Mobile communication experience2GTimes3GThe era has developed to4GTime has come, and5GThe times have followed, and domestic5GFor commercial use.
On January 24, 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the statistical bulletin of the communication industry in 2023. According to the statistics, the number of telephone users in 2023 will increase by 37.07 million, reaching 1.9 billion in total.Among them, the total number of mobile phone users was 1.727 billion, with a net increase of 43.15 million throughout the year.5G mobile phone users reached 805 million, accounting for 46.6% of mobile phone users, 13.3 more than the end of last yearPercentage points.20231.091 billion people use mobile phones to access the Internet.By the end of February 2024, the three basic telecom enterprises and China Radio and Television have developed a total of 1.746 billion mobile phone users, including 851 million 5G users, accounting for 48.8%。[26][28-30]
Chinese name
mobile phone
Foreign name
Mobile Phone[25] Cellphone
Alias
Handheld mobile telephone[31]、Handheld radio telephone[32]、Mobile phone handset[33-34]
Mobile phones are divided intoIntelligent mobile phone（Smart phone）[2]And non smart phones（Feature phone）, GeneralIntelligent mobile phoneThe performance of non smart phones is better than that of non smart phones, but the performance of non smart phones is more stable than that of smart phones. Most non smart phones and smart phones usebritainARMArchitecturallyCPU。Intelligent mobile phoneOfDominant frequencyHigher, faster running speed, faster processing program tasks, and more convenient daily (for example:NOKIAThe main frequency of n81 is 369 megabyteshertz）；Rather than smart phoneDominant frequencyIt is relatively low, runningspeedIt is also slow (for example:NOKIA5000 dominant frequency is 50 MHz).
Smart phone refers to the imagepersonal computerSame, with independentoperating system, most of them are large screen computers, and they areCapacitive touch screen, and some areResistive touch screen, powerful and practical.It can be installed by users, includinggamePrograms provided by third-party service providers, such as mobile phones, and mobile communicationnetworkTo implementwireless networkThe general name of such mobile phones accessed ".In a broad sense, smart phones not only have the call function of mobile phones, but also havePDAMost of the functions of, especially personal information management and wireless data communication based browser andE-mailFunction.Smartphones provide users with enoughscreenDimensions andbandwidth, which is not only convenient to carry around, but also provides a broad stage for software operation and content services.Many value-added services can be launched in this regard, such as:shares、Journalism、weather、traffic、commodity、application programdownload、music、picture、Game downloadwait.
History
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If we trace back, we will find that the mobile phoneconceptAs early as the 1930sappearYes, it wasU.S.ABell Laboratories, the largest communication company, started trial production.1930, BelllaboratoryThe first so-called mobile phone was built.However, due to its large size, researchers had to put it on the shelf in the laboratory, and people gradually forgot about it.
In April 1973,U.S.AfamousMotorolacompanyengineeringtechnician“Martin Cooper ”Invent the first in the worldcivil's mobile phone.When Cooper calls the world's first mobile phone, he can use any electromagnetic frequency band.In fact, the first generation of analog phones differentiated different phones of different users by different frequencies.The GSM system, the second generation mobile phone, distinguishes users by extremely small time difference.Today, the frequency resources are obviously insufficient, and the number of mobile phone users is also growing exponentially.Therefore, the updated ones are differentiated by different codesCDMA technologyemerge as the times require.The mobile phones using this technology not only have better call quality and confidentiality, but also reduce radiation, which can be called "green mobile phones".
Development history
In 1831, the BritishFaradayFoundElectromagnetic induction phenomenon[17]Maxwell further elaborated the research results of Faraday and others with mathematical formulas, and extended the electromagnetic induction theory to space.More than 60 years later, Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves in experiments.The discovery of electromagnetic waves became“Wired electric communicationThe turning point towards "radio communication" has also become the origin of the whole mobile communication. As one scientist said, "mobile phones were born on the shoulders of telegrams and telephones. Without the efforts of predecessors, wireless communication could not be talked about.
May 24, 1844[3]。Morse's telegraph machine sent the first telegram in human history from Washington to Baltimore, "What a miracle God has created!"
On June 2, 1875, when Bell was doing an experiment, he accidentally splashed sulfuric acid on his leg.In pain, he shouted to his colleague in the other room, "Hurry up and help me!" This sentence was passed from the phone in the experiment to the one answering the phone in the other room, and became the first sentence sent by human beings through the phone[4]。
In 1902, a man named“Nathan Stubfield”Of AmericansKentuckyMurray's country house became the first wirelessTelephoneDevice, this wireless mobile phone is the earliest exploration and research of "mobile phone" technology[5]。
In 1946, the world made the first call with a mobile phone from a moving car in St. Louis.
In 1957,Soviet UnionoutstandingOfengineerLeonid.Kupriyanovich invented the mobile phone of the type ЛК - 1.In 1958, he had made further improvements to his mobile phone.The weight of the device is reduced from 3 kg to 500 g (including the weight of the battery), and the shape is reduced to the size of two cigarette boxes. It can be dialed anywhere in the city, and can be connected to any fixed telephone.By the early 60 years, Kuprijanovich's mobile phone had been able to work effectively within 200 kilometers.
In 1958, the Soviet Union began to develop the world's first fully automated mobile phone communication system, "Altai" (Алтай).In 1959, the "Altay" system with outstanding performance won the gold medal at the Brussels World Expo.
Martin Cooper
In 1973, a man stood in the street of New York, pulled out a wireless phone about the size of a brick, and began to talk.This man is Martin Cooper, the inventor of mobile phones.At that time, he was an engineering technician of Motorola.This was the first mobile phone in the world at that time[6]。
In 1975,Federal Communications Commission(FCC) determines the spectrum of land mobile phone communication and high-capacity cellular mobile phone.Ready for the commercial use of mobile phones[4]。
In 1982, Europe established GSM (Mobile Communication Special Group).
In 1985, the first commercial mobile phone in modern sense was born.It willPower SupplyandantennaIn one example, it weighs up to 3 kilograms.
The mobile phone, which is similar to the modern shape, was born in 1987.Its weight is still about 750 grams, which is like a big brick compared with the mobile phone which weighs only 60 grams today.
Since then, the "slimming" of mobile phones has become more and more rapid.In 1991, the mobile phone weighed about 250g.In the autumn of 1996, a mobile phone with a volume of 100 cubic centimeters and a weight of 100 grams appeared.Since then, it has been further miniaturized and lightened, and by 1999, it was less than 60g.
Development Details
At present, the most widely used mobile phone in the world is the so-called fourth generation mobile phone (4G), which is mainly based on the FDD-LTE system in Europe and America and the TD-LTE system in China. 4G communication technology is constantly optimized, upgraded, innovated and developed on the basis of 3G communication technology, integrating the advantages of 3G communication technology, and deriving a series of inherent characteristics of its own, focusing on WLAN technology.The innovation of 4G communication technology makes it have greater competitive advantages compared with 3G communication technology.First, 4G communication can realize the HD transmission of original pictures and videos in terms of picture and video transmission, and its transmission quality is comparable to that of computer pictures;Secondly, using 4G communication technology, the download speed of software, files, pictures, audio and video can reach up to tens of megabytes per second, which is impossible for 3G communication technology, and also a significant advantage of 4G communication technology;This fast download mode can bring us a better communication experience and facilitate the download of learning materials in our daily learning;At the same time, in the context of the rapid and convenient development of the network, users also put forward higher requirements for traffic costs. From the current 4G network communication charges, the price is low, and the transition to 5G.
Industry insiders believe that although the basic protection functions of mobile phone security products are relatively complete, there are still deficiencies in anti harassment, privacy protection and data protection, and there is still a large market space in the future,QQ Mobile Phone Housekeeper、Safety housekeeper、NetQinSecurity vendors have announced their entry into the field of cloud security. 2013 will be a key year for accelerating the implementation of mobile cloud security, and major security vendors will continue to increase their investment in mobile cloud security solutions.
1G
The first generation mobile phone (1G) refers to the analog mobile phone, that is, in the 1980s and 1990s in ChinaHong Kong、U.S.AAnd other film and television works.Cooper from the United States was the first to develop mobile phonesdoctor。Due to the limitations of battery capacity at that time and the development of analog modulation technology requiring huge antennas and integrated circuits, this kind of mobile phone has a square appearance and can only be mobile rather than portable.Many people call this kind of mobile phone "brick" or "Black King Kong".
This kind of mobile phone has many formats, such asNMT，AMPS，TACSHowever, basically, frequency division multiplexing can only be used for voice communication, with unstable reception effect, insufficient confidentiality and insufficient utilization of wireless bandwidth.This kind of mobile phone is similar to a simple radio duplex radio station. The call is locked at a certain frequency, so you can eavesdrop with an FM radio stationconversation。[7]
2G
Second generation mobile phones（2G）It is also the most common mobile phone.Usually these mobile phones use mature standards such as GSM or CDMA, with stable call quality and appropriateStandby time。In order to meet the needs of data communication in the second generation, some intermediate standards are also supported on mobile phones, such asGPRSWAP services and Internet services, as well as variousJavaProcedures, etc.
2.5G
Some mobile phone manufacturers refer to some of their phones as 2.5G mobile phonescharacteristicIt means having GPRS function.
2.75G
Some mobile phone manufacturers also call some of their phones 2.75G mobile phones, which feature the EDGE function faster than GPRS.
3G
3G[8], in English3rd GenerationAbbreviation of, referring to the third generation mobilecommunications technology。Compared with the first generation analog mobile phone (1G) and the second generation digital mobile phone (2G), the third generation mobile phone generally refers to a new generation mobile communication system that combines wireless communication with multimedia communication such as the Internet.It can handleimage、music、videoStreams, etcmediaForm, provide includingWebpageBrowsing, teleconferencingElectronic CommerceAnd other information services.That is to say, transmission speeds of at least 2Mbps (megabits/second), 384kbps (kilobits/second) and 144kbps can be supported in indoor, outdoor and driving environments respectively.
ITU stipulates that 3G mobile phones are IMT-2000 (International Mobile Phone 2000) standards, and European telecommunication giants call it "UMTS" universal mobile communication system.
There are three standards for 3G handsets in the world: WCDMA standard in Europe, CDMA2000 standard in the United States and TD-SCDMA standard proposed by Chinese scientists.
The so-called 3G is actually called 3rd Generation, which means the third generation in ChineseDigital communication。The first generation of digital mobile phones launched in 1995 can only carry out voice calls;The second generation of digital mobile phones from 1996 to 1997 added the function of receiving data, such asE-mailOr web page;The main difference between the third generation and the previous two generations is the improvement in the speed of voice and data transmission.Compared with the first generation analog mobile phone (1G) and the second generation2GThere are many names of digital mobile phones and 3G communications, and ITU stipulates that“IMT-2000”(International Mobile Phone 2000) standard,EuropeThe telecom giants of the United States call it "UMTS" universal mobile communication system.The standard stipulates that when the mobile terminal moves at a speed, its transmission data rate is 144 kbps, the outdoor static or walking speed rate is 384 kbps, and the indoor speed is 2 Mbps.However, these requirements do not mean that the user's available rate can reach 2Mbps, because the indoor rate will also depend onbuildingDetailed frequency planning and close cooperation between the organization and operators[9]。
3.5G/3.75G
3.5G adopts HSDPA, HSDPA+, HSDPA 2+and HSUDA.Users can enjoy a download rate of 7.2M to 42M.While providing high-speed data services, security has also been improved. 3.5G mobile phones focus on security and data communication.On the one hand, we should strengthen the protection of personal privacy, and on the other hand, we should strengthen the research and development of data services. More multimedia functions have been introduced. Mobile phones have more powerful computing power. They are no longer just personal call and text message terminals, but more functional choices.The strong demand for mobile office and communication will accelerate the integration of mobile phones and personal computers. Mobile phones will gradually have the function of personal computers, which has been fully reflected in China's mobile phone market.
4G
4GIt is the abbreviation of the fourth generation mobile communication and its technology, which can transmit high-qualityvideoImages andimage transmission A technical product whose quality is comparable to that of HDTV.
Based on 3G communication technology, 4G communication technology is constantly optimized, upgraded and innovated. It integrates the advantages of 3G communication technology, and derives a series of inherent characteristics, with WLAN technology as the development focus.The innovation of 4G communication technology makes it have greater competitive advantages compared with 3G communication technology.First, 4G communication can realize the HD transmission of original pictures and videos in terms of picture and video transmission, and its transmission quality is comparable to that of computer pictures;Secondly, using 4G communication technology, the download speed of software, files, pictures, audio and video can reach up to tens of megabytes per second, which is impossible for 3G communication technology, and also a significant advantage of 4G communication technology;This fast download mode can bring us a better communication experience and facilitate the download of learning materials in our daily learning;At the same time, in the context of high-speed and convenient network development, users also put forward higher requirements for traffic costs.
5G
in recent years,The fifth generation mobile communication system5G has become a hot topic in the communication industry and academia.There are two main driving forces for the development of 5G.On the one handLong term evolution technologyRepresented byThe fourth generation mobile communication system4G has been fully commercialized, and the discussion on the next generation technology is on the agenda;On the other hand, the demand for mobile data is exploding, and the existing mobile communication system is difficult to meet the future demand, so it is urgent to develop a new generation of 5G system.
The development of 5G also comes from the growing demand for mobile data.With the development of mobile Internet, more and more devices are connected to the mobile network, and new services and applications emerge in endlessly. The global mobile broadband users are expected to reach 9 billion in 2018. By 2020, it is estimated that the network capacity needs to increase 1000 times over the current network capacity.The surge of traffic will bring severe challenges to the network.First, if the currentMobile communication networkWith development, the capacity cannot support the growth of thousands of times of traffic, and the network energy consumption and bit cost are unbearable;Secondly, the growth of traffic will inevitably lead to further demand for spectrum, while mobile communication is scarce, and the available spectrum is distributed in a large span and fragmentation, which makes it difficult to achieve efficient use;In addition, in order to improve the network capacity, it is necessary to use network resources intelligently and efficiently, such as intelligent optimization for business and user personality, but this ability is insufficient;Finally, the future network must be a heterogeneous mobile network with multiple networks coexisting. To improve the network capacity, we must solve the problems of efficient management of each network, simplifying interoperability, and enhancing user experience.In order to solve the above challenges and meet the growing demand for mobile traffic, it is urgent to develop a new generation of 5G mobile communication network
Stupid cell phone
The "dumb phone" developed by Light Company also allows users to listen to music and podcasts, and connect to the headset through Bluetooth.The makers of "dumb phones" hope that by promoting "dumb phones", people will spend less time on mobile phones and social media.[24]
appearance
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As the name implies, mobile phone type refers to the external type of mobile phones. The common classification is to divide mobile phones into straight, folded (single screen, double screen), slide, rotary, side sliding, etc.
Clamshell
Clamshell
You have to open the cover to see the LordmonitorOr key, and there is only one screen, then this kind of phone is called single screenClamshell mobile phone。A double screen flip phone has also been launched in the market, that is, there is another secondary display screen on the flip phone, which is usually small and can displaytime、signal、Battery, call number, etc.The screen is relatively small, usually 2.2 inches or 1.8 inches, and the processor is slow.
Straight plate type
Straight plate type
Straight cell phone refers tomobile screenIt is on the same plane as the keys, and the phone has no flip.That is what we often call a straight cell phone.The main feature of upright mobile phones is that they can directly see the content displayed on the screen.
Sliding cover type
Sliding cover type
The slide phone mainly means that the phone can only see the whole body through pulling.Some models can only see the buttons by sliding the lower cover;Others can be seen by pulling up the screenkeyboard。To some extent, the slide phone is an extension and innovation of the flip phone.
Wrist watch type
Wrist watch type
In the early days, wristwatch mobile phones were mostly simple and small functions, but in the stage of smart phones, wristwatch mobile phones have more complete functions, such as Samsung's Galaxy Gear V700.The earliest domestic mobile phone wristwatch isYAMi。
Sideslip
Sideslip
It is a variant of sliding cover type, which can be operated by pushing the screen to the left or right to expose the keyboard.For smart phones with large screen touch operation, sideslip greatly speeds up typing, enhances and optimizes the experience of playing games, and makes such smart phones more popular.for exampleNokia N97andMotorola Milestone。
Operation mode
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Button
Button
Push button mobile phones were once the mainstream of the mobile phone market.Since its birth, mobile phones have had various types of buttons.It is self-evident that the keyboard, the earliest medium of interaction between mobile phones and users, is of great importance,phone, hairshort messageAll operations can be completed by keyboard.
AndroidThe original meaning of the word“robot”。meanwhileAndroidLike its operating system, its system architecture adopts a layered architecture.From the architecture diagram,AndroidIt is divided into four layers, namely application layer, application framework layer, system runtime layer andLinuxkernelLayer.
AndroidBefore the official release, it initially had two internal test versions and was named after the famous robot name.
They are: Android Beta, clockwork robot（Android 1.0）。
Later, because of the copyright issue,GoogleChange the naming rule to use dessert as the naming method of their system version code.Dessert naming begins withAndroid 1.5When released.
The size of the desserts represented by each version became larger and larger, and then in 26 alphanumeric order:Cup Cake(Android 1.5), donuts（Android 1.6），English Muffin（Android 2.0/2.1），Froyo （Android 2.2），Gingerbread(Android 2.3), Honeycomb (Android 3.0, Android 3.1 and Android 3.2), Ice Cream Sandwich（Android 4.0）, Jelly Bean,Android 4.1, Android 4.2 and Android 4.3), and lollipops (Android 5.0).Users can accessROOTGet a better experience.
iOSIs created byApple IncbyiPhone、iPod touchas well asiPadDevelopedClosed sourceOperating system.As it is based onMac OS XLike the operating system, it also usesDarwinBased on.The original name of this system isiPhone OS, until June 7, 2010 when the WWDC conference announced the name change to iOS.IOSSystem structureDivided into fourarrangement: Coreoperating system(the Core OS layer), the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer.Has developed toiOS 16。[23]
SymbianThe operating system is an operating system designed by Symbian for mobile phones. It includes a joint database, user interface architecture and reference implementation of public tools. Its predecessor is Psion's EPOC.It was acquired by Nokia in December 2008.Symbian used to be the most widely used operating system in the mobile market, occupying most of the market share.However, with Google's Android system and Apple's iPhone rapidly occupying the mobile phone system market, Symbian has basically lost its dominant position in the mobile phone system.Symbian system has many branches, mainly including early Symbian S80Symbian S90、Symbian UIQ，And Symbian S60 3rdSymbian S60 5th、Symbian^3、Symbian Anna、Symbian Belle。Saipan system officially took a curtain call on January 24, 2013, saying goodbye to the historical stage.The last mobile phone equipped with Symbian system is Nokia 808 pureview.
Windows Phone YesMicrosoftAt 9:30 p.m. on October 11, 2010, Microsoft officially released Windows Phone, a smartphone operating system, and listed Google's Android and Apple's IOS as major competitors.On March 21, 2012,Windows Phone 7.5Landing in China.On June 21, 2012, Microsoft officially released the latest mobile phone operating system Windows Phone 8,Windows Phone 8Will use the samekernelWindows Phone 8 adopts the same streamlined and optimized NT for mobile platforms as Windows 8kernelAnd built-inNokia maps 。Users can get a better experience through prison break.
Firefox OS (Firefox operating system) is a mobile product launched by Mozillaoperating system, it is a completely open source and free mobile platform based onHTML5Technology.The biggest innovation of the system is HTML5.Due to full compliance with HTML5 standards, application developers will be able to make full use of HTML5 applicationsHardware performance。Firefox mobile phones will adopthigh passSnapdragon processors.Sprint, Spain Telecom and other operators, as well as several mobile phone manufacturers, will support the system. Spain Telecom will launch the first Firefox operating system device in Brazil with its Vivo brand in early 2013.Other Mozilla carrier partners include Deutsche Telekom, Telecom Italia, Telenor, Etisalat and Smart, while mobile phone partners include TCL and ZTE[11-12]。
MeeGo
MeeGo
MeeGo is a free mobile phone operating system announced by Nokia and Intel, nicknamed Migou in Chinese. The operating system can run on a variety of electronic devices, such as smart phones, laptops and televisions, and helps these devices achieve seamless integration.This Linux based platform is called MeeGo, which combines Nokia's Maemo and Intel's Moblin platforms.In 2009, Nokia announced that it would abandon MeeGo and focus on the Windows Phone platform.
The system breaks the monopoly position of foreign countries in the field of basic software, and develops an operating system with Chinese independent intellectual property rights and Chinese characteristics.In addition, the open source based operating system has many security problemsoperating systemIn case of acclimatization, COS will solve both safety and usability problems.
Charging interface
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On October 4, 2022 local time, the European Parliament passed a bill on unifying the charging interface of portable intelligent devices.It is stipulated that from the end of 2024, all new mobile phones and other portable smart devices must use the USB Type-C charging interface.[21]
Mobile phone market
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operating system
The following table shows the classification of smartphone operating systems:
Smartphone sales data (by operating system, in millions)
Business mobile phone, as its name implies, is a mobile phone product with business people or people working in state organs as the target user group.Business mobile phones are very popular because of their powerful functions.Industry experts pointed out that "a goodBusiness mobile phone, should help users not only achieve fast and smooth communication, but also efficiently complete business activities. "
image
althoughimageMobile phone is a kind of mobile phone, but it mainly focuses on image function.The first camera mobile phone in the world was J-SH04, which was manufactured by Sharp Company in Japan in November 2000.This camera phone is used as expectedCMOSImage photosensitive module (CMOS for short), because CMOS can compare with the digital camera used at that timeCCDThe image sensitive module saves more power.Let the mobile phone'sBatteryIt will not be used up quickly because of the use of cameras.
Learning Application
Learning mobile phoneOn the basis of mobile phonesstudyFunctions, supplemented by mobile phones, "learning" as the main;Learning mobile phones are mainly used for junior high school, high school, university and foreign students.OwnedfunctionIt must be a comprehensive teaching tool integrating teaching materials and practical textbook learning to“teaching”Is the target.It has obvious auxiliary effect on learning;You can take it with you at any time to learnstateThis is what learning mobile phones should havevalue。
On February 1, 2021, the General Office of the Ministry of Education issued the Notice on Strengthening the Mobile Phone Management of Primary and Middle School Students.The Notice requires that primary and middle school students should not bring personal mobile phones into campus in principle.If there is a real need, it must be approved by the parents and applied in writing. After entering the school, the mobile phones should be kept by the school in a unified way and should not be brought into the classroom.[13]
the elderly
With the improvement of people's health level and the extension of population's life span, the proportion of the elderly in the population is increasing.The elderly, who account for nearly one third of the population, need their own mobile phones. Their requirements for mobile phones may be characterized by simple operation and large display font,SylotFirst to launchElderly mobile phoneSince then, many manufacturers have followed suit to develop their own brands of mobile phones for the elderly.
Practical functions: large screen, large font, large ring tone, large button, large call tone;
Convenient life: professional software (visualization, simple menu, clear structure, one button dialing, currency verification, flashlight, hearing aid, voice phone book reading, text message reading, call reading, dial reading).
Not only that, it also has the function of improving the quality of life of the elderly: playing radio outside, Beijing opera, one click for help (after pressing the key, a high decibel sound for help will be sent, and at the same time, a call for help will be made to the designated number, and a message for help will be sent), daily recipes (it is better to download and update online), and shopping lists.
children
Children's mobile phonesRefers to mobile phone products specially designed and manufactured for children.Compared with ordinary mobile phones, children's mobile phones are often cartoon designed and customized.It is a special mobile phone for children specially developed for children aged 4-14 to facilitate parents to contact and monitor children.Its design meets the needs of children's psychological habits and safety education.But ordinary adult mobile phones bringradiationOver standard, batteryqualityAnd other problems have also become a priority for manufacturers, which have adoptedLithium polymer batteryBattery to replace the traditional lithium battery, and antennaDesignThe lower part of the mobile phone reduces radiation, effectively improving the safety of children's mobile phones.However, it is recommended that children use mobile phones as little as possible when it is not necessary, because children themselves are less immune than adults.
Stock speculation
Stock speculationA mobile phone is a mobile phone with software installed that can be used to speculate in stocks, also known asStock speculationMachine,sharesMachine, stock exchange machine.Stock speculation mobile phoneThe screen of is relatively large, which is beneficial for shareholders to see real-time data.The stock trading mobile phones used by shareholders are simple, convenient and easy to carry, so most shareholders choose to use stock trading mobile phones for online trading.
music
musicMobile phones, in fact, focus more on the music playing function besides the basic functions of the phone (making calls, sending text messages, etc.).It is characterized by good sound quality, long playing time and music playingShortcut key。Better music phones are Sony EricssonWALKMANSeries and NokiaXpressMusicSeries and other brands are also involved in this kind of mobile phones.
television
TV mobile phone refers to a technology or application that uses mobile phone as terminal device to transmit TV content。There are three main ways to realize mobile TV service:
1. Use honeycombMobile networkImplementation, such as Sprint in the United States and ChinaChina MobileandChina UnicomThe company has launched mobile TV business in this way.
2. By means of satellite broadcasting,the republic of korea% of operators plan to adopt this approach.
3. Digital TV is installed in the mobile phoneReceiving module, receive digital TV signal directly.
The way of using mobile network: America and ChinaMobile operatorThe mobile TV service launched mainly depends on the existing mobile network.
China Mobile's mobile TV business is based on itsGPRS networkChina Unicom relies on its CDMA1X network.This mobile TV service actually usesStreaming Media Technology, mobile TV is promoted as a data service.
Whether it isGPRSMobile phones or CDMA1X mobile phones need to be installed with the operating systemMobile terminal(Generally, high-end products such as PDA mobile phones), while the corresponding TV programs are organized and provided by the mobile communication company or through the corresponding SP.
It is a very novel idea to use satellite network and mobile phones to receive satellite broadcast TV program signals.Only South Korea is pushing this mobile TV broadcasting (DMB).The corresponding standards of South Korea and Japan have been determined, and this module will be launched in these two places soon.The rest of the world will lag behind.
Responsible for the production of such mobile phone terminalsSamsungHe said that the DMB module will increase the price of mobile phones by $20 to $30.Samsung expects that this DMB mobile phone and TV service will be launched in the third quarter.
The most promising mobile TV technology is through the integration of digital TV and mobile phones.In this way, a microwave digital TV receiving module needs to be installed on the mobile phone terminalCommunication networkTo directly obtain digital TV signals.
The mobile digital TV standard only includes the DVB-H standard in Europe and the single band retransmission standard in Japan.The full name of DVB-H is Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld. It is the European digital television standard organization（DVB）To pass through the groundDigital broadcastingThe network provides multimedia services to portable/handheld terminalstransmissionStandards.
DVB-H standardRelying on DVB-T transmission system, mobile phones and other portable devices can receive radio and television signals stably by adding certain additional functions and improving technology.The DVB-H standard was approved by the DVB technical seminar group.JapanUnder its standard of "ISDB-T" for microwave digital TV broadcast mode, the "single band broadcast" specification was formulated.Although the functions of these two technical specifications are similar, there are still great differences between them.Single band broadcasting divides the frequency and narrows the bandwidth, while DVB-H uses the bandwidth of time-division digital multimedia broadcasting to send data of each channel in pulse mode.In general, in addition to receiving the data of the required channel, the tuner circuit is closed at other times, so it can effectively reduce power consumption.
game
gameMobile phones, that is, mobile phones that focus more on game functions.The feature is that there are keys specially set for the game or keys convenient for the game on the body, and the screen is generally not small.For example, Sony Ericsson Xperia Play Z1i.
HD film
HD filmMobile phones can meet the needs of users to enjoy high-definition movies anytime and anywhere. Generally, the screen size is large and the resolution is high, focusing on the user's audio-visualfeel。At the same time, large capacity batteries are needed to support watching movies for a long time.Many large screen mobile phones with HD resolution (1024 × 768) have appeared on the market.For example, Samsung Note2, etc.
ultrathin
The iPhone 5V version's camera function is very powerful in the ultra-thin mobile phone collection.The iPhone 5 V supports 1080P full HD video capture. In addition to enhanced shooting stability, it also adds an intelligent smiley face detection function, and can take photos at the same time, which is similar to HTC One X.In addition, the Facetime function of the front camera also supports 3G networks, and the image quality of the camera used for video calls can reach 720P high-definition level, and also has the smile detection function.Although there is no change in the pixel parameters of the iPhone 5V camera, the richer and more practical function improvements still have a good performance.In addition to the ingenious color matching, I want to believe that it is definitely a symbol of identity.
Because the portability and aesthetics of tablet computers are unmatched by all laptops, and although the traditional concept of smart phones has the computer operating system, they cannot reach the level of computers in function and use. Under this environment, mobile tablet computers should be born. This tablet computer not only has all the functions of mobile phones, but also has computer functionsbe worthy of the nameA tablet that can make calls.
Smart card swiping
Smart card swiping phoneIt is a combination of integrated encryption chip and PSAM card, which can not only realize the functions of mobile phone, but also transfer and remittance, balance inquiry, credit card repayment and other business functions. All transaction bank card passwords are input with built-in random password keyboard, effectively preventing the unsafe hidden dangers of third-party input method, safe and reliable;All data in communication are encrypted by hardware.It adopts APN card point-to-point wireless channel and PSAM card technology to ensure the security and confidentiality of users' fund transfer. It is a high-tech product that combines smart phones and financial self-service terminals for financial business processing. Users can process business anytime and anywhere. Convenience and flexibility can save a lot of time and energy.
Product features:
1. It is a smart phone;
2. Support banking business and some convenient services;
3. Transfer payment function can be completed without online banking;
4. Support multiple banks;
5. Use of all UnionPay debit cards and credit cards;
6. Multiple encryption to ensure security;
7. Easy to operate and use.
Domestic operators
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China Mobile
China Mobile
The full name of CMCC is "China Mobile Communications Corporation", which isChina Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd(referred to as "China Mobile"), founded on April 20, 2000GSM，TD-SCDMAandTD-LTEMobile communication operator of standard network.China Mobile Communications Corporation is a state-owned backbone established on the basis of the overall divestiture of the original China Telecom mobile communication assets according to the deployment and requirements of the state on the reform of the telecommunications systementerprise。It was officially listed on May 16, 2000.Wholly owned by China Mobile Communications CorporationChina Mobile (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd, China Mobile Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "listed company"), which is controlled by it, has 31 provinces in China（Autonomous Region、municipality directly under the Central Government）And Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, andHong KongandNew YorkListing.
China Telecom
China Telecom
China Telecom Group Co., Ltd(hereinafter referred to as "China Telecom"), established on May 17, 2000, is a super large state-owned telecommunications enterprise in China.China Telecom, as the main telecom enterprise and the largest foundation in ChinaNetwork operator, with the world's largestfixed telephoneThe network covers urban and rural areas all over the country and reaches all over the world. Its member units include 31 provincial enterprises all over the countrymanagementTelecommunication services.China Telecom, March 31, 2011TianyiMobile users broke through 100 million, becoming the largest in the worldCDMANetwork operators.China Telecom Corporation has two major listed companies -China Telecom Corporation LimitedandChina Communications Services Co., Ltd。In 2011, China Telecom was fully launched“Broadband China·Optical Network City Project[14]。
China Unicom
China Unicom
China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd(China Unicom, referred to as China Unicom) is a Chinese telecom operator listed in New York, Hong Kong and Shanghai at the same time. It was merged on January 6, 2009 on the basis of the former China Netcom and the former China Unicom.China Unicom is one of the top 500 enterprises in the world. It has a communication network covering the whole country and reaching the world. It has branches in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China and many countries and regions abroad, mainly engaged in GSMWCDMA and FDDLTE mobile network service, fixed communication service, domestic and international communication facility service, satellite international special line service, data communication service, network access service and various telecom value-added services.In January 2009, China Unicom obtained the 3G license of WCDMA system, and has famous customer brands such as "Wo 3G/Wo 4G", "Wo Pai", and "Wo Family".In 2013, China Unicom launched the construction of 4G equipment network and purchased TD-LTE base stations;On March 18, 2014, China Unicom announced the official commercial launch of 4G.
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The mobile phone is a spare treasure. When you use it, it is relatively higher than any electrical product in your home in case of accidents or premature degradation of functions.If you have some basic first-aid knowledge of mobile phones, rescue them before sending them to repair, which can reduce losses and save your life.
Mobile banking
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China's mobile banking business began in 1999.Like WAP, early mobile banking had high barriers to use,User experiencePoor, but the bank is only satisfied with the concept propaganda, and does not really work hard on the content, which dampens the enthusiasm of some customers who are interested in this business, making customers have more negative impression on mobile banking, and also making the development of this business not smooth.However, with the continuous progress of information technology and the gradual change of bank management philosophy, the basic conditions of mobile banking in China are gradually becoming mature.Especially with the rapid development of mobile terminals, the quality of wireless networks has been greatly improved, and the problems that previously restricted the development of mobile banking have been gradually solved.Since 2004, the mobile banking business has gained the attention of all banks again. Many banks, including China Construction Bank and Bank of Communications, have launched their own mobile banking systems.
WAP system architecture
WAP has been used for mobile Internet access in China since the late 1990s, but it was not sought after by the market at that time.The root cause was that WAP was based on dial-up mode at that time, with slow Internet access speed, high time based Internet access fees, and lack of mobile terminal support.Now, with the improvement of network conditions, the above-mentioned obstacles that restrict the development of WAP technology have disappeared.Mobile 2.5G GPRS network and Unicom 2.75G CDMA 1x network have cultivated tens of millions of WAP users, and a huge new network application is being popularized.At the same time, as the most concerned security issue for banking applications, WAP 1. x and 2.0 mobile terminals andWAP gatewayThe upgrade of the.
Bank of Communications just saw the maturity of WAP application, and at the same time fully absorbed the experience and lessons of mobile banking business of other banks, focused on lowering the threshold of customer use, and launched mobile banking based on WAP communication.
The mobile banking system of Bank of Communications adopts a three-tier architecture system, which is respectively the access layer (client mobile phone), business support layer (mobile banking service system) and banking platform.Mobile banking customers' mobile phones use WAP access technology to interact with mobile banking systems through their operators' gateways, and mobile banking systems interact with various banking business systems through online banking gateways.
Mobile banking of Bank of Communications can connect China Mobile and China Unicom at the same time, covering a wide range of regions and applicable to many customers.Compared with other similar products on the market in 2013, it has obvious advantages such as rich functions, convenient operation, safety and reliability, and simple application procedures.In 2013, this mobile bank can not only provide personal financial services such as account inquiry, card card transfer, credit card repayment, oral loss reporting, mobile phone recharge, but also can be used for fund transactions and foreign exchange treasure transactions. In addition, it also provides public information services such as quotation, market, consultation, K-line chart inquiry, stock and securities inquiry for foreign exchange trading.
system safety
In the mobile banking system of Bank of Communications, if the protocol supported by the customer's mobile phone is WAP 1. x, the WAP 1. x architecture is adopted. The security between the mobile phone and the gateway (mobile or Unicom gateway) is guaranteed by the WTLS (wireless transport layer security) protocol.WTLS is the security protocol of TLS wireless version. WTLS can ensure thatData integrity, confidentiality and authenticity.The security between the gateway and the bank's WAP server is provided by optional SSL（Secure Sockets Layer）Or TLS（Transport Layer Security Protocol）Guarantee.
SSL guarantees the data integrity, confidentiality and authenticity between the gateway and the WAP server.If the protocol supported by the customer's mobile phone is WAP 2.0, then the customer's mobile phone has directly supported various Internet communication protocols, and the security between all mobile phones and the bank WAP server is directly guaranteed by the optional TLS.This is transparent to the intermediate gateway (wireless IP routing).TLS ensures the integrity, confidentiality and authenticity of the data between the customer's mobile phone and the bank.
The mobile banking system of BOCOM supports both of the above protocols and provides security assurance based on this WAP security architecture.When a customer conducts business transactions, it encrypts the key sensitive fields of customer transactions, and encrypts the key fields of transactions between customers using the industry recognized security encryption algorithm to ensure the security of customer transactions.It is worth mentioning here that due to the lack of understanding of new technologies, people tend to pay special attention to the security of mobile banking, and even turn a blind eye to mobile banking as a service means.In fact, due to the encryption algorithm used by operators to encrypt the wireless transmission in the air, the key is stored in the card on the user side and the equipment in the infrastructure on the network side, and the use of multiple defense mechanisms such as slow frequency hopping technology, it is technically very difficult to achieve the purpose of stealing the content of wireless signals without the help of the infrastructure on the network side (such as MSC/VLR, HLR, etc.).The banking sector, as an application developer, will also pay enough attention to the security of mobile banking. Therefore, the mobile banking in 2013 has sufficient security assurance from the perspective of the application itself.
Problems
From the application of mobile banking in 2013, the most popular transaction among customers is the Forex Treasure transaction with the highest real-time requirements, and the transaction with the largest business volume isMoney Market FundThe largest number of transactions is query transactions.The mobile phone recharge transaction is highly appreciated by customers, who can fully feel the convenience of mobile banking when traveling or even going abroad.
Compared with online banking and telephone banking, mobile banking has the unique advantage of being connected at any time. However, the real advantage of mobile banking lies in security and identity authentication.In fact, mobile terminals and wireless networks use a variety of technologies to ensure data security, which is higher than online banking and mobile banking.What has not been fully recognized in 2013 is that since mobile terminals and mobile cards are the most private electronic devices with identity authentication function, the identity authentication function of mobile banks can solve the problem of customer identity confirmation in large amount transfer and payment transactions, which can greatly improve the security of such businesses and reduce transaction risks,It can play an important role in promoting business development.In the long run, it is technically feasible to use mobile terminals to ensure the security of the entire electronic trading channel and to authenticate the identity of customers, which is also convenient and completely acceptable for customers.
The main problem of mobile banking development in 2013 is that the entire mobile banking transaction process involves mobile terminal manufacturers, mobile operators, banks and customers, and the entire production chain is too long.There are still some irregularities in the support of mobile terminal devices and mobile operation devices for data services in 2013, and any incompatibility will affect the use of customers.
Related rumors and truth
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Cell phone radiation causes cancer
Myth 1: Cell phone radiation causes cancer[15]
Truth: In 2013, there was no credible evidence to prove that weak RF signals would affect human health.According to the scientific cognition in 2013, this radiation will not cause harm to human body within a reasonable range.According to the safety upper limit established by the International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation, the safe radiation range of human body is 10W/m2[15]。
High radiation when making phone calls
Myth 2: Low battery calls have higher radiation[15]
Truth: Generally speaking, the radiation intensity of mobile phones is not related to the residual power of mobile phones, but to the signal strength of mobile phones.This rumor obviously confuses the "cell phone power" and "cell phone signal". When there is only one cell signal, the radiation intensity of the cell phone may be "1000 times of the normal"[15]。
Charging game will explode
Rumor 3: Mobile phones will explode after being charged[15]
Truth: One after another cell phone explosions are frightening. The culprit of the explosion is actually a poor cell phone charger.Therefore, try to use the charger and battery certified by the manufacturer.In addition, playing with the mobile phone during the charging process will indeed lead to an increase in the heat of the mobile phone. For safety, try not to play with the mobile phone while charging[15]。
Burn on the phone face
Myth 4: Cell phone radiation causes burns on the phone face[16]
Truth: According to previous test results, the maximum temperature rise caused by mobile phone radiation on the head is 0.194 ℃. According to IEEE safety standards, the threshold of local temperature rise in the human body is not more than 3.5 ℃.If the normal temperature of human body is 36.5 ℃, the local temperature cannot be higher than 40 ℃, and the maximum temperature caused by mobile phone radiation is less than 37 ℃, which is within the safe range.Moreover, human beings can adjust their local temperature through their own body fluid flow.Therefore, the basis for temperature rise caused by radiation is not sufficient[16]。
Although the temperature rise caused by radiation is limited, it is not uncommon for mobile phones to become hot.There are two main reasons why mobile phones become hot:
1: Playing with the phone for a long time will result in a large load of CPU and GPU. Due to the small space of the phone, the limited heat dissipation capacity, and the heating of the battery itself, the phone will be hot, and the temperature can even reach 50 degrees, which may naturally burn the skin;
2: If the RF front-end is used for a long time, such as making a phone call, and the mobile phone signal is not good at this time, the base station will improve the power output of the RF terminal of the mobile phone through the power control technology to ensure the quality of the call, resulting in increased local heating of the RF front-end.People who have used mobile phones know that after a long time of phone calls, there will be a high degree of heat at the handset. In addition, the user keeps the mobile phone close to the skin, which makes heat dissipation unsatisfactory and causes burns[16]。
Therefore, when using mobile phones, it is recommended that:
1: Try to answer and make calls in areas with good signals;
2: Reduce talk time in areas with poor signal quality;
3: If you call for a long time, you'd better use a wired headset to answer and make calls.
In fact, the most important thing is not to call too long[16]。
Data report
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According to the data of China Academy of Information and Communications, 33.4 million mobile phones were shipped in December 2021, a year-on-year increase of 25.6%.In 2021, the overall shipment volume of the domestic mobile phone market will be 350.7 million units, up 13.9% year on year.Throughout the year, 304 million mobile phones of domestic brands were shipped, up 12.6% year on year, accounting for 86.6% of the mobile phone shipments in the same period;There were 438 new models on the market, up 6.3% year on year, accounting for 90.7% of the number of new mobile phones on the market in the same period.[18]
The Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China in 2021 shows that there will be 1642.83 million mobile phone users in 2021.
On the morning of June 14, 2022, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a series of news conferences themed "China's Decade".At the meeting, when answering the question about the development of the information and communication industry in the past decade, Han Xia, chief engineer of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that China has built the world's largest and technologically leading network infrastructure;It has formed the largest, most active and potential digital service market in the world.[20]October 14 is the fifth International E-waste Day.The Forum on Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment, headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, released a report. It is estimated that 5.3 billion of the 16 billion mobile phones held by people around the world will be abandoned or idle.[22]
On February 28, 2023, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2022.According to preliminary calculation, 1.065 billion people have accessed and used the Internet through mobile phones in the past six months.In 2022, 822.24 million mobile phones will be exported, a year-on-year decrease of 13.8%;The export value was 952.7 billion yuan, up 0.9% year on year.
On August 28, 2023, CNNIC released the 52nd Statistical Report on the Development of China's Internet.The Report shows that by June 2023, the total number of mobile phone base stations has reached 11.29 million, of which 2.937 million 5G base stations have been built and opened, accounting for 26% of the total number of mobile base stations;Mobile Internet applications are booming. The number of active apps monitored in the domestic market has reached 2.6 million, further covering the daily study, work and life of Internet users.[27]
On January 24, 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the statistical bulletin of the communication industry in 2023. According to the statistics, the number of telephone users in 2023 will increase by 37.07 million, reaching 1.9 billion in total.Among them, the total number of mobile phone users was 1.727 billion, with a net increase of 43.15 million throughout the year.5G mobile phone users reached 805 million, accounting for 46.6% of mobile phone users, 13.3 more than the end of last yearPercentage point。[28]
By the end of February 2024, the three basic telecom enterprises and China Radio and Television have developed a total of 1.746 billion mobile phone users, including 851 million 5G users, accounting for 48.8%.Three basic telecom enterprises have developed 643 million fixed access broadband users, including 172 million gigabit users, accounting for 26.7%.In terms of traffic, by the end of February, China's mobile Internet traffic had reached 48.76 billion GB, up 16.6% year on year.[30]
On February 29, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2023.In 2023,1.091 billion people use mobile phones to access the Internet.[29]
