Astronomical observation from tens of kilometers above the ground to the outer space of the earth's atmosphere
Space astronomical observation refers to astronomical observation from tens of kilometers above the ground to the outer space of the earth's atmosphere.Space astronomical observation can be divided into balloon observation, rocket observation, satellite observation and other spacecraft observation according to observation means, while it can be divided into space solar observation, ultraviolet astronomy, X-ray astronomy, gamma ray astronomy and infrared astronomy according to observation objects or bands.
Main utilizationLow earth orbit satelliteAnd space station observation.Space probeThe deep space survey also provides new knowledge about solar wind, flare particle emission and solar magnetic field.
AndGround astronomical observationIn comparison, space astronomical observation has the following characteristics:Earth's atmosphereObstruction of celestial radiation and limitation of observation resolution and sensitivity can be realizedFull band, high sensitivity and high resolution observation, and spacecraft can also be used tosolar systemObserve the objects in the nearest place.The main branches of space astronomical observation include space solar observation, ultraviolet astronomical observationX-rayAstronomical observation, infrared astronomical observation andGamma rayAstronomical observation, etc.
History
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1946U.S.AuseV-2 rocketObtain the first UV spectrum photo, first used in 1948rocketThe measured solar X-ray was launched by balloon in 1956solid rocketObservedSolar flareBurst of X-rays.Since the 1960s, with the improvement of the sensitivity and resolution of observation instruments and the development of satellite attitude control technology and data transmission capability, the observation of celestial bodies has expanded from solar observation to ultraviolet X-ray and gamma ray observation of galactic and extragalactic radiation sources.
Space astronomical observation has not only effectively promoted the development of solar physics, planetary physics, stellar and galactic physics, but also promoted a new branch of astronomy -Space astronomyFormation of.
Space solar observation
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Main utilizationLow earth orbit satelliteAnd space station observation.Space probeThe deep space survey also provides new knowledge about solar wind, flare particle emission and solar magnetic field.“Solar radiation monitoring satellite”No. 2 is mainly used to monitor the changes of ultraviolet and X-ray fluxes from the entire solar disk.The Orbital Solar Observatory No. 8 observes the ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma rays of the sun, and studies the dynamics of the solar structure, chemical composition, long-term and rapid changes in solar activity. In 1973, American astronauts operated in spaceApollo telescopeHigh resolution television and photographic observations of the solar chromosphere and corona were carried out, and solar photos under various solar activity conditions were obtained.
With the improvement of observation resolution, space solar observation has focused on the observation of the rapid changes in the fine structure of the sun and local areas, especially the flare eruption phenomenon. In 1980, the "Solar Peak Year Observation Satellite" (SMM) launched by the United States first found that the total solar ultraviolet, infrared and visible radiation flow rose and fell slowly with time.In 1981, about 500 flare bursts were recorded by the Japanese "Chickingbird" satellite, and the hyperfine time-varying structure of individual flare radiation streams was also found.
Ultraviolet astronomical observation
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In addition to the ultraviolet background measurement carried out by early rockets and satellites, the Orbital Observatory 2 satellite launched in 1968 first revealed the ultraviolet sky image, laying the foundation forUltraviolet astronomyBasics.According to this observation result, the first star ultraviolet observation survey catalog was published.In the 1970s, the Netherlands Astronomical Satellite (ANS) and the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite carried out Doppler shift observations of the ultraviolet spectrum, and the latter also made ultraviolet observations of X-ray sources and possibly black hole objects.The observation of satellite 3, "Ted" 1A (TD-1A), "Celestial Ultraviolet Radiation Analysis Satellite" (Aura), etc. also promoted the development of ultraviolet astronomy.
X-ray astronomical observation
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In 1962, the first non solar X-ray source was observed by rocketScorpio X-1。In the 1960s, rocket observations confirmed about 30 X-ray sources.The first X-ray observation satellite, "Small Astronomical Satellite" (SAS) 1 (also known as "Uhuru" satellite), launched in 1970, has been able to observe low-intensity X-ray sources, increasing the number of X-ray sources discovered to about 160.According to the satellite observation results, "Wuhulu" was publishedX-ray source table。Since then, the observation of "Small Astronomical Satellite" No. 3, "Netherlands Astronomical Satellite", etc. has increased the number of X-ray sources to more than 400, and found a batch of X-ray burst sourcesDiffuse X-ray backgroundAnd some discrete sources.
In 1977 and 1978, the first and second satellitesdetectorThe sensitivity of the array is about 7 times higher than that of "Small Astronomical Satellite" 1, and the detection results increase the number of X-ray sources to about 1500."High Energy Astronomical Observatory" No. 2 adopts the glancing typeX-ray telescopeThe sensitivity is about 1000 times higher than that of "Small Astronomical Satellite" 1.At least one X-ray source has been recorded in each of the more than 3000 observed sky regions, and many important discoveries have been made.
Gamma ray astronomical observation
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The development of gamma ray astronomical observation is later than that of X-ray observation, because the observable gamma ray flow is low and the instrument background is high, which has not been determined yetGamma ray sourcePosition of the instrument.The gamma ray background energy spectrum has been obtained through the observation of the "Orbital Solar Observatory" 3 satellite, "Small Astronomical Satellite" 2, "Cosmic Ray Observation Satellite" (COS) B and high-altitude balloon, and the non isotropic gamma ray radiation related to the galactic structure, a number of cosmic gamma ray point sources and cosmic gamma rays have been found, but the location of gamma rays cannot be accurately determined,It can only be measured roughly.
Infrared astronomical observation
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Space infrared astronomical observation began in the late 1960s.In the late 1970s, about 3000 infrared sources were found at 4, 11 and 20 micron wavelengths.The first one launched in January 1983Infrared astronomical satelliteHundreds of thousands of new infrared sources have been found, promotingInfrared astronomyDevelopment of.
