Holy Roman Emperor

European Monarchy

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synonym Holy Roman Emperor (Holy Roman Emperor) Generally refers to Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperor (German: R ö misch deutscher Kaiser, namely Rome- Germany Caesar; Latin : Imperatores Romani Sacri) Yes historian It was given by the Pope when it was called in the Middle Ages“ Roman emperor ”Frank of title (including Charlemagne Empire 、 Middle Francia 、 Baldy Charlie Of West Francia 、 Anuf Of East Frankish Kingdom ）And Roman people And ruled the Germanic people after 1356 Holy Roman Empire Elected Emperor of (by elector Elected). The first monarch to be crowned "Emperor of Rome" by the Pope was Carolingian dynasty Charlemagne. The last Holy Roman Emperor elect is Emperor of Austria Franz II He was in 1806 Napoleonic Wars During this period, he was forced to give up the title of Holy Roman Emperor, and the Holy Roman Empire perished.

The standard title of the Holy Roman Emperor is "Roman Emperor Augustus" (transliteration) or "Holy Roman Emperor" (free translation)（ Latin ：Romanorum Imperator Augustus）。 When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, his title was "The Most Noble Crown of God" Augustus Karolus serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperiator Rome gubernans imperium, the great and peaceful emperor of the Roman Empire, contains two elements of "sacred" and "Rome". The word "sacred" never appeared in the title of emperor in official documents, while the word "Rome" reflects the "transition of imperial power", that is, the recognition of the Holy Roman Emperor as Western Roman Empire The successor of the emperor, and this title has been suspended since the death of Nepos in 480.

Chinese name: Holy Roman Emperor
Foreign name: Imperatores Romani Sacri

Alias: Römisch-deutscher Kaiser
Time of occurrence: 800~1356

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origin

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Saxon Dynasty Otto the Great (912-973), East Frankish Kingdom formation Holy Roman Empire 。 Germany Many dukes elected a "king of Germany" from each other, and then the Pope crowned him as emperor. None of the emperors after Charles V was crowned by the Pope. In law, they were only "emperor elect", but in fact they were referred to as "emperors" for short.

meaning

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Holy Roman Emperor yes Europe A medieval monarchical title. Strictly speaking, the empire was called the Holy Roman Empire in the middle and late 12th century; After 1512 Holy Roman Empire Its full name should be German nation Holy Roman Empire, whose title of emperor began Otto I ； But in the official arrangement of imperial lineage, the emperors of Charlemagne era are usually included.

All the emperors of the Carolingian Dynasty, whose official title is Roman emperor, were crowned by the Pope. Therefore, this title can also be regarded as an Italian prince title, and is often equal to the price of the Italian king. But linked to the great ancient Imperium Romanum , which made the heads of these emperors surrounded by the glory of pan European rulers.

from Otto I Although the title of emperor of the created empire also came from the Pope, its essence was the country of the German nation. The emperor gained the title of "Roman Emperor" by conquering Italy Legitimacy 。 The so-called empire elector It directly elects the "king of the Romans", not the emperor. Therefore, not every German monarch can become an emperor. Only the strong who marched into Italy and accepted the papal coronation can obtain this honor Maximilian I When, and Holy See The king of Rome who had a good relationship Republic of Venice The special envoy of the Holy See allowed the King of Rome to use Elected emperor Title of.

When Habsburg Family After monopolizing the throne, the actual role of the Elector almost disappeared, and the emperor elect quoted the precedent of Maximilian I, claiming to be "elected the Holy Roman Emperor" without being crowned by the Pope ("elected" is often omitted), so the Holy Roman Emperor became Austria -The general title of the German monarch.

Succession system

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The succession to the throne is limited by many complicated factors. Elections mean Roman people The king of was only partially hereditary, which was different from the throne of France, but in fact the throne had always been hereditary to form a dynasty until there was no male heir in the dynasty. Some scholars believe that elections only resolve disputes when the governance of the dynasty is not clear, and the election process requires the main candidates to make election commitments (Wahlkapitulationen), and then the voters vote. 1356 Golden Bull There are 7 specified elector (Three are archbishops and four are secular nobles). 1648 Thirty Year War At the end of the peace treaty, it was stipulated to add an elected monarch to maintain the balance of Catholic and Protestant forces in the empire. In 1690, another candidate was added, and the whole Electoral College It was fully reorganized in 1803, only three years before the collapse of the empire.

After 1438, except Charles VII genus House of Wittelsbach The rest of the kings came from Habsburg and Habsburg Lorraine 。 Maximilian I (Emperor from 1508 to 1519) and his successors never went to Rome to accept the Pope's coronation as emperor, so these monarchs could not obtain“ Roman emperor ”Title. Maximilian I called himself "the elected Roman emperor" (German: Erwählter Römischer Kaiser ）And was recognized by the Pope; With the exception of Charles V, who accepted the coronation of the Pope, the rest of Maximilian's heirs can only use this title. However, in most cases, the word "Erw ä hlter", which must appear in the title, is ignored.

Emperor List

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[Note: This form is also included Carolingian dynasty The "Roman Emperor" of

In 1245, Frederick II was severely punished by Pope Innocent IV. Rudolph I was elected "King of the Romans", but he was not crowned emperor. The vacancy of the Holy Roman Emperor began and lasted until 1312, when Henry VII was crowned emperor.
The blind Louis and Belengar did not belong to the Carolingian dynasty in East France, and there was no Roman emperor between 924 and 962. In 962, Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, which was the beginning of the German nation's Holy Roman Empire in general.
Emperor's Name	Ruling time	Coronation date	Coronation site	Coronator
Carolingian dynasty
Charles I（ Charlemagne ）	December 25, 800 - January 28, 814	December 25, 800	Rome	Leo III , Pope
Louis I (Louis the pious)	September 11, 813 - June 20, 840	813	Lance	Stephen V , Pope
Lothair I	April 5, 823 - September 29, 855	April 5, 823	Rome	Pascal I, Pope
Louis II, Jr	September 29, 855 - August 12, 875	May 18, 872	Rome	Adrian II, Pope
charles ii (bald Charlie)	December 29, 875 - October 6, 877	December 25 or 29, 875	Rome	John VIII, Pope
Carloman II	—	October 6, 877	Rome	Unorthodox
Charles III (Fat Charlie)	February 12, 881 - January 13, 888	Before February 9, 881	？	John VIII, Pope
The Vidonids
Guido	891- December 12, 894	February 21, 891	Rome	Stephen VI , Pope
Lamberto	April 20, 892 - October 15, 898	April 892	Pavia	Holmes, Pope
Carolingian dynasty
Anuf	February 22, 896 - December 8, 899	896	Rome	Holmes, Pope
Provencal Dynasty
Louis III (blind Louis)	February 22, 901 - July 21, 905	February, 901	Rome	Benedict IV, Pope
Onloch Dynasty
Belengar I	December 915- April 7, 924	January 915	Rome	John X, Pope
Saxon Dynasty
Otto I	February 2, 962 - May 7, 973	February 2, 962	Rome	Ruowang XII , Pope
Otto II	December 25, 967 - December 7, 983	December 25, 967	Rome	Pope John XIII , Pope
Otto III	May 21, 1996 - January 23, 1002	May 21, 1996	Rome	Gregory V , Pope
Henry II	June 7, 1002 - February 14, 1024	February 14, 1014	Rome	Benedict VIII, Pope
Salian dynasty
Conrad II	March 26, 1027 - June 4, 1039	March 26, 1027	Rome	John XIX , Pope
Henry III	December 25, 1046 - October 5, 1056	December 25, 1046	Rome	Clement II, Pope
Heinrich IV	March 31, 1084 - August 7, 1106	1084	Rome	Clement III, rival pope
Henry V	April 13, 1111 - May 23, 1125	April 13, 1111	Rome	Pascal II, Pope
The Soprinburg Dynasty
Lothar II	June 4, 1133 - December 4, 1137	June 4, 1133	Rome	Lord Enoch II, Pope
House of Hohenstaufen
Frederick I	June 8, 1155 - June 10, 1190	June 18, 1155	Rome	Adrian IV, Pope
Henry VI	April 14, 1191 - September 28, 1197	April 15, 1191	Rome	Celestine III , Pope
Welf Dynasty
Otto IV	June 9, 1988 - 1215?	October 4, 1209	Rome	Viscount III, Pope
House of Hohenstaufen
Friedrich II	November 22, 1220 - December 13, 1250	November 22, 1220	Rome	Honorius III, Pope
Luxembourg Dynasty
Henry VII	June 29, 1312 - August 24, 1313	June 29, 1312	Rome	Clement V, Pope
House of Wittelsbach
Louis IV	October 1314- October 11, 1347	January 17, 1328	Rome	Ciara Colomba, Roman patriarch
Luxembourg Dynasty
Charles IV	July 11, 1346 - November 29, 1378	April 5, 1355	Rome	Lord Enoch VI, Pope
West Gizmont	September 10, 1410 - December 9, 1437	May 31, 1433	Rome	Eugenius IV , Pope
Habsburg Dynasty
Friedrich III	February 2, 1440 - August 19, 1493	March 18, 1452	Rome	Pope Nicholas V , Pope
Maximilian I	August 19, 1493 - January 12, 1519	August 19, 1493	Linz	Pope Alexander VI , Pope
charles v	June 28, 1519 - January 16, 1556	February 24, 1530	Bologna	Clement VII, Pope
Ferdinand I	January 16, 1556 - July 25, 1564	—	—	—
Maximilian II	July 25, 1564 - October 12, 1576	—	—	—
Rudolf II	October 12, 1576 - January 20, 1612	—	—	—
Matthias	June 13, 1612 - March 20, 1619	—	—	—
Ferdinand II	August 28, 1619 - February 15, 1637	—	—	—
Ferdinand III	February 15, 1637 - April 2, 1657	—	—	—
Leopold I	July 18, 1658 - May 5, 1705	—	—	—
Franz Joseph I	May 5, 1705 - April 17, 1711	—	—	—
charles vi	October 12, 1711 - October 20, 1740	—	—	—
House of Wittelsbach
Charles VII	February 12, 1742 - January 20, 1745	—	—	—
Habsburg Lorraine Dynasty
Franz I	September 13, 1745 - August 18, 1765	—	—	—
Joseph II	August 18, 1765 - February 20, 1790			—
leopold ii	September 30, 1790 - March 1, 1792			—
Franz II	July 5, 1792 - August 6, 1806			—

Conflict with the Pope

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Disgrace of Kanosha

The title of "Emperor" includes the important role of "Catholic Protector". In the Middle Ages, with the growing power of the Pope, the emperor and the Pope began to fight for the governance of the church. Heinrich IV and Gregory VII Of Investiture Controversy It is the most famous and serious conflict.

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