In scientific cognition activities,Scientific thinkingThree basic principles must be observed:LogicalityTo achieve the unity of induction and deduction;In terms of method, it requires dialectical analysis and synthesis of the two ways of thinking;Systematically, realizeLogical andhistoryTo achieve the specific historical unity of theory and practice.
Chinese name
Scientific thinking
Foreign name
thoughtsciences
Meaning
Theoretical system of processing methods and approaches
Science of Thinking(thought sciences), a science that studies the laws and forms of thinking activities.Thinking has always beenPhilosophy, PsychologyNeurophysiologyAnd other important research contents of some disciplines.Dialectical materialismIt is believed that thinking is a highly organized substance, that is, the function of the human brain, which is the organ of thinking.Thinking is a unique form of reflection of people in society. Its emergence and development are closely linked with social practice and language.Thinking is the unique cognitive ability of human beings and the mastery of human consciousnessobjective thingsAdvanced form of.On the basis of social practice, thinkingsense data Analyze and synthesize, and create logicalTheoretical system, reflecting objective thingsEssential attributeAnd movement rules.thinking process It is a process from concrete to abstract, and then from abstract to concrete. Its purpose is to reproduce the essence of objective things in thinking, so as to achieve specific understanding of objective things.Law of thinkingfromExternal worldIt is the reflection of the laws of the outside world in the process of human thinking.
The logic principle is to follow the logic rules and achieve the unity of induction and deduction.Scientific knowledgeActiveLogical rule, includingInductive reasoningIs the main contentInductive logic, also includesDeductive reasoningIs the main contentDeductive logic。Scientific cognition is an iterative process from individual to general, and from general to individual. It is the unity of induction and deduction.
（1） Inductive thinking from individual to general
The inductive method is to generalize the common essence or general principle from individual or special thingslogical thinkingMethod, which is the reasoning from individual to general.Its purpose is to understand the essence through the phenomenon and reveal the general through the special.
oneComplete induction。Complete induction is a method of reasoning that generalizes according to all objects of a certain kind of thing.
twoSimple enumeration。When conducting scientific research, people tend to make generalizations based on certain attributes of some objects. This reasoning method is calledIncomplete induction。
3. CausalInduction。Any phenomenon can cause other phenomena. Any phenomenon is caused by other phenomena. The relationship between causing and being caused is calledCausal link。The inductive method of causality is no longer a simple inductive method from individual to general, but has an inductive method combined with deduction.
（2） Deductive thinking from general to individual
Contrary to inductive thinking, deductive thinking is reasoning from general to individual.The so-called deduction is a way of thinking that infers that individual things in a class also have this property, relationship and essence according to the properties, relationship and essence that all things haveReasoning form。Its basic form issyllogismIt consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion.As long as the premise is true, use theDeductive reasoningThe conclusion must be true.
1. The derivation of basic principles (viewpoints).
threeKnowledge systemThe construction function of.Deductive reasoning takes the most general, essential and universal provisions about things as the logical starting point, and copies things completely according to the transformation relationship of things themselves, so thatscientific knowledgeThe combination into a strict system shows the powerful function of building a knowledge system.
The objective basis of induction and deduction is the unity of opposites between the individuality and commonness of things.Individuality contains commonness, through which commonness can be understood. Similarly, mastering commonness can help us understand personality more deeply.Induction and deduction are interdependent and interpenetrating, and their primary and secondary positions in scientific knowledge can also be transformed each other.
Methodological principles
so-calledMethodologyThe principle is to master the methods and rules and implement themanalysis and synthesis The combination of.Analysis and synthesis areabstract thinkingAnalysis is the thinking method and thinking process that decomposes the whole or process of things into various elements and studies them separately.Only by making a thorough analysis of the various elements can we correctly synthesize them as a whole and truly understand things.Synthesis is to combine the various elements that have been decomposed to form a whole thinking method and process.Only by synthesizing various elements of things from their internal relations can we correctly understand the entire objective object.
（1） Application of analytical methods
There are generally four levels of analysis methods, namelyqualitative analysis, quantitative analysisCausal analysisAnd system analysis, which is one of the most basic thinking methods.
1. Clarify the analysis content.
The purpose of analysis is to grasp the essence through the phenomenon.It includes the following three aspects.
⑴ Analyze the spatial distribution of things or phenomena.
⑵ Analyze the time development of things or phenomena.
⑶ Analyze various factors, aspects and attributes of things.
The procedure of using analytical methods for analysis generally includes the following three links.
⑴ Dissect the whole body.
⑵ Research part.
⑶ Find contact.
3. Grasp the key points of analysis.
The key points of analysis are those that are different from the wholeCharacteristic pointAnd the characteristic points that distinguish or relate each other between parts.It is often the boundary point and state of space-timeCatastrophe pointDifferentiation point or contact point of factors.
Finding reasonable analysis points is the basis for analyzing the whole, and it is the key to using analysis methods:
The characteristic of the comprehensive method in thinking is to strive to comprehensively grasp the characteristics and internal relations of all parts and aspects of things, and to reproduce the whole of things with the true connection and original appearance of all parts, attributes and relations of things through generalization and sublimation, so as to synthesize into a unity of diversity.Therefore, synthesis is not a simple mechanical addition, but a tight grasp of the internal links between the research results of each part, from which we can grasp the essence and laws of the whole thing and get a newentiretyUnderstanding.To cultivate and apply the holistic analysis method, the following three links should be grasped.
1. Determine the object from the overall perspective.Any element and part are elements and parts of a certain system and a whole, so we must start from the system or the whole to determine the object of analysis.
2. Grasp the stage from the system.AnythingDevelopment stageThey are all stages of a certain system process, so we must grasp each development stage from the system process.
3. Make decisions from the overall perspective.Everything is a unified whole composed of various specific elements, so we must make decisions from the whole and the whole, especially when we grasp the "how" and other issues.
（3） The thinking principle of dialectical unity of analysis and synthesis
Analytical thinkingAndComprehensive thinkingThe angles of concern and emphasis are different, but they are both important thinking methods. "Understanding the part can better understand the whole" and "understanding the whole can better understand the part" are two aspects of the same principle. The whole understanding process should be a dialectical combination of analysis and synthesis.
Analysis is the basis of synthesis。There is no impact on various economiesPolitical phenomenonIt is impossible to correctly understand the essential characteristics of things and grasp them as a whole through the specific analysis of the parts and elements ofDevelopment of thingsThe law of.
Analysis is also based on synthesis。Analysis is always based onOverallStarting is always dominated by the overall understanding of the object. Without synthesis, analysis will be very blind, become a water without a source, a tree without roots, and have great limitations.
analysis and synthesis They not only depend on each other and penetrate each other, but also their primary and secondary relations are transformed with the development of people's understanding。If people want to fully and profoundly understand the objective things, it must be a process of repeatedly applying the analysis and synthesis methods. It is in the process of analysis synthesis reanalysis synthesis.
Historic principle
The historical principle is to conform to the historical viewpoint and realizeLogical andThe consistency of history.The unity of logic and historyIt is another important principle of scientific thinking.History refers to the history of the development of things and the history of cognitive development. Logic refers to the general reflection of human thinking on the development laws of objective things, that is, the history of things inRational thinkingReproduction in.History is the first and objective basis of logic;Logic is secondary, an abstract generalization of history.History determines logic, and logic derives from history.The principle of the unity of logic and history is of great significance in scientific thinking, especially in the establishment of scientific theoretical system.It can be summarized into three aspects.
（1） The construction function of knowledge system
The logic system of a science should reflect the historical development clue of the research object of the science, or reflect the development history of human understanding of the research object.Only in this way can a logical system with internal links be established.
The unity of logic and history is not only of great significance to the construction of scientific theoretical system, but also of methodological significance to students.From the perspective of methodology, the unity of logic and history is the unity of logical methods and historical methods.
（3） The confirmation function of theory
Focusing on the historical investigation of things, this paper analyzes and synthesizes the problems from the development, changes and evolution of things.Must uselogical reasoning, reveal the contradictory movement of the development of things from a purely abstract form,Know the objectTo grasp the development law and direction of things.[1]
method
Announce
edit
Observation infiltration theory
Scientific experiments have proved that people's minds are not empty "whiteboards" before they know things, but something already exists.This is the existing knowledge reserve, theoretical frameworksense of worthRead and wait.They are rightObserverObservation scope and thinking ofdeviationIt is stipulated in advance.
For individual creators, the change of concept or theoretical background means the generation of a new idea.RNA enzymeThe discovery ofDramaticWe can observe the past "blind" and "deaf" things.This requires the observer to have goodknowledge structure , cannotConfined to traditionThey are good at changing fixed ideas and preconceived practices formed by certain theoretical frameworks and paradigms, thus contributing to the generation of new ideas.
Black box method
so-calledBlack box methodThe research object is regarded as a "black box" (due to various conditions, it is impossible to directly explore its internal mysteries from the outside or open, such as human brain, population systematomic structure, sealed instruments, etc., can be regarded as "black boxes"). By observing the information input from the outside to the "black box" and the information output from the "black box", we can study the internal state, structure and mechanism of the "black box", thus revealing the characteristics and laws of the research objectscientific method。In fact, this method is a way to observe its "surface" and know its bottom.Because the black box method does not need to open the research object, it can understand the internal situation and changes of the research object only through external observation and experiment. At the same time, it focuses on the overall function of things and does not consider the internal details of things, so it has extensive application value.Using black box method to study highly organized and activeLife systemIt has unique advantages and can study the activity law of life system without interfering with the normal activities of life.For example, scientists often useBlack box method。
First, it is scientific.Hypothesis is not a free speech. It must be based on certain scientific facts and principles, and must be scientifically demonstrated;
The second is assumption.A hypothesis is a kind of guess or conjecture. Whether this guess is correct or not is still unknown when the hypothesis is proposed.The truth of the hypothesis needs to be confirmed by future practice.
Using the hypothesis method,
First, we should start from the facts and go beyond the facts;
Second, logical argumentation;
Third, it should be verified by practice.
Only when the hypothesis is consistent with the facts, can it rise toscientific theory。Hypothesis may develop into scientific theory, or it may be proved wrong and eliminated.
Hypothesis is an important step on the way to explore scientific truth.Scientific knowledgeIt is along the "hypothesis - theory - new hypothesis -New theory... ".A history of scientific development can be said to be a history of constantly changing hypotheses and theories. The history of evolution is a vivid example.
Backtracking reasoning method
Backtracking reasoning method, also called traceabilityReasoning methodThe method of retrospective reasoning, which is based on the relationship between things, is a way to infer the reason from the result of things and infer the reason from the judgmentThinking method。stayscientific researchIn Chinese, backtracking is the basic way of thinking to establish the causal hypothesis.The discovery of auxin is a good example.
When using backtracking reasoning method, attention should be paid to improving the reliability of conclusions, which needs to be carried out in depthResearch, and withDeductive reasoningOther methods are closely combined.The deeper and more extensive the investigation and research, and the closer it is combined with other methods, the more reliable its inference of the cause will be.
Equivalent substitution method
Equivalent substitution The method is to replace the problem that cannot be solved directly with the problem that is the same or similar to him in some aspect and is easy to solve, so as to find the answer to the problem or find similar problemsresolvent。
Science generally believes that to judge whether a theory is scientific or not, it must conform to four sets of criteria, namely, logic, experience, sociology and history.Four sets of standards are as follows:
That is, it must be concise rather than cumbersome, rather than contain a lot of assumptions and conditions, so as to leave a good way for future failure;
It is self consistent
We can't just say that we should first create animals and then people and then animals;
Provable
It cannot always be correct under any conditions and can not be corrected in any way;
Clearly defined application scope
It can only be applied to certain conditions and fields, not to everything in the world.
Experience criteria
There are testable predictions
Not just a beautiful fantasy;
In fact, there have been confirmed predictions
In other words, a scientific theory cannot be only disproved and never verified, otherwise such a theory is invalid;
Repeatable argument
It is not a one shot deal, or there is only one shop with no branch. You are the only one who can make that result, and other researchers cannot repeat it. They also blame others for their inferior skills;
There are certain standards for identifying the authenticity of data
What is normal, what is abnormal and what issystematic error, what isAccidental errorThey should be clearly divided, rather than randomly explaining the results according to their own needs.[1]
Social standards
Able to solve known problems
If this is not possible, this theory is unnecessary;
Propose new researchable problems and models to solve these problems
In other words, it needs not only explanation, but also prediction, otherwise it is useless;
Provide definition of concept
And it must be practical, not false concepts such as "Qigong Field" and "Heaven Man Interaction", which do not help solve problems.
That is to say, you can't just choose your own powerful data to explain, and ignore the data that is bad for you, otherwise it will be worse than the old theory;Those who advocate more accurate fortune telling and more effective prayer often use the trick of picking out successful coincidences and exaggerating them, while concealing countless examples of failure;
Compatible with other effective parallel theories
Other theories cannot be ignored.For example, if the "scientific creationism" is to replace the "old" theory of evolution, it will not only explain all the data that has been well explained by evolution, but also cannot ignore other disciplines of modern biology, astronomygeology, physics, chemistry, etc.Similarly, it was claimed that“Qigong Science”It is the most cutting-edge science, so it should not only containmodern medicineThe results of the research must not conflict with the parallel disciplines of physics, chemistry, biology, etc.
HumanThinking ability, represents human wisdom.The main way to improve thinking ability is to improve thinking methods.As long as you master?A scientific way of thinking will make you a very intelligent person.Scientific thinking ability, mainly including rational thinking abilitydialectical thinking Ability, systematic thinking ability, innovative thinking ability, etc. are the comprehensive embodiment of leaders' knowledge literacy and practical ability, as well as the objective requirements for doing a good job and improving efficiency.Scientific Thinking provides leaders with operable scientific thinking training and cultivation methods from three dimensions: cultivating scientific thinking ability, improving scientific thinking ability, and innovating scientific thinking abilityleadershipEffective weapons.
catalog
Chapter I The level of thinking determinesWorking level
1、 Scientific thinking: from ordinary to outstanding
1. The way of thinking affects the development of life and career/2
2. Type of thinking/3
3. General process of thinking activity/6
4. Features of Thinking/8
5. The level of thinking determines the level of leadership/9
