BambusoideaeAngiospermaMagnoliophyta，MonocotyledonsLiliopsida，Poales Poales，GramineaeA branch of Bambusoideae.The stem leaves are solitary at each node of the culm, that is, the culm sheath. They are composed of sheath sheath, sheath tongue, sheath ear and sheath slice. The sheath ear and sheath mouth fringe hairs often exist.Caryopsis, sometimes in the form of nut or pear, is easy to separate from the lemma. When the pericarp is dry or fresh, it is thin and fleshy, and the hilum is linear.[3]
Bambusoideae is distributed in Asia, Australia, Africa and North and South America. The herbaceous Eolibambusoideae is believed to be in the early stage of continental drift, except that its basal group, Ilian bamboo, is distributed in New Guinea, and a species that may be Eolibambusoideae is distributed in Africa and Madagascar.All other species are distributed in tropical America.[3]
Bambusoideae is an important renewable resource. It has the advantages of fast growth, short cycle, high yield, wide use, less investment, and large benefits. It is widely used in construction, light industry, food, furniture, packaging, transportation, viewing, and improving the ecological environment. It is a forest species with good economic, ecological and social benefits.[4]
The plant is lignified, often in the form of arbor or shrub.Both culms and nodes of branches at all levels can produce leaves.The underground stems are developed and become horizontal or clustered bamboo whips in the ground. The leaves are heteromorphic and can be divided into stem leaves and ordinary leaves;Culm leaves are called culm sheaths or branch sheaths. There are developed sheath sheaths and thinner and sessile sheath slices. At the junction between the two, there are sheath tongues on the axial surface, and sheath ear and sheath mouth hairs also often exist;Two rows of ordinary leaves alternate at each node of the twigs, and their leaf sheaths overlap each other. At the top of the leaf sheaths, there are such appendages as sheath tongue, sheath ear, and sheath mouth seam hairs, or missing. The petiole is located at the top of the leaf sheaths, short, with obvious joints. The leaves fall off, and the leaf sheaths remain;The flowering period of this subfamily is not fixed. Some species only bloom once in their lifetime and often die after flowering[1]。
bambusoideae
morphological character
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leaf
Bambusoideae, with stems generallywoodiness, mostlyshrubortreeShape,stalkThe internodes of T. sinensis are often hollow;Main culm leaf (culm sheathBamboo Shootsshell）It is obviously different from common leaves;The leaf blade (sheath slice) of culm sheath is usually reduced without obvious midvein;Common blade with short handle, andleaf sheathThe joints form a joint, and the leaves are easy to fall off from the leaf sheath.Chromosome: X=12, rare 7, 6, 5.SiO contained in the bodytwoIt can reach 70%. The pole and nodes of branches at all levels can bear 1 to several buds, and then the buds germinate to form branches, thus forming a complex branching system;The underground stem (rhizome) is also very developed and lignified (referring to the growth of plants), or becomesBamboo whipWalking horizontally in the ground [this is a monopodium, and because the bamboo whip is thinner than the pole diameter, it is also called a leptomorph].[3]
In addition, sheath ear and sheath mouth flint hairs also often exist, but the sheath segment is absolutely sessile;The nutrient leaves are arranged in two rows and alternate at each node of the middle and last branches (often called leafy twigs) of the branch system, and can form the same side similar to the form of compound leaves. Their leaf sheaths often overlap and wrap each other. The top of the leaf sheaths can also have appendages such as tongue, ear and sheath mouth flint hair. The leaves have petioles. The middle veins are very prominent, and the secondary veins and secondary veins are also obviousTransverse veinIt is easy to see or not. The petiole is short and located in the cup shaped recess formed by the inner and outer tongues at the top of the leaf sheath. Since the base is articulated, the leaves can fall off from the sheath together with the petiole later, while the leaf sheath remains on the branches for a long time.[3]
Trees or shrubs, rare climbing vines or herbs.Underground stems are usually called bamboo whips, and there are three types: sympodial, uniaxial and biaxial.The buds on the bamboo whip develop into shoots, and the abnormal leaves on the shoots are called bamboo sheaths or shoot sheaths;The bamboo sheath usually consists of four parts: sheath sheath, sheath leaf, sheath ear and sheath tongue;The bamboo sheath falls off and becomes culm.The culm is usually cylindrical, hollow, and jointed. There are two rings on the node, the lower ring is the sheath ring, the upper ring is the culm ring, the inside of the two rings is called the node, and between the two nodes is called the internode;Bamboo stems are clustered or scattered, with 1 to many branches.Leaves usually with transverse veins, ligule membranous.The flowers are bisexual, mostly composed of multiple inflorescences, the spikelets are flat on both sides, the lemma is multi veined, awnless, the scales are often 2-3, and the stigma is 1-3.The fruits are mostly caryopsis, and few are nuts, berries or sachets[2]
The flowering part of the plant is successive, and its main axis and branches are not continuous;Pseudospikelets or clusters of pseudospikelets are sessile or nearly sessile, and they are directly borne at each node of the flower branch, even at the pole node (in the former case, the internode at the top of the flowering branchlets is often mistaken for the stalk of the top spikelet or pseudospikelet). The nodes of the flower branch where they are born usually also have leaf organs (such as abnormal leaves, flame bracts or bracts),And there are first leaves in the axilla;Culm sheaths are usually deciduous, even early falling, but some species of the Thai bamboo genus Thyrsostachys and the cold bamboo genus Chimonobambusa can be persistent.[2]
The flowering part of the plant is a single occurrence, that is, its spikelets grow on specific axial organs rather than directly on the nodes of the nutrient axis (including branches at all levels). Its main axis (namely, the inflorescence axis) and its branches are continuous without obvious nodes. Their internal structure is uniform, and most of them are solid. There is no bract or only a tiny bract attached to the inflorescence branch,But there is no preexisting leaf in its axilla;Spikelets all have long or short spikelet stalks（FusariumDrepanostachyum has no obvious spikelet stalk at the early stage of flowering, which seems to be pseudoinflorescence at this time). There are only leaf organs at the base of the whole flowering part, but there are no vegetative leaves in the inflorescence;Most of the poles stay or fall late (sometimes fall early in some genera and species);The fruit is mostly caryopsis with long ventral groove, thin or thick pericarp and nut like (such as Ferrogalamus).[2]
Distribution range
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This subfamily has about 66 genera and more than 1000 species, mainly distributed in tropical areas of Southeast Asia, and a few genera and species extend to subtropical and temperate regions.There are 26 genera and more than 200 species in China, which are mainly distributed in the provinces south of the Yangtze River basin.[3]
The flowering period is not fixed, and it is generally separated for a long time (several years, decades or more than 100 years). Some species only have one flowering period in their lifetime, and the flowering period can often last for several months.There are two basic types of inflorescences of bamboosGramineaeIt is customary to take spikelets as a unit) to form various inflorescences. Their development is completed at one time. In terms of single inflorescences, they are born on the top of a nutrient leaf [flag leaf or most leaf] at some parts of the plant vegetations. The inflorescence axis and its branches (including spikelet stalk) are often solid,That is, the internal structure is uniform from top to bottom.[2]
(Indogalamus) shrubby orShrubBamboos;The culms are scattered or clustered, erect, and the nodes are not very prominent, with a branch, which is usually as thick as the main culm.Large blades.About 30 species.There are about 20 species in China.Indocalamus latifolius [I. lati folius (Keng) Mc Clure], stem height is about 1m, lower diameter is 5-8mm;Culm sheaths persistent.It is distributed in East China, South Shaanxi Han River Basin and other regions.The stalk should be used as brush stalk or bamboo chopstick;The wide leaves can be used to make rainproof articles such as canopies and hats;Also used as a packageRice dumplings。In addition, there are other kinds of Indocalamus.Leaves have the same effect.
Bambusa
(Bambusa) The underground stem is sympodial, the stems are clustered, the internodes are cylindrical, each node has many branches, and the twigs can harden into thorns in some species.The sheath leaf is erect, the base is as wide as the top of the sheath sheath, and the sheath ear is prominent.About 100 species.There are more than 60 kinds in China.hedge bamboo[B.multiplex (Lour.) Raeuch.], 2~7m high, 5~25mm thick.Most branches clustered at 1 node.Leaves are usually 5-10 on one twig.It is distributed in South China and Southwest provinces and is usually cultivated for viewing.varietyPhoenix tail bamboo[B.multiplex var. nana (Roxb.) Keng f.], stem height 2-3 meters, diameter no more than 10 mm.More than 10 leaves are usually born on one twig, which looks like pinnate compound leaves.It is distributed in provinces and regions to the south of the Yangtze River basin.Cultivate more.The stem of B. ventricosa McClure is heteromorphic, and its internode is bottle shaped.Guangdong specialty, planted or potted everywhere for viewing.
Dendrocalamus
(Dendrocalamus) arborous bamboo, underground stem is sympodial, culms are clustered, upright, tail is often pendulous, nodes have many branches, and sheath leaves are often inverted;Spikelets contain 1 to many florets;Rachilla not articulated;Sera absent, stamens 6.D. latiflorus Munro, 20~25m high;Branches usually only grow on the upper part of the stem, each twig has 7-10 leaves, and the upper part of the leaf tip is covered with yellowish brown fine hairs.Spikelets are red purple to dark purple, containing 6-8 florets.It is distributed from South China to Southwest China.Bamboo shoots are sweet and can be used as summer vegetables;Bamboo stems are thick and good building materials;Bamboo strips can be woven;The leaves can be used to make rainproof appliances such as bamboo hats.[4]
Key values
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Bambusoideae is an important renewable resource. It has the advantages of fast growth, short cycle, high yield, wide use, less investment, and large benefits. It is widely used in construction, light industry, food, furniture, packaging, transportation, viewing, and improving the ecological environment. It is a forest species with good economic, ecological and social benefits.[4]
