Social division of labor refers to the division of labor of production that goes beyond the social scope of an economic unit, includingSocial productionDivided intoAgriculture、IndustryGeneral division of labor of other departments;And subdivide these large departments intoheavy industry、light industry、planting、Animal HusbandryAnd other industries or industries.
The division of labor isGregarious animalUnique.In early human history, there were three major social divisions.(1)Primitive societyAnaphaseAnimal HusbandrySeparation from agriculture.Primitive humanThe ability to conquer nature has been improvedlabour productivityThe increase ofProduct exchange, forprivate ownershipThe production of creates the material premise.(2) At the end of primitive society, due to the use and improvement of metal toolshandicraft industrySeparation from agriculture.sendcommodity productionWith rapid development, cities centered on handicrafts began to emerge. In addition to the differences between free people and slaves, there were also differences between the rich and the poor.(3)slave societyA merchant who specializes in commodity trading in the early days.It promotesSlaveryAnd began to accumulateCommercial capital，mental labourStart fromphysical laborSeparated from.[1]
Social division of labor refers to the social division of animal labor and its independence and specialization.
The social division of labor isAnimal societyIt is one of the symbols ofcommodity economyThe foundation of development.For human beings, there is no exchange without social division of labor,market economySoNo way to start。If there is no social division of labor, it will be difficult for society to operate normally.The advantage of division of labor in human society is to let people who are good at doing what they are good at, so as to make the averageSocial laborMaximum time reduction.production efficiencySignificantly improved.People who can provide high-quality and efficient labor products;In order tomarket competition High profit and high value.Make the best use of people and thingsThe most profound meaning is derived from the social division of labor.
othermammalThe social division of labor is similar to that of human beings, which is based on what individuals are good at. For example, female lions are good at hunting, so female lions are responsible for raising families. Male lions are good at fighting, so male lions are responsible for protecting their homes.The social division of labor of insects is oftenlarvaIt depends on the development of the larval stage. For example, if the female bee has been eating all the time in the larval stagequeen beeThe jelly will develop into a queen bee and be responsible for reproduction. If it is eaten for only two or three days in the larval stageRoyal jelly, it will develop into sterileworker bee, responsible forgather honeySecreting royal jelly, building nests, raising larvae, protecting nests, etc.
Production process
Announce
edit
It is the same for all social animals. The division of labor is due tosocial lifeIn order to make the group survive better, it is necessary to speed up the efficiency of various work in the group, which leads to division of labor. The earliest division of labor is natural division of labor.The social division of labor isnatural division of laborIt is gradually formed with the development of productivity.
The following is an example of human division of labor.one sideOn the basis of the purely physiological natural division of labor within the clan tribal community and later families, with the expansion of the community, the growth of the population, especially the development of communication among the clans, the scope of this division of labor has also expanded;on the other hand, the nature formed between different clan tribal communitiesgeographical division of laborIn contact with each other, it causes the mutual exchange of products and makes products become commodities, thus making different fields of activities of clans with different conditions gradually become interdependent in the process of social productionProduction departmentThe social division of labor began to emerge.
This time, the social division of labor has emerged with the purpose of exchangecommodity production。In order to meet the needs of commodity production and exchange development, a merchant class specialized in commodity trading began to appear in society, and then there wereThe third social division of labor。stayhandicraftsmanAnd the concentration of merchant activitiesurban economy There is also a division of labor between urban and rural areas.The division of labor has brought about the progress of productivity and the increase of surplus products, making some people completely get rid ofphysical labor, specializing insuperviseProductionAdministrationState, science, art, etcactivity, and finally formedMental and physical laborDivision of labor.
Historical evolution
Announce
edit
In addition, when it comes to social division of labor, we must mention the "three great social divisions of labor":
EngelsOn《The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State》It is proposed in the book thatPrimitive societyThree social divisions in the later period, namely, nomadic tribes were separated from other barbarians;Separation of handicraft industry and agriculture;The emergence of the merchant class.
Sign:The separation of animal husbandry and agriculture has formed herdsmen, farmers, breeding pastures, planting farmland,
Introduction:In the early process of human conquest of nature, some tribes learned to domesticate animals to obtain milk, meat, etcMeans of subsistence, with the larger scalea herd of livestockThese tribes were mainly engaged in animal husbandry, separating themselves from other barbarians and becoming nomadic tribes.The means of subsistence produced by nomadic tribes are different from other tribes, and the number is large, which promotes the development of exchange and makes regular exchange possible.Grazing a group of livestock only needs a few people, so,Individual laborInstead of common labor, private ownership appeared correspondingly, and the family also changed accordingly.The animal husbandry engaged by men has become the main means of making a living.Men have gained a dominant position in the family.Later, agriculture and handicraft industry also developed. Grain became human food, andloomAnd bronze ware, people began to master ore smelting andMetalworking。The increase in production in all sectors has enabled the human labour force to produce more products than the labour force needs.So the prisoners of war were no longer killed, but absorbed into the labor force and became slaves.In this way, they appear sporadicallySlavery。The first social division of laborAs a result, there was the first great social division, in which society was divided into two classes: master and slave, exploiter and exploited.
Sign:The separation of handicraft industry and agriculture has led to the emergence of simple handicraft workshops and a small number of handicraft workers,
Introduction:Use of iron tools andProduction technologyAnd promoted the development of agriculture andlabour productivityThe improvement of, also make handicraft industry to diversified development.Such diversified activities can no longer be carried out by one person, so it happenedThe second social division of laborHandicraft industry is separated from agriculture.With the second great social division of labor, commodity production directly aimed at exchange emerged.The development of exchange has made precious metals dominantMonetary commodity。Once monetary wealth appears in society, it becomes the object of people's pursuit and an important purpose of life. Some people will try to find waysAccumulate wealth。stayRemaining productsIn the case of gradual increaseValue of laborAt the previous stage, slavery, which was still a sporadic phenomenon, becamesocial systemThe essential component of.
Sign:With the emergence of merchants, there are commodities, merchants and commerce,
Introduction:becausecommodity exchangeIn the development of, there appeared one who was not engaged in production;A merchant class that engages only in exchange.As intermediaries between producers, they promote commodity production and obtainLeadership。The need for exchange and development arisesMetal currency。Money lending, interest andUsuryThey also appeared one after another.Private ownership of landIt is firmly established, and the land is completelyPrivate propertyIt can be inherited, mortgaged or even sold.In addition to the differences between free men and slaves, there are also differences between the rich and the poor.This is new with the new division of laborClass division。Wealth became more concentrated, the number of slaves increased, and the forced labor of slaves became socialeconomic base。As a result of class antagonism, the country came into being.
EngelsFor the discussion of the three great social divisionshuman societyDivided intoObscurantism era, the barbaric era and the civilized era.The three great social divisions took place in the middle and late stage of the barbaric era. Through these three great divisions, human beings entered the era of civilization.[2]
