Management thought

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Management thought is the viewpoint, idea or theoretical system about management. management theory And practice in people's minds. It plays a guiding role in management.

With the emergence and development of human society and management activities. Its development is generally believed to have experienced ancient simple management thought, modern management theory, and modern Management Theory Jungle Three periods.

The ancient simple management thought flourished in China Babylon , India, etc. Over 2000 BC, Babylon, Cuba Hammurabi The 282 laws promulgated by the king reflect the ancient thought of regulation management.^[1]

Chinese name: Management thought
Foreign name: theories of management

Essence: Knowledge system
Purpose: guidance management

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Basic explanation

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Management thought is the general name of the views, ideas and opinions formed by people's thinking on management activities in social practice.

It is a conscious and systematic reflection of various social relations and contradictory activities in management practice. Management thought is gradually formed and developed on the basis of management practice. It has gone through the development process from thought germination, thought formation to continuous system and deepening.

Background

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In the long historical process of ancient society, people's thinking on management practice was in an unconscious state. They put forward many opinions on specific problems, links and methods of management, and recorded many successful management experiences and methods, thus forming a rich heritage of ancient management ideas. However, these management ideas are fragmented, lacking theoretical analysis and generalization, let alone ideological system 。

Until the late 19th century productivity With the promotion of high development and rapid progress in science and technology, management issues have received attention and attention, and the observation, research and summary of management practice have continued to develop, making people's understanding of management more systematic and in-depth, and management ideas have gradually formed an independent ideological system, making management a discipline.

With the emergence of management science, the development of management thought has entered a new realm. The history of management ideology is based on the management ideology of different social stages Evolution process As one's own research object, explore its development law. From the perspective of discipline, the history of management thought is a science that studies and reveals the historical process and laws of the emergence, development and evolution of human management thought.

The research objects of the history of management thought include management practice, management thought management theory , management practice, management thought and management theory Dialectical relationship , Society Production mode And the relationship between the change of management thought and the evolution of management thought. The history of management thought is not only meaningful for managers in all industries, but also our absorption of foreign countries management science Effective ways of achievements, Learning management The history of thought is more conducive to improving our overall quality.^[2]

Ideological evolution

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Ancient management thought

1. Ancient Chinese management thought

2. Foreign management ideas

3. Ancient management thought

Features: rich in content, all inclusive, mainly the intuitive exposition and explanation of experience, and the exposition is fragmented.

Classical Management Theory

one scientific management Theory Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) "Father of Scientific Management"

（1） Three major management Experiments: iron block handling experiment, shovel experiment Metal cutting experiment.

（2） Time Action Research and Gradational difference Piece rate system

Specific steps of time action research:

a. Select a number of personnel who should be particularly good at analysis.

b. Carefully study the basic operations and actions of each person mentioned above, including the tools used by each person.

c. Use Stopwatch Research and do every Basic actions Time required, and then select the fastest action for each part Working methods 。

d. Eliminate all incorrect, slow and ineffective actions.

e. Replace the old method usually used in the past with the new method formed by the fastest and best new action.

Stipulated on the basis of time action research Task Quota. The work task quota is not based on the average of workers Operation time It is based on the time required by the first class workers with high efficiency. Since it is a task, workers should be paid high wages. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of workers, Taylor And invented differential Piece rate system 。

Differential piecework wage system: if a worker's output If it is lower than the standard specified in the task, the lower Wage rate The salary shall be calculated. If it is higher than the standard specified in the task, the salary shall be calculated at a higher rate. This means that workers at the same position and level will receive different salaries.

（3） scientific management Of basic principle And organization theory

Taylor believes that the results of management should be determined by managers and workers Joint responsibility 。

Basic principles of scientific management:

a. Develop a new science that specializes in every component of workers' work and replaces past experience management 。

b. Select, train and train workers in a scientific way to replace the old system in which workers trained themselves and chose jobs.

c. Managers should sincerely cooperate with workers to ensure that workers work hard according to new methods.

d. Clear and appropriate division of labor between management personnel and workers.

scientific management Of Organization principle ：

a. Functionalization principle: in a management organization system, departments are set according to different functions. Functional departments are directly responsible to the superior managers, and they have their own terms of reference.

b. Exceptional principle ： Top management Small problems in work should be avoided, and only "exceptional" situations and problems should be handed over to the top management. "Exceptional" situations and problems refer to the difficulty of functional departments Self regulation New situations and problems not included in the original authority.

(4) Yes Taylor Evaluation of scientific management:

Contribution: First, management moves towards science; Second, the labor and management Spiritual revolution 。 The former is effective management Of necessary condition ； The latter is the necessary psychology for effective management.

deficiencies ： scientific management There is too much emphasis on technology and individual Operation efficiency . They are biased against people and ignore historical limitations such as the overall function of the enterprise. Therefore, they should be "aware" when using them.

two General Management Theory

(1) Fayol: "the father of modern management theory".

(2) Key points of general management theory:

a. The difference between operation and management.

b. Five elements of management.

c. Fourteen principles of management: Division of labor Power and responsibility, discipline, unified command personal interests Obey the overall interests, personnel remuneration, centralization and decentralization Hierarchy chain , order, fairness, personnel stability Initiative Team spirit.

d. Advocate management education: Management ability It can be obtained through education. The "lack of management education" is due to the "lack of management theory ”No manager tries to turn those accepted rules and experiences into universal management theories. Through management education, it can be rapidly improved management layer The ability of management can also quickly bring up urgently needed management talents. All managers of the enterprise accept the necessary management training It is also an important benchmark for the sound development of enterprises.

(3) Ideal Theory of Administrative Organization System

(1) Weber: "the father of organization management".

(2) Weber's theory of power.

(3) The key points of the theory of ideal administrative organization system: clear division of labor, top-down power Hierarchy . Appointment of personnel, professional management personnel, compliance with rules and disciplines The relationship between people in an organization.

Behavioral Science Management Theory

one Hawthorne experiment And Interpersonal theory

(1) Hawthorne experiment

Phase I: Workshop Lighting experiment (1924-1927).

The second stage: relay assembly room experiment (August 1927 April 1928).

The third stage: interview plan, terminal block Wiring studio experiment.

(2) Basic points of interpersonal relationship theory

People are "social people", and workers should be mobilized Production enthusiasm We must also work hard from the social and psychological aspects.

work efficiency It mainly depends on the enthusiasm of the staff.

It still exists among employees Informal groups 。

Material stimulation is not the only incentive.

Managers should pay attention to interpersonal relationship 。

economic man

People are born lazy and always want to do less A little work ； Most people have no ambition, do not like to be responsible, and prefer to be commanded by others;

Self centeredness is human nature and does not care about the goals of the organization; People lack self-control and are easily influenced by others

Money+ whip

Social man

Anthropomorphic Behavioral motivation Not just the pursuit of money, but all of people Social needs ； People use social relations at work to seek fun and meaning; The social influence of workers on their colleagues is more important than the economic remuneration given by the organization; The work efficiency of workers changes with the degree to which the superior can meet their social needs

Automatic man

Human needs develop from the low level to the high level. When the low level needs are met, they pursue higher level needs. Self realization is the highest level of human needs; People become mature due to their work, and tend to be independent and autonomous; People have the ability to be spontaneous and self-control; There is no fundamental conflict between individual goals and organizational goals, have a chance to If so, he will automatically align his personal goals with Organizational objectives Unify

Complex person

People are not only complex, but also changeable; People's needs and where they are Organizational environment It matters; Whether a person is willing to contribute to the organization's goals depends on his own needs and the relationship between him and the organization; People can respond to different management style Make different responses

two behavioral science Representation Theory in

(1) Maslow's“ Hierarchy of needs theory ”

Human needs can be divided into five levels from low to high: physiological, security, social, respect and self realization.

(2) Herzberg's“ Two factor theory ”

The behavioral factors affecting people are divided into two categories:“ Health factors ”And“ Incentives ”。

(3) Ferrum“ Expectancy theory ”：

M=VE (M stands for Motivating power , V means meeting Personal needs E represents the probability of obtaining the value.)

(4) Macregor's“ X theory — Y theory ”：

Macregor proposed two Humanity hypothesis , called X theory and Y theory. According to X theory, human nature is dishonest, lazy and irresponsible. Ordinary people are naturally inclined to relax rather than work, evade responsibility and prefer to accept orders from others. According to Y theory, external control and punishment threats do not promote people to Organizational objectives The only means of effort. It is not human nature to hate work. People are not passive and can carry out Self guidance and Self control 。 Human behavior is dominated by motivation and so on. Macrego believes that: traditional management style The human nature hypothesis based on X theory, which is mainly used to restrain and control employees, is outdated. Only the management mode based on Y theory can achieve good results.

(5) Black and Muton's“ Management grid theory ”

Leaders Yes The concern for production and the concern for people. use Abscissa To show concern for production, use Ordinate They show concern for people. They are divided into nine grades from low to high, forming 81 grids. They show different levels of concern and represent 81 management methods. Five typical management methods are: 1 1 grid is poor, 1 The 9 grid is country club style, 9 One grid is task oriented, 5.5 grid is intermediate, and 9.9 grid is group oriented.

Modern management thought

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At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, business management It became a formal discipline for the first time. Since then, management professionalization has opened a new chapter, followed by a number of management thinkers and management theory Theory. Some management thoughts are the direct improvement and enhancement of the defects in the early management thoughts. However, all management thoughts try to explain the specific management problems faced at that time and provide methods for solving these problems in the future. Table 1 summarizes the different periods of the past 100 years Enterprise management thought The main content and systematic thinking.

The new management idea is wooden door Enterprise development Paving the road^[3]

scientific management

scientific management (Scientific management) theory was developed in 1912 by Frederick Winslow Taylor In Science Management principles 》In a book. Taylor's contribution is to enterprise operation Brought in Managing the World 。 Without him, there would be no Modern management (Michael D. Burton, 2003). Based on the results of experiments and surveys, Taylor found that management style Next, the enterprise has the phenomenon of "imitating foreign workers", and there are often conflicts between managers and employees, production efficiency Low. Taylor concluded that the enterprise management decision-making at that time was not systematic enough and lacked necessary Research To determine a "best practice". He then put forward four management principles: first, managers should develop a scientific method , to replace the old Empirical method ； Second, workers should be selected scientifically and trained, educated and grown up; Third, we should work closely with workers to ensure that all work conforms to plans and principles; Fourth, we should ensure that management and workers achieve equality in the division of work and responsibilities. In order to deal with the problem of "Moyang workers", Taylor also proposed effective specific management measures, such as universal implementation Quota management Implement differential piece rate wage system to realize tool standardization and operation standardization. These management measures contain profound management ideas and concepts, which have been widely used by enterprises for nearly 100 years with fruitful results. Among them, Ford Motor Company Introduced in 1913 scientific management Thought and mode, launched the "$5 workday" wage system , attracted a large number of excellent and qualified workers, and stipulated that Standard salary The requested workers will be dismissed. As a result, the potential of workers has been maximized, labour productivity Rapid improvement has also created“ Ford Kingdom.

In addition, at the same time, French mining engineers Henri Fayol (Henri Fayol) proposed in 1916 administrative management Thought. This one management theory The mode and puts forward five functions of managers, namely, planning, organization, command, coordination and control, and 14 Management principles That is, division of work, authority, discipline, unified command, personal interests subject to the overall interests, remuneration, power concentration Hierarchy chain , order, fairness, personnel stability Initiative and Solidarity 。 Similar to this management idea is Max of Germany· weber Proposed bureaucracy administrative organization ( bureaucracy ）Etc. These management ideas and the science of the lowest level employees of the organization that Taylor focuses on management Different, their focus directly points to the activities of all managers, emphasizing an ideal organization design Formalization of and authority and Technical capability , but ignored the personal Initiative Principle, which deprives employees of personal creativity and organizational quick response environmental change Ability.

Management by Objectives

The concept of management by objectives (MBO) was first proposed by Peter Drucker in his famous book Management Practice in the 1940s. This management thought believes that managers should manage their subordinates through objectives. Therefore, the mission and task of the enterprise must be transformed into specific goals. With a clear goal, each department and individual can have the direction and motivation to work hard, and the enthusiasm of employees can also be mobilized, which is the so-called "beacon" effect.

In the 1960s, the theory of x and Y proposed by McGregor further enriched the theoretical basis of MBO. According to the theory of x and Y, the hypothesis of x emphasizes that people are not conscientiousness Therefore, to mobilize their enthusiasm, we need to use money temptation and punishment to achieve; Y hypothesis emphasizes that people have Sense of responsibility The key to mobilizing their enthusiasm is to provide them with an environment that can give full play to their potential and role. As long as clear and reasonable Responsibility objectives And evaluation mechanism, and give them the necessary decision-making power, they will certainly play Subjective initiative , work tirelessly and complete the task excellently.

The idea and mode of management by objectives the Second World War The later stage of western economic recovery quickly became popular, and the United States, Japan Western Europe It has been widely used in many countries. CEO of General Electric Company Welch "Top Two" advocated since the 1980s Target responsibility system , that is, the company's strategic goal is to position itself as a "top two" company on the competitive stage, and not as a "top two" company Business Department Firmly rectify, close or sell. The clear development goals have made it a great achievement, and also made it one of the top 500 companies in the world. This is the successful application of management by objectives.

Humanistic management

Humanistic management (Human Capital) and human relationships management (HRM) were established by Management scientist George Elton Mayo It was put forward in the 1930s according to the conclusion of Hawthorne's experiment. Hawthorne's experiment reveals the workers' Work enthusiasm Not only driven by money, but also personal attitude, psychological satisfaction social factors And so on. On this basis, he proposed Interpersonal theory and Humanistic management thought 。 This management idea has been widely adopted by enterprises so far.

Maslow, another famous psychologist who promoted the development of humanistic management thought at the same time, put forward five levels of needs in 1943 Hierarchy theory 。 According to his point of view, from the perspective of motivation, enterprise managers must understand the different levels of people's needs, and then take corresponding measures to meet the different needs of employees, so as to maximize the enthusiasm of employees.

The essence of humanistic management is that, business organization The first management is the management of people, and people are equal, not "slaves" or "machines" dominated by money temptation and bosses, but there are differences in energy levels and needs. Therefore, enterprise organizations need to pay attention to the different abilities and needs of people Profit sharing , training, communication, trust and respect to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees, so as to realize the organization's Business objectives 。 Practice has also proved that the humanistic management thought has strong vitality. For example, the United States HP Since its establishment in 1939, HP has actively practiced this management model , such as "let employees share profits" to enhance employees' Sense of belonging and Spirit of ownership ； Build trust and respect through "an office without doors"; By elasticity Employment system , improve employees living standard ； By attaching importance to education, improve Employee skills Etc. This series of humanized management practices has made HP's status as the spokesman of the electronics industry prosperous, making it always《 wealth 》Top of the ranking list.

Quality Assurance

In the 1950s World War II in the future, Quality Assurance Edward Deming, a scientist, proposed PDCA cycle quality management theory That is to say, solve quality problems through a series of work procedures including plan, do, check and action. As a pioneer of quality management, Deming's theory has established Total Quality Management (TQM), that is, quality management must be overall Yes, quality management is not a matter for individual departments. It must be promoted by the top management, give play to the team spirit, and let every department and employee participate in it. Only then can it be effective.

U.S.A General Electric Company President of Jack Welch It believes that quality is the whole of the company, quality is the life of the enterprise, and quality is the central activity of every employee. He has always required employees to have high standards of productivity and pursue“ zero defect ”And“ Six standard deviations Planning ". The implementation of this plan has brought huge cost savings and huge profits to GE, which has made GE a great global enterprise.

In addition, a boom of quantitative management emerged in this period, that is, private enterprises began to use quantitative analysis To make management decisions and solve the problems faced by enterprises after expanding their scale Complex problems 。

Authorization management

Authorized management refers to the delegation of management power to the lower level to reduce Administration Unnecessary intervention in order to achieve "inaction" and improve the enthusiasm of employees and the enterprise Operating benefits 。 In the 1950s and 1960s, Ian Gordon based on the ranking system Drawbacks and Management efficiency This management idea is put forward for the low problem. Facing customer-centric and global market forces Many enterprises, especially large companies, need to reduce the middle Management level Simplify procedures and improve efficiency to meet customer needs.

American Media Company founded in 1980 CNN Is a successful example of implementing this management mode. Since its establishment, the company has pursued a kind of decentralization corporate culture 。 In order to meet the audience's need for quick reporting of live news, the company broke the traditional centralized management mode and abandoned bureaucracy Style, authorize subordinate managers to make decisions on their own within a certain range, and promote "flexible and fast" Decision making mode ”, thereby realizing Operation management "Automation" of, greatly improving the audience Satisfaction And business efficiency.

Brand management

In the 1960s, S&S Public relations company President Joe Makeni proposed "brand capital" management philosophy , since Brand management Becomes more and more important. The idea and mode of brand management overcome the disadvantage of "only focusing on single product and market" in the traditional management mode, and realized the transformation from tactical management to strategic management The fundamental change of. stay Brand strategy In the management mode, the role of the brand is not only to increase the short-term benefits of sales and profits, but also to establish the enterprise's Brand identity To bring long-term benefits to the enterprise.

Behind the brand is loyalty Customer resources 。 Many international knowledge Famous enterprises The road to success depends on strength brand effect To pave the way, as abroad Coca Cola 、 Benz Disney bmw And China's Haier And so on. The brands of these enterprises are invaluable and become important to attract loyal customers intangible assets 。

Standardized management

In the 1970s, the United States UCLA Professor of Management Ewek ·Freimz put forward the idea of standardized management, that is, to overcome the crisis in the process of enterprise growth through standardized management (such as Diseconomies of scale ）, enabling enterprises to Entrepreneurship Main steering Professional management 。 He believes that, small business To avoid the fate of failure in the process of growth, we need to successfully complete organization development Six tasks of market positioning 、 Develop products And services, access to resources, establishment of business system, establishment of management system And building corporate culture, and successful experience life cycle The seven stages of the growth of Chinese organizations are new construction, expansion, specialization, consolidation, diversification, integration, recession and recovery. This standardized management idea has successfully transformed into a "family style" enterprise management style It provides specialized solutions for small enterprises to avoid uneconomical scale or Ineconomic scope And other issues provide important reference.

It is worth mentioning that the management professionalization in the standardized management thought and the bureaucratic rule under the entrepreneurial spirit are not synonym 。 With the development of the enterprise, entrepreneurship is no longer the only force to promote the further development of the enterprise. We should absorb the advantages of both, and take the specialization and Standardized management Our development path has become a necessary choice for enterprises. It can be said that standardized management is the source of continuous development and long-term success of enterprises.

At the same time, the management academia also appeared System management theory (system theory), that is to say, an organization is a unified whole composed of independent units. Managers need to deal with the relationship between various parts and give full play to the overall functional advantages to achieve the development goals of the organization.

Innovation management

In the 1970s and 1980s knowledge economy In his Economic Development Theory, American economist Schumpeter first proposed the concept of innovation. He believes that innovation is the main body of entrepreneurs Realize profits Process. Innovation can be divided into technology driven and demand driven. Innovation is not just technical innovation or pure Production mode At the same time, revolution also has the meaning of institutional change. Schumpeter summarized two innovation models. Model I refers to the integration of exogenous Scientific Invention Transform into productivity and promote profit growth; Model II refers to investing in research and development after the enterprise has grown to a certain extent, so that the enterprise can continue to grow in continuous innovation and create profits. Innovation is Enterprise development Guarantee of. as Motorola 、 Siemens? 、 DuPont , China Chery, etc., have become winners in the competitive market through continuous independent innovation.

meanwhile, contingency management The idea of continuity management also came into being. This management thought believes that the external environment is unpredictable, and enterprises must constantly adjust their strategies to adapt to environmental changes. To some extent, this thought is similar to Innovation management Similarities are new and different management practices selected to adapt to changes in the external or market environment.

corporate culture

Enterprise management is not only a science, but also a culture. In 1981, University of California William Ohnai, a management professor, put forward the z theory in his book "z theory - how American enterprises meet the challenges of Japan". This theory combines the cultural factors of the East and the West, complements the management ideas of the United States and Japan, absorbs the essence of traditional rules, and combines modern management ideas to propose a set of systematic and clear value system 。

The basic framework of corporate culture described in the table above reflects the development of Cultural values , aiming to develop creativity and cohesive force To promote enterprises to develop faster and maintain long-term competitive edge 。 Corporate culture, as a kind of Enterprise spirit Symbol or operation Concept identification (Mind Identity), which is easy to create a good image of the enterprise and form a good internal centripetal force And form an attraction to customers.

In addition, the idea of emergency management emerged in this era, that is, to emphasize the market environment With the rapid change of, enterprise managers should break the rules, establish a new corporate culture, not conservative old ideas, should adopt creative thinking and flexible response, and strive for survival and development in the change.

Learning organization

One of the American management masters in 1992 Peter Senge Because of“ Learning organization ”Management of New ideas Won the Pathfinder Reward, the highest honor of the World Enterprise Institute. This idea is embodied through "five cultivation techniques", namely the so-called Self transcendence , Improvement Mental Models , Establishment Shared vision 、 Team learning And system thinking. He believes that through continuous learning, we can re recognize ourselves, re recognize the world, systematically understand various interrelationships, and see a new panorama of things, so as to constantly create opportunities for future development and take forward-looking actions.

This theory emphasizes system thinking or system management thought in management activities. The structure of human system is delicate and intricate, and people need to constantly learn and understand System structure The various variables and interrelationships in, that is, the need to constantly reflect on themselves, expand the scope of thinking, insight hierarchical structure Only by establishing a shared vision can we find a new way to solve the problem. Learning organization The management thought of the "management theory" has been widely used in many countries.

Process reengineering management

In the face of the wave of bankruptcy sweeping American enterprises and the danger of losing their leading position in the world at the end of the 1980s, American managerialists Ker Hammer and James Chapick published the book Reengineering the Enterprise - Declaration of Industrial and Commercial Revolution in 1993, proposing“ Process reengineering ”This new management idea. They think that American enterprises need to do something Major operation In order to quickly obtain new life. This theory immediately caused a sensation in the management academia and set off a revolutionary whirlwind of business administration in the American and Western economies.

Process reengineering The core of management thought is that enterprises should adapt to the new Competitive environment , need to operation flow , operation management and operation pattern Conduct fundamental rethinking and redesign, such as through Business Process Reengineering ( BPR ）JIT Flatter Organization (Flat Organization), flexibility production system And market value chain design scheme To make the enterprise's production efficiency product quality 、 service level And operating efficiency.

In reality, BPR management has greatly improved the production efficiency and efficiency of many well-known enterprises. Chinese Haier Group Through market value chain, flat organization design and other business process reengineering management modes, the gap with the world's advanced management level has been rapidly narrowed physical distribution management It is one of the important reasons why Haier has achieved great success in the domestic and foreign markets.

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