Management thought is the viewpoint, idea or theoretical system about management.management theory And practice in people's minds.It plays a guiding role in management.
With the emergence and development of human society and management activities.Its development is generally believed to have experienced ancient simple management thought, modern management theory, and modernManagement Theory JungleThree periods.
The ancient simple management thought flourished in ChinaBabylon, India, etc.Over 2000 BC,Babylon, CubaHammurabiThe 282 laws promulgated by the king reflect the ancient thought of regulation management.[1]
Management thought is the general name of the views, ideas and opinions formed by people's thinking on management activities in social practice.
It is a conscious and systematic reflection of various social relations and contradictory activities in management practice.Management thought is gradually formed and developed on the basis of management practice. It has gone through the development process from thought germination, thought formation to continuous system and deepening.
Background
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In the long historical process of ancient society, people's thinking on management practice was in an unconscious state. They put forward many opinions on specific problems, links and methods of management, and recorded many successful management experiences and methods, thus forming a rich heritage of ancient management ideas.However, these management ideas are fragmented, lacking theoretical analysis and generalization, let aloneideological system。
Until the late 19th centuryproductivityWith the promotion of high development and rapid progress in science and technology, management issues have received attention and attention, and the observation, research and summary of management practice have continued to develop, making people's understanding of management more systematic and in-depth, and management ideas have gradually formed an independent ideological system, making management a discipline.
With the emergence of management science, the development of management thought has entered a new realm.The history of management ideology is based on the management ideology of different social stagesEvolution processAs one's own research object, explore its development law.From the perspective of discipline, the history of management thought is a science that studies and reveals the historical process and laws of the emergence, development and evolution of human management thought.
The research objects of the history of management thought include management practice, management thoughtmanagement theory , management practice, management thought and management theoryDialectical relationship, SocietyProduction modeAnd the relationship between the change of management thought and the evolution of management thought.The history of management thought is not only meaningful for managers in all industries, but also our absorption of foreign countriesmanagement scienceEffective ways of achievements,Learning managementThe history of thought is more conducive to improving our overall quality.[2]
Ideological evolution
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Ancient management thought
1. Ancient Chinese management thought
2. Foreign management ideas
3. Ancient management thought
Features: rich in content, inclusive, mainly the intuitive exposition and explanation of experience, and the exposition is fragmented.
d. Eliminate all incorrect, slow and ineffective actions.
e. Replace the old method usually used in the past with the new method formed by the fastest and best new action.
Stipulated on the basis of time action researchTaskQuota.The work task quota is not based on the average of workersOperation timeIt is based on the time required by the first class workers with high efficiency.Since it is a task, workers should be paid high wages. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of workers,TaylorAnd invented differentialPiece rate system。
Differential piecework wage system: if a worker'soutputIf it is lower than the standard specified in the task, the lowerWage rateThe salary shall be calculated. If it is higher than the standard specified in the task, the salary shall be calculated at a higher rate.This means that workers at the same position and level will receive different salaries.
a. Functionalization principle: in a management organization system, departments are set according to different functions. Functional departments are directly responsible to the superior managers, and they have their own terms of reference.
b.Exceptional principle:Top managementSmall problems in work should be avoided, and only "exceptional" situations and problems should be handed over to the top management."Exceptional" situations and problems refer to the difficulty of functional departmentsSelf regulationNew situations and problems not included in the original authority.
deficiencies:scientific managementThere is too much emphasis on technology and individualOperation efficiency. They are biased against people and ignore historical limitations such as the overall function of the enterprise. Therefore, they should be "aware" when using them.
(1) Fayol: "the father of modern management theory".
(2) Key points of general management theory:
a. The difference between operation and management.
b. Five elements of management.
c. Fourteen principles of management:Division of laborPower and responsibility, discipline, unified commandpersonal interestsObey the overall interests, personnel remuneration, centralization and decentralizationHierarchy chain, order, fairness, personnel stabilityInitiativeTeam spirit.
d. Advocate management education:Management abilityIt can be obtained through education. The "lack of management education" is due to the "lack ofmanagement theory ”No manager tries to turn those accepted rules and experiences into universal management theories.Through management education, it can be rapidly improvedmanagement layerThe ability of management can also quickly bring up urgently needed management talents.All managers of the enterprise accept the necessarymanagement training It is also an important benchmark for the sound development of enterprises.
(1) Weber: "the father of organization management".
(2) Weber's theory of power.
(3) The key points of the theory of ideal administrative organization system: clear division of labor, top-down powerHierarchy. Appointment of personnel, professional management personnel, compliance with rules and disciplinesThe relationship between people in an organization.
People are born lazy and always want to do lessA little work;Most people have no ambition, do not like to be responsible, and prefer to be commanded by others;
Self centeredness is human nature and does not care about the goals of the organization;People lack self-control and are easily influenced by others
AnthropomorphicBehavioral motivationNot just the pursuit of money, but all of peopleSocial needs; People use social relations at work to seek fun and meaning;The social influence of workers on their colleagues is more important than the economic remuneration given by the organization;The work efficiency of workers changes with the degree to which the superior can meet their social needs
Automatic man
Human needs develop from the low level to the high level. When the low level needs are met, they pursue higher level needs. Self realization is the highest level of human needs;People become mature due to their work, and tend to be independent and autonomous;People have the ability to be spontaneous and self-control;There is no fundamental conflict between individual goals and organizational goals,have a chance toIf so, he will automatically align his personal goals withOrganizational objectivesUnify
Complex person
People are not only complex, but also changeable;People's needs and where they areOrganizational environmentIt matters;Whether a person is willing to contribute to the organization's goals depends on his own needs and the relationship between him and the organization;People can respond to differentmanagement styleMake different responses
Macregor proposed twoHumanity hypothesis, called X theory and Y theory.According to X theory, human nature is dishonest, lazy and irresponsible.Ordinary people are naturally inclined to relax rather than work, evade responsibility and prefer to accept orders from others.According to Y theory, external control and punishment threats do not promote people toOrganizational objectivesThe only means of effort.It is not human nature to hate work. People are not passive and can carry outSelf guidanceandSelf control。Human behavior is dominated by motivation and so on.Macrego believes that: traditionalmanagement styleThe human nature hypothesis based on X theory, which is mainly used to restrain and control employees, is outdated.Only the management mode based on Y theory can achieve good results.
LeadersYesThe concern for production and the concern for people.useAbscissaTo show concern for production, useOrdinateThey show concern for people. They are divided into nine grades from low to high, forming 81 grids. They show different levels of concern and represent 81 management methods.Five typical management methods are: 11 grid is poor, 1The 9 grid is country club style, 9One grid is task oriented, 5.5 grid is intermediate, and 9.9 grid is group oriented.
Modern management thought
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At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries,business managementIt became a formal discipline for the first time.Since then, management professionalization has opened a new chapter, followed by a number of management thinkers andmanagement theory Theory.Some management thoughts are the direct improvement and enhancement of the defects in the early management thoughts.However, all management thoughts try to explain the specific management problems faced at that time and provide methods for solving these problems in the future.Table 1 summarizes the different periods of the past 100 yearsEnterprise management thoughtThe main content and systematic thinking.
scientific management(Scientific management) theory was developed in 1912 byFrederick Winslow TaylorIn ScienceManagement principles》In a book.Taylor's contribution is toenterprise operation Brought inManaging the World。Without him, there would be noModern management(Michael D. Burton, 2003).Based on the results of experiments and surveys, Taylor found thatmanagement styleNext, the enterprise has the phenomenon of "imitating foreign workers", and there are often conflicts between managers and employees,production efficiencyLow.Taylor concluded that the enterprise management decision-making at that time was not systematic enough and lacked necessaryResearchTo determine a "best practice".He then put forward four management principles: first, managers should develop ascientific method, to replace the oldEmpirical method;Second, workers should be selected scientifically and trained, educated and grown up;Third, we should work closely with workers to ensure that all work conforms to plans and principles;Fourth, we should ensure that management and workers achieve equality in the division of work and responsibilities.In order to deal with the problem of "Moyang workers", Taylor also proposed effective specific management measures, such as universal implementationQuota managementImplement differential piece rate wage system to realize tool standardization and operation standardization.These management measures contain profound management ideas and concepts, which have been widely used by enterprises for nearly 100 years with fruitful results.Among them,Ford Motor CompanyIntroduced in 1913scientific managementThought and mode, launched the "$5 workday"wage system, attracted a large number of excellent and qualified workers, and stipulated thatStandard salaryThe requested workers will be dismissed.As a result, the potential of workers has been maximized,labour productivityRapid improvement has also created“FordKingdom.
In addition, at the same time, French mining engineersHenri Fayol (Henri Fayol) proposed in 1916administrative managementThought.This onemanagement theory The mode and puts forward five functions of managers, namely, planning, organization, command, coordination and control, and 14Management principlesThat is, division of work, authority, discipline, unified command, personal interests subject to the overall interests, remuneration, power concentrationHierarchy chain, order, fairness, personnel stabilityInitiativeandSolidarity。Similar to this management idea is Max of Germany·weberProposed bureaucracyadministrative organization(bureaucracy)Etc.These management ideas and the science of the lowest level employees of the organization that Taylor focuses onmanagementDifferent, their focus directly points to the activities of all managers, emphasizing an idealorganization designFormalization of and authority andTechnical capability, but ignored the personalInitiativePrinciple, which deprives employees of personal creativity and organizational quick responseenvironmental change Ability.
Management by Objectives
The concept of management by objectives (MBO) was first proposed by Peter Drucker in his famous book Management Practice in the 1940s.This management thought believes that managers should manage their subordinates through objectives.Therefore, the mission and task of the enterprise must be transformed into specific goals.With a clear goal, each department and individual can have the direction and motivation to work hard, and the enthusiasm of employees can also be mobilized, which is the so-called "beacon" effect.
In the 1960s, the theory of x and Y proposed by McGregor further enriched the theoretical basis of MBO.According to the theory of x and Y, the hypothesis of x emphasizes that people are notconscientiousnessTherefore, to mobilize their enthusiasm, we need to use money temptation and punishment to achieve;The Y hypothesis emphasizes that people haveSense of responsibilityThe key to mobilizing their enthusiasm is to provide them with an environment that can give full play to their potential and role.As long as clear and reasonableResponsibility objectivesAnd evaluation mechanism, and give them the necessary decision-making power, they will certainly playSubjective initiative, work tirelessly and complete the task excellently.
The idea and mode of management by objectivesthe Second World WarThe later stage of western economic recovery quickly became popular, and the United States, JapanWestern EuropeIt has been widely used in many countries.CEO of General Electric CompanyWelch"Top Two" advocated since the 1980sTarget responsibility system, that is, the company's strategic goal is to position itself as a "top two" company on the competitive stage, and not as a "top two" companyBusiness DepartmentFirmly rectify, close or sell.The clear development goals have made it a great achievement, and also made it one of the top 500 companies in the world.This is the successful application of management by objectives.
Maslow, another famous psychologist who promoted the development of humanistic management thought at the same time, put forward five levels of needs in 1943Hierarchy theory。According to his point of view, from the perspective of motivation, enterprise managers must understand the different levels of people's needs, and then take corresponding measures to meet the different needs of employees, so as to maximize the enthusiasm of employees.
The essence of humanistic management is that,business organizationThe first management is the management of people, and people are equal, not "slaves" or "machines" dominated by money temptation and bosses, but there are differences in energy levels and needs. Therefore, enterprise organizations need to pay attention to the different abilities and needs of peopleProfit sharing, training, communication, trust and respect to mobilize the enthusiasm of employees, so as to realize the organization'sBusiness objectives。Practice has also proved that the humanistic management thought has strong vitality.For example, the United StatesHPSince its establishment in 1939, HP has actively practiced thismanagement model , such as "let employees share profits" to enhance employees'Sense of belongingandSpirit of ownership;Build trust and respect through "an office without doors";By elasticityEmployment system, improve employeesliving standard;By attaching importance to education, improveEmployee skillsEtc.This series of humanized management practices has made HP's status as the spokesman of the electronics industry prosperous, making it always《wealth》Top of the ranking list.
Quality Assurance
In the 1950sWorld War IIin the future,Quality AssuranceEdward Deming, a scientist, proposedPDCA cyclequalitymanagement theory That is to say, solve quality problems through a series of work procedures including plan, do, check and action.As a pioneer of quality management, Deming's theory has establishedTotal Quality Management(TQM), that is, quality management must beoverallYes, quality management is not a matter for individual departments. It must be promoted by the top management, give play to the team spirit, and let every department and employee participate in it. Only then can it be effective.
U.S.AGeneral Electric CompanyPresident ofJack Welch It believes that quality is the whole of the company, quality is the life of the enterprise, and quality is the central activity of every employee.He has always required employees to have high standards of productivity and pursue“zero defect”And“Six standard deviationsPlanning ".The implementation of this plan has brought huge cost savings and huge profits to GE, which has made GE a great global enterprise.
In addition, a boom of quantitative management emerged in this period, that is, private enterprises began to usequantitative analysis To make management decisions and solve the problems faced by enterprises after expanding their scaleComplex problems。
Authorization management
Authorized management refers to the delegation of management power to the lower level to reduceAdministrationUnnecessary intervention in order to achieve "inaction" and improve the enthusiasm of employees and the enterpriseOperating benefits。In the 1950s and 1960s, Ian Gordon based on theranking systemDrawbacks andManagement efficiencyThis management idea is put forward for the low problem.Facing customer-centric and globalmarket forcesMany enterprises, especially large companies, need to reduce the middleManagement levelSimplify procedures and improve efficiency to meet customer needs.
American Media Company founded in 1980CNNIs a successful example of implementing the management mode.Since its establishment, the company has pursued a kind of decentralizationcorporate culture。In order to meet the audience's need for quick reporting of live news, the company broke the traditional centralized management mode and abandonedbureaucracyStyle, authorize subordinate managers to make decisions on their own within a certain range, and promote "flexible and fast"Decision making mode”, thereby realizingOperation management"Automation" of, greatly improving the audienceSatisfactionAnd business efficiency.
Brand management
In the 1960s, S&SPublic relations companyPresident Joe Makeni proposed "brand capital"management philosophy, sinceBrand managementBecomes more and more important.The idea and mode of brand management overcome the disadvantage of "only focusing on single product and market" in the traditional management mode, and realized the transformation from tactical management tostrategic management The fundamental change of.stayBrand strategyIn the management mode, the role of the brand is not only to increase the short-term benefits of sales and profits, but also to establish the enterprise'sBrand identityTo bring long-term benefits to the enterprise.
In the 1970s, the United StatesUCLAProfessor of ManagementEwek·Freimz put forward the idea of standardized management, that is, to overcome the crisis in the process of enterprise growth through standardized management (such asDiseconomies of scale), enabling enterprises toEntrepreneurshipMain steeringProfessional management。He believes that,small businessTo avoid the fate of failure in the process of growth, we need to successfully completeorganization development Six tasks ofmarket positioning、Develop productsAnd services, access to resources, establishment of business system, establishment ofmanagement systemAnd building corporate culture, and successful experiencelife cycleThe seven stages of the growth of Chinese organizations are new construction, expansion, specialization, consolidation, diversification, integration, recession and recovery.This standardized management idea has successfully transformed into a "family style" enterprisemanagement styleIt provides specialized solutions for small enterprises to avoid uneconomical scale orIneconomic scopeAnd other issues provide important reference.
It is worth mentioning that the management professionalization in the standardized management thought and the bureaucratic rule under the entrepreneurial spirit are notsynonym。With the development of the enterprise, entrepreneurship is no longer the only force to promote the further development of the enterprise. We should absorb the advantages of both, and take the specialization andStandardized managementOur development path has become a necessary choice for enterprises.It can be said that standardized management is the source of continuous development and long-term success of enterprises.
At the same time, the management academia also appearedSystem management theory(system theory), that is to say, an organization is a unified whole composed of independent units. Managers need to deal with the relationship between various parts and give full play to the overall functional advantages to achieve the development goals of the organization.
Innovation management
In the 1970s and 1980sknowledge economyIn his Economic Development Theory, American economist Schumpeter first proposed the concept of innovation.He believes that innovation is the main body of entrepreneursRealize profitsProcess.Innovation can be divided into technology driven and demand driven.Innovation is not just technical innovation or pureProduction modeAt the same time, revolution also has the meaning of institutional change.Schumpeter summarized two innovation models.Model I refers to the integration of exogenousScientific InventionTransform into productivity and promote profit growth;Model II refers to investing in research and development after the enterprise has grown to a certain extent, so that the enterprise can continue to grow in continuous innovation and create profits.Innovation isEnterprise developmentGuarantee of.asMotorola、Siemens?、DuPont, China Chery, etc., have become winners in the competitive market through continuous independent innovation.
meanwhile,contingency managementThe idea of continuity management also came into being.This management thought believes that the external environment is unpredictable, and enterprises must constantly adjust their strategies to adapt to environmental changes.To some extent, this thought is similar toInnovation managementSimilarities are new and different management practices selected to adapt to changes in the external or market environment.
corporate culture
Enterprise management is not only a science, but also a culture.In 1981,University of CaliforniaWilliam Ohnai, a management professor, put forward the z theory in his book "z theory - how American enterprises meet the challenges of Japan".This theory combines the cultural factors of the East and the West, complements the management ideas of the United States and Japan, absorbs the essence of traditional rules, and combines modern management ideas to propose a set of systematic and clearvalue system 。
The basic framework of corporate culture described in the table above reflects the development ofCultural values, aiming to develop creativity andcohesive forceTo promote enterprises to develop faster and maintain long-termcompetitive edge。Corporate culture, as a kind ofEnterprise spiritSymbol or operationConcept identification(Mind Identity), which is easy to create a good image of the enterprise and form a good internalcentripetal forceAnd form an attraction to customers.
In addition, the idea of emergency management emerged in this era, that is, to emphasize themarket environmentWith the rapid change of, enterprise managers should break the rules, establish a new corporate culture, not conservative old ideas, should adopt creative thinking and flexible response, and strive for survival and development in the change.
Learning organization
One of the American management masters in 1992Peter SengeBecause of“Learning organization”Management ofNew ideasWon the Pathfinder Reward, the highest honor of the World Enterprise Institute.This idea is embodied through "five cultivation techniques", namely the so-calledSelf transcendence, ImprovementMental Models , EstablishmentShared vision 、Team learningAnd system thinking.He believes that through continuous learning, we can re recognize ourselves, re recognize the world, systematically understand various interrelationships, and see a new panorama of things, so as to constantly create opportunities for future development and take forward-looking actions.
This theory emphasizes system thinking or system management thought in management activities.The structure of human system is delicate and intricate, and people need to constantly learn and understandSystem structureThe various variables and interrelationships in, that is, the need to constantly reflect on themselves, expand the scope of thinking, insighthierarchical structureOnly by establishing a shared vision can we find a new way to solve the problem.Learning organizationThe management thought of the "management theory" has been widely used in many countries.
Process reengineering management
In the face of the wave of bankruptcy sweeping American enterprises and the danger of losing their leading position in the world at the end of the 1980s, American managerialists Ker Hammer and James Chapick published the book Reengineering the Enterprise - Declaration of Industrial and Commercial Revolution in 1993, proposing“Process reengineering”This new management idea.They think that American enterprises need to do somethingMajor operationIn order to quickly obtain new life.This theory immediately caused a sensation in the management academia and set off a revolutionary whirlwind of business administration in the American and Western economies.
In reality, BPR management has greatly improved the production efficiency and efficiency of many well-known enterprises.ChineseHaier GroupThrough market value chain, flat organization design and other business process reengineering management modes, the gap with the world's advanced management level has been rapidly narrowedphysical distribution managementIt is one of the important reasons why Haier has achieved great success in the domestic and foreign markets.