its understanding of policies is better than that of other institutions.
2. Special dispute resolution institutions Some colleges and universities have set up special dispute resolution institutions.For example, the University Board of Directors of Cambridge University sets up a "University Technical Arbitrator Panel" and appoints a chairman. For the submitted dispute, the chairman appoints an arbitrator to hear and make an award. If the arbitrator refuses to accept the arbitration, the participants can appeal, and the Dean of Academic Affairs and the Council will form a 3-4 person panel according to the specific circumstances to make binding decisions.The independence of specialized agencies ensures the objectivity and impartiality of the adjudication results, and also plays a role in protecting and promoting innovation and the establishment of a fair and reasonable intellectual property management mechanism.To sum up, the intellectual property management system of European and American institutions of higher learning is mature and rigorous, and a complete set of management systems has been formed by the establishment of perfect administrative decision-making bodies, supervision bodies, implementation coordination bodies and dispute handling bodies.This has a strong reference significance for Chinese universities with loose management system.In addition, European and American colleges and universities
In the management of intellectual property rights, great importance is attached to technology transfer, especially the internal enforcement agencies are more conducive to today's universities with active technology transfer.The degree of intellectual property marketization of European and American universities is far higher than that of China. Its management model of external institutions and entrusted external professional companies can enhance the ability of universities to respond to market changes and broaden the source of scientific research funds.
3、 Thoughts on the Management Mode of Intellectual Property Rights in Chinese Universities
Since the reform and opening up, China's intellectual property system has been comprehensively developed, and has made remarkable achievements.However, the intellectual property work in China, especially in colleges and universities, is still in the primary stage of development, and the overall situation of intellectual property does not meet the needs of national economic and social development.By comparing and analyzing the intellectual property management modes of European and American universities, there is still a big gap in the intellectual property rights of Chinese universities
Strengthen construction.In view of the problems in the intellectual property management model of universities in China proposed in this paper, and based on the analysis of the intellectual property management model of universities in developed countries in Europe and the United States (represented by the United Kingdom and the United States), the author believes that to improve the intellectual property management model of universities in China, the top priority is to achieve the following:
（1） Improve the intellectual property management system in colleges and universities
As the intellectual property management system of colleges and universities in China is still in the primary stage of development, resulting in the excessive management of Ju's negative structure and the limitation of funds, it is unlikely to follow the example of foreign colleges and universities to establish a complete set of intellectual property management system, and the decentralized management model may exist for a long time.This requires a more "centralized" coordination department to plan and coordinate.The author suggests that the staff of this department should have a clear division of labor, divide the specific scope of responsibility of the staff according to the department, and the staff should go deep into the front line to give specific guidance to the relevant work. At the same time, some specific work can be entrusted to a professional peripheral company for custody, but specific contracts must be signed to clarify the rights and obligations of both parties.
（2） Determine technology transfer as the focus of intellectual property management mode in China's universities
The intellectual property management model of universities in China does not focus on technology transfer, but on increasing the number of patent applications or patent authorizations, which is determined by the assessment and evaluation system of the country and even the universities themselves. In the assessment system, the number of patent applications or authorizations is the main assessment indicator for evaluating professional titles or winning scientific and technological achievements.This examination system has restricted the development of technology transformation, resulting in many problems in the early stage of the formation of technological achievements, including project selection, research and development direction, experimental stage, technology disclosure, patent application, patent protection and other aspects;Many patented technologies are still in the laboratory stage, which makes it difficult to form a trend that the investment of industrialized government in scientific research funds of colleges and universities is increasing year by year, while the investment of enterprises and public institutions is steadily declining.The scientific research funds of European and American universities come from less than 30% of the government investment, and the other 70% come from the gifts of enterprises, research institutions themselves and the society.Therefore, the main measure to increase the investment in scientific research funds is to vigorously improve the industrial transfer of technological achievements in colleges and universities.
（4） Establish and improve the platform for transfer and transformation of technological achievements in colleges and universities
In order to realize the transfer and transformation of intellectual property rights dominated by patented technological achievements in colleges and universities as soon as possible, the first thing is to adapt to this need in the system, establish a sound platform for the transfer and transformation of technological achievements in colleges and universities, and connect this platform with the R&D center of enterprises, so that colleges and universities can establish an organic link with enterprise R&D.The country has set up seven universitiesNational Technology Transfer Center1. These national technology transfer centers have formed
Technology transfer platforms, through which universities across the country can carry out extensive technology development, promotion and incubation activities.
