Vladivostok is the largest port city along the Pacific coast of Russia, the Russian Far East Science Center, the base of the Russian Pacific Fleet, and the largest city, economic and cultural center in the Russian Far East.It is also one of the main cultural, educational and scientific research centers in the Far East.[1]
Russian Academy of SciencesSiberiaThe Far East Branch of the Branch, the Pacific Fisheries and Oceanography Institute andFar Eastern Federal UniversityAnd many other colleges and universities.The Russian government has decided to build Vladivostok and its surrounding areas into a free economic zone to strengthen Russia's cooperation withChina、the republic of korea、JapanAnd other Northeast Asian countries.As of 2018, the total population is 605000, mainly Russians and ChinaRussianPeople.ClimateHumid continental climate Mainly, the annual average high temperature is 8.38 ° C, the average low temperature is 1.38 ° C, and the average precipitation is 797 mm.
In the middle of the 17th century, the Tsarist Empire took the opportunity to invade the East and sought to open ports in the Far East.
The Map of Tsarist Russia in the Middle Seventeenth Century
Signed between the Qing government and Russia during the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty《Treaty of Nerchinsk 》The Ming Dynasty confirmed that the area where Vladivostok was located belonged to the Qing Dynasty.
During the second Opium War, the Qing government signed an unequal agreement with Russia in 1858Aihui TreatyIt is stipulated that the region east of the Ussuri River in Vladivostok is under the joint management of China and Russia.
In 1860, Russia forced the Qing government to sign an unequalSino Russian Beijing TreatyThe Qing government ceded about 400000 square kilometers of territory to the east of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin Island, including Vladivostok.Later, it became an important military base of Tsarist Russia in the Far East, but because it was too far away from the Russian headquarters, the development of this place was slow.[3]
In 1871, Russia built a military port here and moved the Pacific Fleet from Nikolayevsk (Temple Street) here.The town was established in 1875.It has been upgraded to a city since 1880.
Russia forced China to sign the Aihui Treaty
In 1888, it became the administrative center of the coastal province of Russia.
Since the opening of the Siberian railway in 1891, there have also been sea routes from it to Kobe, Nagasaki, Japan, Shanghai, China and other places.
Since 1903MoscowAfter the completion of the direct railway line to Vladivostok, the city developed rapidly and became an important city and port of Russia in the Far East.The disintegration of the Soviet UnionPreviously, it was the capital of the coastal frontier region of the Russian Federation of the Soviet Union.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it is still the coastal frontier capital of the Russian Federation and the second largest city in the Far East.
1904-1905Russo Japanese WarIn China, it was raided by a detachment fleet sent by the Japanese Navy.As the Russian patrol fleet stood firm, the Japanese navy shifted its attack targets.[4]
After the Russian October Revolution in 1917, due to the chaos of the Soviet Union's civil war, the anti Communist forces were united here with Belarus in the Russian Far East.These include some foreign forces such as Britain, the United States and Japan. The Japanese British Allied Forces entered the Golden Horn Bay and this city in April 1918 on the pretext that there were Japanese funded facilities there. In 1920, the Far East coastal area established the "Far East Republic", which lasted until 1922, when it was recovered by the Soviet Union.[5]
Since the 1930s, the city has becomeSoviet UnionThe main place where political prisoners are exiledthe Second World WarThe Soviet Union andJapanPrisoners of war.
In 1954, Khrushchev, the first secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, came to the city and said that it could be compared with San Francisco in the United States, which also established its position as the most important development city in the Far East of the Soviet Union.
The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino Soviet Border in 1991 (May 16, 1991) defined and determined the direction of the eastern section of the Sino Soviet border where an agreement had been reached.During Jiang Zemin's visit to Russia in July 2001, the two heads of state reached a consensus when meeting in Moscow, and charged the foreign ministers of the two countries with resolving the remaining border issue within one year.At the same time, the Treaty of Good Neighbourly, Friendly and Cooperation between China and Russia signed by the two sides clearly stipulates that the two sides should continue to negotiate on the direction of the boundary line in areas where China and Russia have not yet reached consensus.In September of the same year, when Premier Zhu Rongji visited Russia, the foreign ministers of the two countries reached an agreement on the principle of solving the remaining border issue, namely "equal consultation, mutual understanding and compromise".And confirmed in writing.[16]
On July 13, 2015, Russian President Putin signed the bill establishing Vladivostok Free Port.According to this bill, the Vladivostok Free Port covers a total area of 34000 square kilometers and is close to the border area between China and North Korea. The establishment period is 70 years.The free port will provide policy support and preference for enterprises settled in the port in terms of taxation, customs and quarantine.This period can be extended or the state's support measures for enterprise activities can be stopped in advance.The Vladivostok Free Port Law will come into force on October 12, 2015, 90 days after its official publication.[6]
Vladivostok is the administrative center of the Far East Federal District, with a population of about 605000 (2018) and an area of 331.16 square kilometers.Located at the eastern end of the Siberian Railway, it is Russia's window to the Asia Pacific.
geographical environment
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geographical position
Vladivostok is located inthe pacific oceanAt the southern end of the coastal Muraviyov Amursky PeninsulaSea of Japan, the city is built near the mountain, the north is the highland, and the east, south and west are respectively adjacent to Wusuli BayBig Peter BayandAmur Bay。The city and port area are located inAmur PeninsulaApicalGolden Horn BayAlong the coast, Jinjiao Bay stretches into the mainland from southwest to northeast, with a length of about 7 kilometers, a width of about 2 kilometers at the entrance, and a depth of 20-30 meters.The southern side of the Golden Horn Bay is separated from the East Bosphorus Strait, with the Russian island as the natural barrier.The bay is surrounded by low mountains and hills, which is a dangerous situation and one of the few natural harbors in the world.[17]
Vladivostok's position in the Far East
Vladivostok
Climatic characteristics
According to Zhou Shuzhen's climate classification, Vladivostok belongs to the typical temperate continental humid climate, or cold temperate zoneContinental monsoon climate。Cool and comfortable in summer;Autumn is the best season in Vladivostok. The weather is sunny, sunny, lasts for a long time, and sometimes there are typhoons.In winter, affected by the northerly wind from the high latitude polar region and the ocean southeasterly wind, it is cold and humid, with more snow.Spring comes earlier;In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, east and southeast wind prevails, cool and comfortable, moderate rainfall, and sometimes fog.The four seasons are distinct throughout the year, and the weather changes slowly.Because it is close to the Sea of Japan, the temperature in winter and summer has a smaller range than that in inland areas of the same latitude, and the daily temperature difference is very small, which has obvious temperate monsoon climate characteristics.
Climate Histogram of Vladivostok
Climate data of Vladivostok (1961-1990)
particular year
one
month
two
month
three
month
four
month
five
month
six
month
seven
month
eight
month
nine
month
ten
month
eleven
month
twelve
month
Average gas
Temperature (℃)
1961-
one thousand nine hundred and ninety
-13
-10
-2.5
four point four
nine point six
twelve
seventeen
nineteen
fifteen
eight
-1.3
-9.5
rainfall
（mm）
1961-
one thousand nine hundred and ninety
fifteen
eighteen
twenty-four
fifty-two
sixty
ninety-eight
one hundred and eighteen
one hundred and forty-eight
one hundred and twenty-four point five
sixty-eight point two
thirty-eight
nineteen point four
Rainy day
（d）
1961-
one thousand nine hundred and ninety
two point seven
three
three point nine
six point eight
seven point nine
ten
eleven
ten point two
seven point three
five point five
four point two
two point six
Daily average
Sunshine (h)
1961-
one thousand nine hundred and ninety
five point seven
six point six
seven
six point four
six point four
four
three point nine
four point eight
six point six
six point six
five point six
five
Note: Rainfall day means that the daily rainfall is not less than 1mm. The location of the weather station is 43.1 degrees north latitude, 131.9 degrees east longitude and 183 meters above sea level
natural resources
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Animal resources
Vladivostok lives more than 2000 kinds of invertebrates, about 300 kinds of fish, birds and about 20 kinds of marine mammals in the Great Peter Bay.The most commonmarine animalIt's a seal.There are all kinds of seabirds living on the rocks along the coast. People call it "bird market".[18]
Vladivostok satellite photograph
population
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As of 2018, Vladivostok has a total population of 605000, most of whom are Russians.
Fishing boats in Peter the Great Bay
Transportation
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Railway
The Siberian Railway, which was started from both east and west in 1891 and opened to traffic in 1905, has a total length of more than 9000 kilometers, starting from Vladivostok (Vladivostok) on the coast of the Japan Sea in the Russian Far East, passing through the sparsely populated Russian Far East, passing through Khabarovsk (Boli), Chita, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, OmskChelyabinsk and other cities, reach Yekaterinburg at the eastern foot of Urals.
Schematic Diagram of Siberian Railway
shipping
Vladivostok is the largest port in the Russian Far East and also the largest trading port in the Russian Far East. The annual throughput of the port is about 10 million tons, including about 4 million tons of domestic transportation and about 3 million tons of foreign transportation.Since the winter icing period of Vladivostok is up to 100~110 days (from the first ten days of December to the middle and last ten days of the next March), it can be navigable by means of icebreakers.It is foggy in summer and autumn, of which the average foggy day is one and a half months from June to August, and sometimes the heavy fog affects ships entering the harbor.The end of the North Sea route and the center of offshore transportation in the Far East.1979Port throughputAbout 9 million tons, of which two thirds are offshore transportation.The port has good equipment and large warehouses.The main freight transport is to transport oil and coal, grain, daily necessities, building materials and mechanical equipment to the Pacific coast of Russia, the eastern coast of the Arctic Ocean, Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, and to transport back fish and fish products, metals, minerals, etc.Among foreign trade goods, coal, timber, building materials, ores, fertilizers and fish products are exported.Machinery and equipment, grain and daily necessities are imported.Vladivostok PortCargo throughputIt ranks first in Russia's Far East.Industry types include ship repair, rolling stock, mining equipment, electronic instruments, building materials, food processing, etc.It mainly exports oil, coal and grain, and imports petroleum products and fish.
Vladivostok has 12 colleges and 11 middle schools.Since the first navigation pilot school was opened in 1890Vladivostok National University[22]Far East Higher School of Marine EngineeringFar East National University of Fishery Technology、Far East National UniversityThere are also several other comprehensive universities, which have trained experts for all walks of life.It is worth mentioning that the National University of the Far East, also translated asFar Eastern Federal UniversityIn 2013, QS World University ranked more than 600. Its Chinese Department has trained a number of Chinese translation talents. When you walk on the street and meet a Russian speaking fluent Chinese with you, he or she is basically a graduate of the Chinese Department of Far East University.There are also 4 museums, 3 theaters and 1 concert hall in the city.The last Sunday of July every year is the largest local festival - the Russian Navy Day. Warships from all countries in the world are docked on the shore of the naval port, and colorful national flags are flying in the wind, which is very lively.
Gorky Academic Theater
Science and education
Major universities
Science and education organizations
Pacific National Medical University (ТГМУ)
Russian Institute of Automation and Control Process (ИАПУ)
Vladivostok National University of Economics and Services (ВГУЭС)
Russian Institute of Applied Mathematics (ИПМ)
Far East National University of Technical Fisheries (Далжрыбвту)
Russian Maritime Science and Technology Society (ИПМТ)
Far East Federal University (ДВФУ)[7]
Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry[10]
Makarov Pacific Naval Academy (МГУ,бывш. ДВВИМУ，ДВГМА）[8]
Russian Institute of Biology and Soil Research (БПИ)
Vladivostok Institute of Russian Customs[9]
Russian Institute of Pacific Geography (ТИГ)
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Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center (ТИНРО - Центр)
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Far East Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology (ФГБУ« ДВНИГМИ»)[11]
Cultural tourism
Vladivostok is also a resort with beautiful scenery, and has become the third tourist resort next to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.Taking advantage of the characteristics of hills, coastal locations and large forests, and through the overall planning and design, this coastal mountain city has been dressed up in a beautiful, unique and beautiful environment.There are good beaches here. In summer, thousands of tourists and convalescents come from all over the Far East, Siberia, Europe and even foreign countries.
Dawn at Golden Horn Bay in Vladivostok
military base
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Due to the important geographical location of Vladivostok, Russia set up a fortress in Vladivostok in 1877. From 1904 to 1905, the Vladivostok fortress, which was initially completed, played an important role, so that the Japanese army could not occupy Vladivostok.In 1923, the Soviet Union set up the Naval Administration in Vladivostok, and established the Pacific Fleet on the basis of the original Amur River Fleet. Since then, Vladivostok has been the headquarters of the Soviet Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet. The Soviet Union has always attached great importance to the construction of Vladivostok as a far eastern fortress and naval base.Now Vladivostok is not only the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet, but also the largest military port in the Russian Far East. It is home to the 36th Surface Warfighter Division and 44th Anti submarine Brigade, the main force of the Pacific Fleet.[12]
Varyag missile cruiser anchored at Vladivostok port
famous scenery
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The Monument to the Soviet Regime Soldiers in the Far East was built to commemorate the February Revolution and the October Revolution in 1917. In order to establish the Soviet regime in the Far East, the Bolshevik soldiers fought hard against the reactionary forces at home and abroad, and finally won the final victory in 1922. The monument stands in the central square of Vladivostok, and was built in 1961,It is the largest monument in the Far East.During the war, the commercial fleet undertook the task of transporting goods from the Allies, met with enemy ships and aircraft from time to time, and had to fight. A total of 25 commercial ships were sunk. In memory of these sailors, there was a burning fire in front of the monument.
Monument to Soviet Regime Warriors in the Far East
The Vladivostok Military History Museum is located on the shore of the shipyard. During World War II, the Pacific Fleet and the German Fascists fought to death at sea and on land. To commemorate the heroic sacrifice of soldiers, the center of the memorial square is burning a bright fire all the year round. The main memorial of the memorial square is the C-56 guard submarine, which fought bravely and well in World War II,A total of ten warships were sunk and four were severely damaged, making great contributions.
Vladivostok Museum of Military History
Vladivostok Railway Station was built in 1912 in accordance with the architectural style of Russia in the 17th century. There is a steam locomotive near the station. It was a steam locomotive designed by Soviet engineers during World War II and manufactured in the United States. It was transported from sea to the Soviet Union. Before 1963, this steam locomotive had been running on the Siberian railway to commemorate railway workers in the war years,On the 50th anniversary of the victory of the Second World War in 1995, this physical monument was set up. Next to this monument is a symbol engraved with 288, which is the symbol of the eastern end of the large railway running through Russia, indicating that the distance from Moscow is 9288 kilometers.
Vladivostok Railway Station
Vladivostok Fortress, in 1899, Vladivostok was officially declared as a fortress. The first permanent defense project was designed by the famous Russian engineering expert and professor of Nikolai Engineering Academy, Colonel K. I. Velikko.The overall plan of this defense line was formulated by the Minister of Operations, General A. N. Kurobatkin, and it started in the Amursky Bay, passed through Muraviyov Amursky Peninsula, and finally reached Ussurisk (Shuangchengzi), about 3-5 kilometers away from the Golden Horn Bay.During the First World War, the fortress successfully resisted attacks from sea and land, and was indestructible.The fortress left behind a large number of powerful weapons at that time, which is a good place to visit.[13]
