Gramineae

[hé běn kē]

A family of Gramineae

Collection

zero Useful+1

zero

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Poaceae (Gramineae) is a family of monocotyledonous gramineae, also known as Poaceae. There are about 700 genera, nearly 10000 species, and more than 200 genera, more than 1500 species in China.^[3] About 20% of the earth's land is covered with grass. Gramineae includes a variety of plants commonly known as "grass".

However, it must be pointed out that not all grasses are gramineous plants; Similarly, not all gramineous plants are low "grass", such as Bamboo It can also be as high as tens of meters. Gramineae contains many important grain crops 。^[1]

Chinese name: Gramineae
Latin name: Poaceae Barnhart
circles: Flora
door: Angiosperma

Outline: Monocotyledons
order: Poales
section: Gramineae
Subclass: Liliacea
Distribution area: All provinces and regions in China

catalog

morphological character

Announce

edit

Gramineae

Plant body woody (Bamboo and some tall grasses can also be woody) or herbaceous , most root types are Fibrous root 。

The stems are mostly upright, but also creeping and even rattan like. Usually, at the base of the stems, tillers (sucker or shoot) are easy to grow, and generally have nodes and internode (internode) two-part [ stem It is often called stalk （culm）； It is called Pole To distinguish it from grass]; The internodes are hollow, usually tubular or slightly flat, and the pith is attached to the inner wall of the cavity, but there are also those filled with cavity to make the internodes solid; There is a diaphragm in one node, so it is closed. From the outside, it can be seen that there are two parts of the sheath node and the culm node above the sheath. The distance between the two rings in the same node can be called intranode, and the stem buds are born here.^[3]

Gramineae

Leaves are Simple alternate leaf , usually arranged in 1/2 leaf order alternately into 2 lines, generally divided into 3 parts:

① leaf sheath (leaf sheath), which encloses the internodes of the main stem and branches, usually open, with its two edges overlapping, or the two edges healing to form a closed cylinder, and the base of the sheath can be slightly expanded;

② Ligule (ligule) It is located on the paraxial surface of the connection between the top of the leaf sheath and the leaf blade, usually a low membranous sheet, or is replaced by the sheath mouth hair, which is rare to be obvious or even without a tongue. A protruding body can also be protruded on both sides of the top of the leaf sheath, namely Leaf ear (aurice), its edge often has cilia or hairs;

Gramineae

③ blade (blade), usually in a narrow and long band shape, but also in oblong, oval, oval or lanceolate shapes, whose base is directly attached to the top of the leaf sheath, and sessile [vegetative leaves of a few grasses and bamboos can have petiole (petiole)], the leaf has two planes of paraxial (upper surface) and abaxial (lower surface), which can be swept when not developed or dried, with one obvious Midvein (midrib) and several parallel secondary veins, and sometimes cross veinlets also exist.

Flower wind pollination, only some herbaceous bamboos under tropical rainforests can be rarely insect pollinated; Flowers are often sessile Spikelet axis (rachilla) is interactively arranged into 2 rows (especially when there are many flowers) to form spikelet (spikelet), from which they are recombined to form various compounds that grow at the end of the stem or the top of the branches inflorescence Only a part of the spikelets of bamboos can be directly planted at the nodes of stems and branches (in this case, there is no real inflorescence but only flowering branches). The spikelet axis is actually a very short inflorescence axis, which can be found at the nodes Bract (bract) and First out leaf (prophyll) 1 for each. If the lowest nodes only have bracts and nothing else, these bracts can be called Glume (glume), and in addition to bracts and adaxial first leaves, the upper nodes in succession also have some flower content between them. At this time, the bracts are renamed as Lemma (lemma), the first out leaf is correspondingly called Palea (palea), which is usually Lemma (anthoecium), together with all the floral organs it contains, is called floret. Taking a bisexual floret as an example, it includes:

① Lemma: usually green, with various textures such as membranous, herbaceous, thin leathery, leathery, and cartilaginous. The apex is acuminate, sharp, blunt, flat, slightly concave, or dichotomous, often with parallel longitudinal veins, and the main vein can extend or even form a awn (so can other veins);

② Palea: it is often short and thin, with flat or slightly concave apex, two ridges on the back, and several parallel longitudinal veins. The two ridges can protrude into small pointed heads or short awns;

Gramineae

③ Squama integument (also called Serosa ）(lodicule): This is a whorled degenerated inner perianth, 2 or 3 pieces in total, rare or more or no, small in shape, transparent in membrane, with veins at the lower part, and small cilia at the upper edge;

④ stamen The number of them is (1) 3-6, which can be the majority. They are inferior, with slender filaments and anthers with two chambers split longitudinally (rarely with apical holes). The latter usually carries the top of the filaments in the middle, and can stretch out of the flowers and swing when they mature later to spread pollen;

⑤ pistil 1. Ovary with one ovary without stem (sparse or stalked), style 2 or 3 (sparse one or more), with feather like or brush like stigma on its upper end, and only one ovary Anatropous ovule It stands upright at the base on the side of the adaxial plane (i.e. near the palea). The fruits are usually Caryopsis (caryopsis), whose fruit cortex is thin and fused with seed coat, and is generally called as grain (grain), and other types of fruits with free or partially free pericarp; The seed usually contains abundant starch endosperm and a small embryo body, the latter is located at the base of the fruit or the abaxial surface of the seed (that is, near the lemma), and linear or punctate Hilum (hilium), usually the linear hilum is also called ventral sulcus.^[3]

Origin of plant

Announce

edit

Gramineae and monogeneric family Joinvilleaceae Joinvilleaceae is the closest relative. Joinvilleaceae is a monocotyledonous plant with only one genus Joinvillea , only two species exist, distributed from West Malaya to Samoa (Samoa) and Hawaii (Hawaii) area. Joinvillea The leaf tissue characteristics, inflorescence characteristics, perianth characteristics, pollen grain characteristics, chromosome characteristics are similar to those of gramineous plants, but the pistil and fruit are different. Therefore, gramineae plants are similar from Joinvillea The possibility of plant evolution is high.

By similar Joinvillea The most primitive gramineous plants evolved from the plants of the grass family are herbaceous, inevitable or with short rhizomes, relatively short leaves, stems with several nodes, relatively simple racemes or panicles, small pinks with a number of small flowers, bracts (glumes) undifferentiated, flowers with three cardinal numbers, perianth 3 or 6, stamens 6, two groups of ovary 1 room, single ovule, style 3, wind pollinated flowers. Plant fossil Research has proved that the earliest geological period of gramineous plant fossils is Cretaceous (Cretaceous) Late stage. Although the number of gramineous plant fossils in the late Cretaceous strata is rare, it can be inferred from the morphological analysis of leaf fragments and inflorescence fossils that phragmites （ Phragmites ）And Arundo （ Arundo ）Plants. Tertiary Fossils of small grains, inflorescences, stems, leaves, pollens and seeds of gramineous plants in the Tertiary stratum have been found in large quantities, which are similar to those of modern gramineous plants Stipa （ Stipa ）、 Phalaris （ Phalaris ）、 Phyllostachys （ Agrostis ）The corresponding parts of Phragmites and Phyllostachys are similar.

A large number of studies have proved that gramineous plants originated from open habitats in tropical forests or forest margins. The Cretaceous period was a period of geological upheaval. Strong orogeny, together with continental drift, and the successive emergence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, caused great changes in the terrestrial climate on the earth. The most significant change is drought, which led to the Mesozoic era, which was dominated by tropical and subtropical plains and low mountains Gymnosperms and Fern A large number of extinction, replaced by angiosperms, including gramineous plants. In the process of extinction of gymnosperms and ferns, first of all, an early similar species appeared in the forest Arundinaceae These plants occupy the open space in the forest or at the edge of the forest. Because of their strong adaptability to the new environment, their individual growth rate is very fast, which has replaced the forest that continues to be extinct and formed the tropical savanna. The original large area of forest vegetation was replaced by gramineous plants with nodes on the stems, which were elongated by intermediate meristems. Gramineae evolved in various directions after its origin.^[2]

Search Table

Announce

edit

1. The plant body is lignified, perennial, with complex branching system; Two types of leaves, namely stem leaves (culm sheaths, commonly known as "shoot shells") and vegetative leaves, are obviously different in morphology: the culm sheaths (branch sheaths are also like this) often have smaller sheaths, no stalks and no significant midvein, and the photosynthesis function is not large and the duration is short; As for the nutrient leaves, the leaves are generally evergreen, which are the main organs for photosynthesis of plants. They have short petioles and prominent midvein, forming joints at the junction of petioles and leaf sheaths. Therefore, when they wither later, the leaves and petioles fall off from the leaf sheaths together bambusoideae

1 The plant body is mostly herbaceous, which can be slightly lignified in some families and genera. Generally, except for tillers at the base, the stems are mostly unbranched or only a few branched, and do not become a complex branching system; The leaves are monomorphic. The vegetative leaves are directly attached to the stems (or branches). Their leaves have obvious midvein and usually have no petiole. Even if they wither, they are not easy to fall off from the leaf sheath (some genera, such as Cryptocarpus Cleistogenes、 Desmodium Orinus and other grasses are excepted) (2)

2 Spikelets contain two florets, usually bisexual or one floret below is sterile (male or asexual), and even this floret can degenerate to only lemma. If the spikelet is unisexual (such as MAYDEAE of maize family), it is monoecious or dioecious (such as PANIEAE of maize family) Spinifex Spinifex) with round spikelets or flat back and belly, disjointed under glumes（ Archaea Arundinella、 Lilium Coelachne， Indocalamus Isachne et al.), the spikelet axis never extends behind the lemma of the upper floret, so the floret above the spikelet is a true terminal flower. Mesophytic and even early growing grasses are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics Panicum subfamily

2 Spikelets contain most or even one floret, but most of them are flat on both sides (some genera are exceptional), usually disjointed on the glume, and they also fall off from each floret node by node (some are exceptional), and terminal florets do not exist or have degenerated, That is to say, most of its minor axis can extend to the top of the palea of the floret to form a thin handle or bristle (except for the rice subfamily and Stipa family STIPEE, Agrostideae, SPOROBOLEAE and other grasses, whose spikelets only contain one mature floret, and the free internode at the top of the minor axis has been degraded, so there is no extension, which is an exception) (3)

3 Spikelets bisexual or unisexual（ Zizania Zizania）， Only one small flower can bear fruit; Glumes are short or extremely degenerated; Lemma herbaceous or hard papery, with 5 or more veins; The caryopsis is mostly wrapped in two lemmas with edges closely linked to each other, or in Leptapis, the two edges of lemmas are fused with each other and expanded into sacs; Integument 3 or 2; Stamens 6 or 1-3; Stigmas 1-3. Most of them are aquatic (emergent or floating) or wet grasses, which grow in wet places or ponds oryzoideae

3 Spikelets are mostly bisexual, with 1 to more fruity florets; Glume 2 or 1, usually obvious（ Sargassum Coleanthus without Ying is an exception); The edges of the lemmas of mature florets are not tightly fastened to each other, but there are also lemmas that tightly wrap their palea and caryopsis (for example, some genera of Stipa family); Palea usually has 2 ridges on its back or may occasionally have multiple veins without obvious 2 ridges (4)

4. The leaves are broad and short, broadly lanceolate or ovate, with prominent transverse veins; Ligule membranous, very short; Lemma with 3-9 veins, surface glabrous or verrucous base spinulose hairs; Scale 2, cuneate; Stamens 2 (limited to Chinese species), style 2. Shade loving grasses are mainly distributed in the humid areas of tropical and subtropical regions Pseudophyllaceae

4 The leaves are usually long and narrow, and the small transverse veins are not obvious (except for some genera and species) (5)

5. The lemma of mature florets has 5 or more veins (but some genera and species can have as few as 3 veins). If the spikelet contains only one floret, the longitudinal veins may not be obvious because the lemma is thick and hard; The ligule is generally membranous, with no or few hard cilia. Mesophytic grass, mainly distributed in warm and cold areas Poaceae

5. The lemma of mature florets has 3-5 veins (some genera and species can have as many as 9 veins), or when the spikelet contains only 1 or 2 florets, the longitudinal veins of the lemma are not obvious due to the thickening and hardening of the lemma texture; The edge of the ligule is often ciliated or completely hairy instead of the ligule（ Zongyelu Thysanolaena's tongue without cilia is an exception) (6)

6 spikelets contain 2 to several florets, which are round or slightly flat on both sides (except Schismos); Rachilla often pubescent. Most of them are tall broad leaved grasses growing in tropical and subtropical humid environments (with exception, Phragmites has a very wide ecological range) Arundinaceae

6 Spikelets contain one to many florets, usually flat on both sides, rarely flat on the back and belly, and rarely round but not flat. If the spikelets are sessile or nearly sessile, the spikelets are often arranged alternately on one side of the wider and flat rachis; Rachilla generally glabrous; The spikelets are mostly shorter than their external counterparts. It is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical arid areas Eragrostinae^[3]

Subordinate classification

Announce

edit

Arundinaceae

Arundinoideae Tat^[5]

Arundo Arundo L.， Cortaderia Cortaderia Stapf， Molinia Schrank Molinia Schrank， Russula Neyraudia Hook. f.， phragmites Phragmites Adans.， Zongyelu Thysanolaena Nees

bambusoideae

Bambusoideae Nees

Fargesia superfamily in North America ARUNDINARIATAE Benth.

Phyllostachys Acidosasa， Phyllostachys Ampelocalamus， Bashania Bashania， Phyllostachys Chimonocalamus， Fusarium Drepanostachyum， fargesia Fargesia， Phyllostachys Ferrocalamus， Phyllostachys Gelidocalamus， Indocalamus Indocalamus， Heterodendron Metasasa， Oligodendron Oligostachyum， Bambusa Pleioblastus， Pseudosasa Pseudosasa， Sasa Sasa， Thamnocalamus Thamnocalamus， Phyllostachys Yushania

Bougainvillea BAMBUSATAE

Bambusa Bambusa， Phyllostachys Brachystachyum， cephalostachyum Cephalostachyum， chimonobambusa Chimonobambusa， Dendrocalamopsis Dendrocalamopsis， Dendrocalamus Dendrocalamus， Megabambusa Gigantochloa， Phyllostachys Indosasa， Limostachys Melocalamus， Melocanna Melocanna， Phyllostachys Monocladus， Neobambusa Neomicrocalamus， Neosinocalamus Neosinocalamus， Phyllostachys Phyllostachys， Phyllostachys Pseudostachyum， Qiongzhuea Qiongzhuea, Schizostachyum, Phyllostachys Semiarundinaria， Shibataea Shibataea， Sinobambusa Sinobambusa， Thyrsostachys Thyrsostachys

Pseudophyllaceae

CENTROTHECOIDEAE Soderstr

Rumex Centotheca， Phyllostachys Lophatherum

Eragrostinae

Eragrostinae SUBFAMILY ERAGROSTOIDEAE PILGER

Acanthophyllum Acrachne， Swertia Aeluropus， Tricanthus Aristida， Grama Bouteloua， Bison Buchloe， Saxifraga Chloris， Cryptocarpus Cleistogenes， Cryptogamus Crypsis， Bermudagrass Cynodon， Dactylis Dactyloctenium， Feathergrass Desmostachya， Campanula Dinebra， Bilema Diplachne， eleusine Eleusine， Hyperbracteata Elytrophorus， Kaempferia Enneapogon， Enteropogon Nees Enteropogon， Eragrostis Eragrostiella， Eragrostis Eragrostis， Euphorbia Eustachys， Fusarium Harpachne， Euphorbia Leptochloa， Ophioglossum Microchloa， Lepidopterygium Muhlenbergia， Desmodium Orinus， Perotis Perotis， Phanerospermum Phaenosperma， Spartina Spartina， Cerasus Sporobolus， Sharpgrass Tragus， Nereis Tripogon， Zoysia Zoysia

oryzoideae

ORYZOIDEAE Care

Kaempferia Chikusichloa， Poa Hygroryza， Leersia Leersia， Phyllostachys Leptaspis， Oryza Oryza， Zizania Zizania

Panicum subfamily

Panicoideae A. Br

Gramineae

Acroceras Stapf Acroceras， Chayopsis Alloteropsis， Stigma Andropogon， Saccharum Apluda， Cleistocaryopsis Apocopis， arthraxon Arthraxon， Archaea Arundinella， Carpatum Axonopus， Bothriochloa Kuntze Bothriochloa， Brachia Brachiaria， Lepidopteris Capillipedium， Tribulus L Cenchrus， Chrysopogon Trin Chrysopogon， Lilium Coelachne， Asparagus Coelorachis， Coix Coix， Sargassum Coleanthus， Citronella Cymbopogon， Arcanthus Cyrtococcum， Dioscorea Diandranthus， Dimorphic genus Dichanthelium， Biflora Dichanthium， Equisetum Digitaria， Dimeria Dimeria， Oil mango Eccoilopus， Echinochloa Echinochloa， Centipede Eremochloa， Festuca Eremopogon， Saccharum Erianthus， Eriochloa Eriochloa， Maize like Euchlaena， Goldilocks Eulalia， Pseudocurculia Eulaliopsis， Euphorbia Garnotia， Geymann Germainia， Hemerocallis Hackelochloa， Verbena Hemarthria， Pseudoserpentina Heteropholis， Festuca Heteropogon， Hymenolemma Hymenachne， hyparrhenia Hyparrhenia， Sorghum Ichnanthus， Festuca Imperata， Indocalamus Isachne， Duckbill Ischaemum， Phyllostachys Ischnochloa， Leptolemma Leptoloma， Molasses Melinis， Arundinaria Microstegium， Miscanthus Miscanthus， Desmodium Mnesithea， Narenga Bor Narenga， Galleria Neohusnotia， Ophiopogon Ophiuros， Begonia Oplismenus， Lepidospermum Ottochloa， Panicum Panicum， Paspalum Paspalidium， Paspalum Paspalum， Pennisetum Pennisetum， Bungeweed Phacelurus， Goldilocks Pogonatherum， Polymorpha Polytoca， Monopodium Polytrias， Pseudoalternaria Pseudanthistiria， Pseudochinolaena, Pseudotrichum Pseudopogonatherum， PseudoStipa Pseudoraphis， Rhynchelytrum Nees Rhynchelytrum， Phyllostachys Rottboellia， Sugarcane Saccharum， Cymbidium Sacciolepis， Clematis Schizachyrium， Leymus Sehima， Setaria Setaria， Panicum Setiacis， Sorghum Sorghum， Atractylodes Sphaerocaryum， Servaria Spinifex， Miscanthus Spodiopogon， Blumea Stenotaphrum， Euphorbia Tenacistachya， gramineae themeda Themeda， Lysimachia Thuarea， Castanopsis Thyrsia， Triarrhena Triarrhena， Rubus Tripsacum， Eupatorium Urochloa， Vetiveria Vetiveria， Maize Zea

Poaceae

POOIDEAE Macf et Wats.

Achnatherum Beauv Achnatherum， Aegilops Aegilops， Agropyron Agropyron， Phyllostachys Agrostis， Silverbeard Aira， Euphorbia Alopecurus， Heterocaryopsis Anisachne， Festuca Anthoxanthum， Oats Arrhenatherum， Leptolemma Aulacolepis， Oats Avena， Cynanchum Beckmannia， Brevipyrum Brachyelytrum， Brachystrix Brachypodium， Rabdosia Briza， Bromus Bromus， Platymus Brylkinia， Ficus Calamagrostis， Leymus Catabrosa， Lepidopteris Catabrosella， Monogynum Cinna， Setaria Cynosurus， Dactylis Dactylis， Platymus Danthonia， deschampsia Deschampsia， Festuca Deyeuxia， Euphorbia Diarrhena， Phyllostachys Duthiea， Elymus Elymus， elytrigia desv Elytrigia， Oryza Eremopoa， Leymus Eremopyrum， Partridge Eriachne， Festuca Festuca， Stemona Glyceria， Heterooat Helictotrichon， Phyllostachys Hierochloe， Villosa Holcus， Barley Hordeum， Hedgehog Hystrix, Koeleria, Leptopodium Lepturus， Amaranthus Leucopoa， leymus Leymus， Festuca Littledalea， Ryegrass Lolium， Stigma Melica， Milium Milium， Andromega Orthoraphium， Loranthus Oryzopsis， Pseudoriparia Paracolpodium， Pseudoverbena Parapholis， Phalaris Phalaris， Elaeagnus Phleum， Poa Poa， Corydalis Polypogon， Sargassum Psammochloa， Neoryegrass Psathyrostachys， Festuca Ptilagrostis， Lysimachia Puccinellia， Omega Roegneria， Clematis Schismus， Schizachne Hackel Schizachne， Sclerotinia Sclerochloa， Festuca Scolochloa， Rye Secale， Trifolium Sinochasea， Capillaria Stephanachne， Stipa Stipa， Dugesia Timouria， Trikeraia Bor Trikeraia， Trisetum Trisetum， Triticum Triticum， Vulpia Vulpia^[3]

Other classification systems

bambusoideae

It contains 2 superfamilies, about 70 genera. It is distributed in the humid and hot areas of tropical America and southeast Asia. The vegetative organ is specialized, the stem is lignified, and propagates by the rhizome. Sexual reproduction is degraded, and the flower retains the original three flower character. Bamboo stalks are used for building, civil engineering and transportation, as well as craft supplies, weaving and Papermaking raw materials 。 Bamboo shoots for food (bamboo). Including 2 super families: ① one bamboo super family includes one bamboo family, pear bamboo family, peony bamboo family, Japanese bamboo family, etc. ② Qingli Bamboo Super Family includes Qingli Bamboo Family, Xiangzhu Family, etc.

Poaceae

Gramineae

Widely distributed in various habitats around the world, it is the largest subfamily. Herbs, spikelets with many flowers to one flower, develop toward the top, and can be divided into 6 super families according to inflorescence, spikelet, glume, lemma vein, caryopsis and leaf structure, chromosome, physiology, ecological distribution and other characteristics:

① Yuanhe Chaozu includes Yuanhe, Daozu, Zizang, etc. Tropical wetland herbs. Including cultivated rice and Zizania latifolia 。

② The Hyper family of Arundinaceae includes the family of Arundinaceae, the family of brown leaf Arundinaceae, and the family of false light leaf Arundinaceae, which are tall herbs in tropical wetlands or marsh habitats. Arundo and reed It is a good raw material for paper making. The root of Phyllostachys pubescens expands into a spindle shape, which can be used for medicine.

③ The Poa Chao family includes Poa, Oat, Scissor, etc. Distributed in warm and cold regions and tropical high altitude mountains in the world, it is the most diverse super family, representing Poaceae Typical characteristics of. Large chromosomes, x =7。 It includes important forage grass, such as fescue, duckweed, kentucky bluegrass, brome and Ficus Many species are the main components of temperate mountain grasslands and meadows.

④ The wheat super family consists of the brachypedunculaceae, wheats and ryes, with large chromosomes, x =7。 It contains important wheat crops and fine forage grass in warm and cold regions, such as Omega Wheatgrass 、 Reedgrass 、 Leymus chinensis 、 Elymus dahuricus and New wheatgrass Etc.

⑤ Stipa super family includes the Luomangcao family and Stipa family. Achnatherum splendens is a perennial forage for livestock in arid areas of northwest China. Stipa is a group adapted to cold and dry climate. Many species are dominant species in temperate grassland or plateau desert grassland, and are the main forage in winter and spring. Drunken Horse Grass is a poisonous herb harmful to livestock.

⑥ The thrush grass super family includes the thrush grass family, the tiger tail grass family, the zoysia grass family and the shamrock family. Chromosomes are small, x =9, 10 (5, 4), C distributed in tropical arid areas four Botany. Teff It is the edible grain of Africa and India. Valuable pastures include Luo Zicao Bermudagrass And dry hot desert steppe Miscanthus mongolicus Etc. common Annual weed yes Thrush grass 、 Eragrostis ferruginea 、 Cowweed Etc.

Panicum subfamily

Gramineae (1 sheet)

It is distributed in tropical regions of the world. About 210 genera, more than 3000 species. Derived from the common ancestor of spikelets containing only one mature flower, it can be divided into three super families according to the characteristics and evolution stages of lemma, glume and inflorescence rachis:

① The millet super family is mainly located in the hot and humid areas of tropical America and Africa with long rainfall seasons. There are 8 families, and the largest millet family has 8 sub families, 107 genera, and more than 1000 species. Millet and millet are cereal crops originated from China, and they are also high-quality forage grass. This family contains many valuable forage. Pearl millet is a high-yield forage and can also be used as grain. Carpet grass, crabgrass, paspalum Paspalum pubescens , two ear grass, dog tail grass, elephant grass, white grass, etc.

② The Stigmanthus superfamily is distributed in the monsoon rain area with alternate dry and wet seasons in the tropics and subtropics. It includes 5 families, 90 genera and about 1000 species. Many species are the constructive elements of tropical savanna. Such as yellow fescue and white fescue. Tall grass Nandi Hemang is a high-quality papermaking raw material. sorghum It is an important cereal crop. Sugarcane stems store sugar and are used as raw materials for sugar production in tropical regions of the world. Citronella Citronella and Peppermint herb Its stems and leaves are rich in essential oil, which is the main raw material for extracting lemon oil, peppermint oil and other spice industries. Vetiver oil is contained in the roots of Vetiver. There are many drought and barren resistant forage resources, such as Stigma 、 Duckbill 、 Archaea 、 Double flowers And blue stem grass, as well as the mesophytic Arundinaria.

Gramineae

③ Maize super family, including 3 families and 31 genera. It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical monsoon climate region, and grows in a humid environment. The evolution trend of the three groups is that the presence of stalked spikelets in the heterotypic pair spikelets (Elionureae) evolves into the degeneration of stalked spikelets, and the sessile spikelets develop to be embedded in the cavity of the inflorescence rachis (Rottboellieae). The sessile spikelet is bisexual and then simplified to unisexual（ Maize nationality Maydeae）， Male and female spikelets are located in different parts of the same inflorescence (Coix Coix ）, to form different inflorescences, such as corn, with terminal male inflorescences Panicle The female inflorescences are axillary spikes with sheath bracts. High luminous efficiency C four Plants, which are tall and have a lot of sugar and protein accumulation, are important sources of grain (corn, coix) and feed, such as high-yield teosinte High quality Verbena 、 Hollow bristle ； Coix lachryma It is native to tropical Asia and has many uses. Caryopsis is edible and has the effect of strong diuresis. Its leaves are used as feed The straw can be used for paper making, and the hard involucre can be used for crafts.

geographical distribution

Announce

edit

Gramineae

Gramineae plants are widely distributed on the earth, from the tropics to the cold zone and even the polar regions, from acidic soil to alkaline soil and even saline alkali land, from the top of mountains to plains and even marshes, from deserts to forests and even coastal beaches. Gramineae plants are distributed everywhere. They appear in all vegetation types and are suitable for various ecological environments except the ocean.

Although gramineous plants are widely distributed in different environments around the world, their distribution still has certain regularity. Geographically, Panicum subfamily The species are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical savanna and forest areas. Although some plants of this subfamily have adapted to the temperate climate, they have never been found in polar and alpine vegetation. Among them, the sorghum plants are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas with high midsummer rainfall Monsoon climate zone And concentrated in Southeast Asia, India and Central Africa. The millet is more widely distributed than the millet, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas with high temperature in winter, small temperature difference in four seasons and uniform precipitation, and more in the eastern hemisphere than in the western hemisphere, mostly concentrated in the equatorial region, with the maximum density in northeast South America, eastern Africa and Queensland, Australia. The above two groups are the main plants of savanna, but the shade tolerance of the millet group is stronger than that of the millet group, which mostly occurs in forest areas.

Leptopodidae（ Poaceae ）Most of the species are distributed in the temperate and cold regions of the high latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and the high altitude mountains of the tropics, while the subtropical regions only grow and reproduce in the cold season. The Northern Hemisphere is particularly rich, with the Mediterranean region as its distribution center. This subfamily is widely distributed in temperate and cold regions where summer rainfall is concentrated and warm. Oats are mainly distributed in temperate and cold regions of Western Europe and Central Europe in the Western Hemisphere. The distribution of the Xieguying ethnic group is similar to that of the Humao ethnic group, and it is relatively concentrated in the 50~60 ° north latitude zone. Triticeae are distributed in Eurasia of the Northern Hemisphere and temperate and cold regions of North America.

Eragrostinae Plants are mainly distributed in tropical high temperature (the average temperature of the coldest month is above 10 ℃) arid, semi-arid areas, equatorial and high latitude areas, with less concentration in the Eastern Hemisphere than in the Western Hemisphere, and the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. In southwestern Africa, eastern Sahara, southern North America and central Australia, the species of thrush account for more than one species of Gramineae. Among them, the thrush family is concentrated in the areas with high temperature and low precipitation in winter in central Australia and South Africa.

Arundinaceae Most plant species are distributed in the subtropical region of the Southern Hemisphere, and South Africa and Australia are two concentrated distribution areas. bambusoideae Most plants are distributed in the tropical frost free and humid forest areas, concentrated in India, southern China and Malaysia. oryzoideae It is suitable for wet or waterlogged marshes, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical hidden habitat.

Gramineae plants are distributed on all continents and latitudes of the earth. However, through long-term evolution and adaptation to different environments, the concentration and distribution of plants of subfamilies and major families in taxonomy are highly zonal, that is Latitudinal zonality and Vertical zonality 。 Taxonomically, the distribution of plants belonging to the following taxon units has strong regionalism, and 2/3 of the plant genera are limited to a certain continent.

The caryopsis of gramineous plants is attached to people or animals by means of its special appendages (sharp and hard base plate, awn and thorn on inner and outer lemma, etc.), and spreads from one place (sometimes across the continent) to another. In addition to the conscious introduction and spread in human production activities, many species have moved beyond the original natural distribution range, It has formed crops, cultivated forage, lawn grass, ornamental plants and weeds all over the world. Therefore, the distribution of gramineous plants is more complicated, and many species are difficult to find their original places.^[2]

chemical composition

Announce

edit

Corn

Plant chemists and pharmacologists study the chemical constituents of gramineous plants and mainly divide them into eight categories: flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, volatile oils, coumarins, enzymes, vitamins and organic acids. The content determination found that it mainly contains aspartame, barley tannin, barley alkaloid AB, barley amine Trigonelline , reed bamboo terpene, white hair terpene, fern alcohol, citral, citronellal, coumarin, coumarin glycoside, protein, amino acid, etc.^[4]

Key values

Announce

edit

Gramineae is the most economically valuable large family of seed plants. It is the main source of human food and livestock feed, and also an important raw material for starch processing, sugar production, wine making, paper making, weaving and construction.

Except buckwheat, almost all grains are gramineous plants, such as Wheat , rice, corn, barley sorghum Etc. Pig, cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock also eat grass. Bamboo can be seen everywhere in our daily life, and there are bamboo houses in Southeast Asia. Wild grass in nature is not only animal food, but also can produce a lot of oxygen to prevent soil erosion 。

Novice on the road

Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself

I have questions

Content query Online Service Official post bar Feedback

Complaints and suggestions

Report bad information Failed to appeal through entries Complaint of infringement information Blocking query and unblocking

Jinggong Network Anbei No. 1100000200001