Lithium carbonate is an inorganic compound, chemical formula LitwoCOthree, molecular weight 73.89, colorless monoclinic crystal, slightly soluble in water, dilute acid, insoluble in ethanol and acetone.Carbonates whose thermal stability is lower than that of other elements of the same group in the periodic table, and do not deliquescence in the air, can be obtained by adding sodium carbonate to lithium sulfate or lithium oxide solution.When carbon dioxide is introduced into its aqueous solution, it can be converted into acid salt, and hydrolysis occurs when boiling.It is used as raw material of ceramics, glass, ferrite, etc., as well as silver spraying paste for components. It is used in medicine to treat mental depression.[1]
Chinese name
Lithium carbonate
Foreign name
Lithium carbonate
chemical formula
LitwoCOthree
molecular weight
seventy-three point eight nine one
CAS login number
554-13-2
EINECS login number
209-062-5
Melting point
720 ℃
Boiling point
1342 ℃
Water solubility
Slightly soluble
Density
2.11 g/cm³
Appearance
Colourless monoclinic crystal
Hazard symbol
X；C；F
Atomic weight
two hundred and four point three eight three three
For the classification of lithium carbonate, the national standard GB/T11075-2013 is generally referred, and the industry standard YS/T582-2013 is generally used for battery grade carbonic acid.The national standard GB/T11075-2013 is divided into three grades according to the content of lithium carbonate, namely LitwoCOthree-0，LitwoCOthree-1，LitwoCOthree-2。Lithium carbonate with different purity can be divided into industrial grade lithium carbonate, battery grade lithium carbonate and high-purity lithium carbonate.Among them, battery pole lithium carbonate has high requirements for purity, which should be greater than or equal to 99.5%, and the content of magnetic substances should be less than or equal to 0.0003%.[2]
Requirements for impurity content of battery grade lithium carbonate[2]
Calculate chemical data
Drainage parameter calculation reference value (XlogP)
zero
surface charge
zero
Number of hydrogen bond donors
zero
Complexity
eighteen point eight
Number of hydrogen bond receptors
three
Number of isotope atoms
zero
Number of rotatable chemical bonds
zero
Determine the number of atomic geometric centers
zero
Number of tautomers
zero
Number of atomic geometric centers in uncertainty
zero
Topological molecular polar surface area
sixty-three point two
Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters
zero
Number of heavy atoms
six
Number of centers of indeterminate chemical bond
zero
Number of covalent bond units
three
synthetic method
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1. Comprehensive utilization of brine
After extracting barium chloride from the brine, add soda ash into the lithium containing feed solution to remove calcium and magnesium ions in the feed solution, add hydrochloric acid for acidification, evaporate to remove sodium chloride, remove iron, and then add excessive soda ash to precipitate lithium carbonate, which is washed, centrifuged, and dried to produce finished lithium carbonate.
2. Lime sintering method
Spodumene concentrate (generally containing 6% lithium oxide) and limestone are proportioned according to 1: (2.5~3) weight ratio.Mixed grinding, sintering at 1150~1250 ℃ to produce lithium aluminate and calcium silicate, wet grinding and grinding, leaching of lithium hydroxide with washing solution, sedimentation and filtration, return of filter residue or washing and deslagging, evaporation and concentration of leaching solution, addition of sodium carbonate to produce lithium carbonate, centrifugation and drying to produce finished lithium carbonate.
threeUsing lithium hydroxide and carbon dioxide as raw materials, high-purity lithium carbonate can be prepared.
4. Sulfuric acid method
The fused spodumene is reacted with sulfuric acid, purified, and then reacted with sodium carbonate.
5. Lime method
The calcined spodumene is reacted with lime milk, purified and then reacted with sodium carbonate.
6. By product method
It is extracted from the mother liquor containing lithium after preparing barium chloride from well brine.
sevenUse industrial lithium hydroxide as raw material, heat water to dissolve it, filter out the insoluble matter, inject clean carbon dioxide gas into the filtrate while it is hot until no precipitation is generated, filter while it is hot, shake it dry, wash it with hot distilled water until it is qualified, and then dry it at 110 ℃.Dissolve industrial lithium carbonate in cold water, filter, boil the filtrate, stop heating, filter while hot, wash with hot water, shake dry, dry, and prepare reagent lithium carbonate.[3]
Precautions
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Hazard Overview
① Health hazard: after poisoning by mistake, it mainly damages gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney and nervous system.The symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, lethargy, visual impairment, lip, limb tremor, twitching and coma.
② Environmental hazard: It may be harmful to the environment and cause pollution to water bodies.
③ Explosion hazard: non combustible.
First aid measures
① Skin contact: Take off contaminated clothes and wash with plenty of flowing water.
② Eye contact: lift the eyelid, wash with flowing water or physiological saline, and seek medical advice.
③ Inhalation: quickly leave the site to a place with fresh air to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.If breathing is difficult, give oxygen;If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately and seek medical advice.
④ Ingestion: drink enough warm water, induce vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, and seek medical advice.
Fire fighting measures
① Hazard characteristics: unable to burn by itself.Toxic gas is released due to high thermal decomposition.
② Hazardous combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
③ Extinguishing method: firefighters must wear full body fire and gas protective clothing and extinguish the fire upwind.When putting out a fire, move the container from the fire site to an open place as far as possible, and then select appropriate extinguishing agent according to the cause of fire.
Leakage emergency treatment
① Emergency treatment: isolate the leakage contaminated area and restrict access.It is recommended that emergency personnel wear dust masks and general work clothes.Do not touch the leakage directly.
② Small amount of leakage: avoid raising dust, carefully sweep it up and collect it in a dry, clean and covered container.
③ Large amount of leakage: collect and recycle or transport to waste disposal site for disposal.[4]
Storage method
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1. Store in a ventilated and dry place, and pay attention to rain and water immersion.
2. Three in one composite bag, lined with plastic bags, or fiberboard barrels.Store in a cool, dry and ventilated place.
3. Do not contact with acids.
purpose
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Lithium carbonate can be used in the manufacture of lithium compounds, enamel and glass. It is the raw material for producing lithium compounds and metallic lithium, and can be used as an electrolytic bath additive for aluminum smelting.It is widely used in glass, ceramics, medicine, food and other industries, and can also be used in synthetic rubber, dyes, semiconductors, military defense industry, television, atomic energy, medicine, catalysts and other aspects.It is used to produce sound grade single crystal and optical grade single crystal.It can also be used to treat manic psychosis and make sedatives.
Battery grade lithium carbonate is mainly used to prepare lithium cobalate, lithium manganate, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate and other cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.The main raw material of lithium battery is battery grade lithium carbonate. With the progress and development of new energy technology, progress and breakthrough have begun to be made in the field of transportation. Among them, lithium ion battery is the core energy of new energy vehicles and plays a decisive role in the development of new energy vehicles.The use of battery grade lithium carbonate to prepare lithium batteries has good quality and service performance, which can reduce external interference, thus extending its service life and increasing the actual endurance, playing a crucial role in the development of new energy vehicles.
In terms of pharmaceutics, lithium carbonate can inhibit mania, and has a good effect on improving schizophrenia and affective disorder.And in the actual application of treatment, it will not have a negative impact on the mental activities of normal people.Therefore, it is often used in the treatment of bipolar disorder in practical clinical applications.Pharmacologically, it plays an active role in the pharmaceutical field by stabilizing serotonin to inhibit symptoms.In addition, it also has a good therapeutic effect on diseases such as menorrhagia and hysteromyoma.[2]
Trade pattern
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Lithium and its compounds play a key role in many emerging industries such as energy conservation and environmental protection, high-end equipment manufacturing, information and biology, and have been listed as strategic mineral resources by many countries[5]。Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are basic lithium salt products and raw materials for preparing organic and inorganic lithium compounds.In 2021, the global trade volume of lithium hydride will be about 1/3 of that of lithium carbonate, and its trade relationship will be relatively simple.Lithium carbonate is the main consumer of lithium resources, and with the rapid development of new energy industry, the demand and trade volume of global lithium carbonate show an increasing trend, but its supply is concentrated in Chile, Argentina and a few other countries, which makes the supply of lithium carbonate vulnerable. Once a crisis occurs in these countries, the global lithium carbonate trade network will collapse on a large scale.[6]
Recently, frequent global crises, such as the New Champions epidemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, have exacerbated the tension in the supply of global lithium resources.From April 5 to May 1, 2021, affected by the epidemic, the Chilean government closed the border, resulting in a supply gap of more than 20% of lithium carbonate supply in the next month, which led to the rise in the price of lithium carbonate.Liao Qiumin and Sun Minghao[7]The research shows that China's supply security will rise from the current dangerous state to the extremely dangerous state in the future (2022-2025), and reveals that the long-term change of recoverable reserves will not have a significant impact on the safety of the lithium supply chain, but the development of the electric vehicle industry will lead to a substantial increase in China's demand for lithium resources, which may have an adverse impact on the safety of the lithium supply chain in the future.[8]
China is the world's largest producer and consumer of lithium carbonate. In 2022, the output and apparent consumption will reach 379000 tons and 505000 tons respectively, accounting for 63% and 81% of the world's total.Based on the average price of 482400 yuan/ton in 2022, the scale of China's lithium carbonate consumption market is about 243.6 billion yuan.
