Greenhouse gas emissions

Meteorological environment terms

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synonym carbon emission (Climatological term) generally refers to greenhouse gas emissions

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

greenhouse gases Emissions, resulting in the greenhouse effect, make the global temperature rise. The earth is absorbing solar radiation At the same time, it also radiates heat to the outer space, and its thermal radiation is mainly 3~30 μ m long wave infrared. When such long wave radiation enters the atmosphere, it is easy to be absorbed by some gas molecules with large molecular weight and strong polarity. Because the infrared energy is low, it is not enough to cause the breaking of molecular bond energy, so there is no chemical reaction after the gas molecules absorb the infrared radiation, but only to prevent the heat from escaping from the earth, which is equivalent to an insulating layer of the earth and outer space, namely the "greenhouse". The phenomenon that some trace components in the atmosphere absorb the earth's long wave radiation to maintain the heat near the ground, thus leading to the global temperature rise is called the greenhouse effect.

On December 31, 2020, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment announced the Measures for the Management of Carbon Emission Trading (for Trial Implementation), which will be implemented from February 1, 2021^[1] 。

Chinese name: Greenhouse gas emissions
Foreign name: CO two
Source: human activity Or naturally formed

Disadvantages: cause greenhouse effect , making global temperature rise
Include: steam 、 Freon 、 carbon dioxide
Discipline: Meteorological environment
Professionals: Carbon emission manager

catalog

brief introduction

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greenhouse gases

Formed by human activities or nature greenhouse gases , such as water vapor (H two O)、 Freon 、 carbon dioxide (CO two ）, nitrous oxide (N two O)、 Methane (CH four )、 ozone (O three )、 Hydrofluorocarbons Perfluorination carbide 、 Sulfur hexafluoride And so on.

Greenhouse gas emissions are mostly generated by the development of the world's heavy industry, automobile exhaust, etc. Once greenhouse gases exceed the atmospheric standards, they will cause the greenhouse effect, make the global temperature rise, and threaten human survival. Therefore, control greenhouse gases Emission has become a major problem facing all mankind.

For example, at the end of 2009 Copenhagen The global climate conference launched is a world conference to reach a global agreement on controlling greenhouse gas emissions.

Policy background

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February 2, 2021《 Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Establishment and Improvement of a Green, Low Carbon and Circular Economic Development System 》The opinion points out that we should thoroughly implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Plenary Sessions of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, fully implement the idea of ecological civilization, earnestly implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, unswervingly implement the new development concept, and promote green planning, green design, green investment, green construction, green production, green circulation Green life and green consumption will make development based on efficient use of resources, strict protection of ecological environment and effective control of greenhouse gas emissions, promote high-quality development and high-level protection as a whole, establish and improve the economic system of green and low-carbon circular development, and ensure the realization of Carbon peaking 、 Carbon neutralization The goal is to promote China's green development to a new level.^[8]

Professionals

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Carbon emission manager^[9]

greenhouse gases

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The atmospheric trace components that cause the greenhouse effect are called greenhouse gases. H two O and CO already in the atmosphere two It is a natural greenhouse gas. It is under their influence that the most suitable environmental temperature for life on the earth has been formed, so that life can live and multiply on the earth. If there is no atmosphere and these natural greenhouse gases, the surface temperature of the earth will be 33 ℃ lower than now, and human beings and most animals and plants will face a survival crisis. The main reason for global warming is that the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases at an extremely fast speed due to the excessive use of energy and the overexploitation of natural resources in the process of human development. These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N two O)、 There are six categories of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. Table 1 shows the impact of human activities on some greenhouse gas changes.

Table 1 Impact of human activities on some greenhouse gas changes

project	CO two	CH four	N two O	CFC-11	HCFC-22
Volume fraction in 1994	358×10 -6	1720×10 -9	312×10 -9	268×10 -12	72×10 -12
Concentration growth rate (%/a)	zero point four	zero point six	zero point two five	zero	five
Atmospheric life (a)	50~200	twelve	one hundred and twenty	fifty	twelve

① CO two 、CH four 、N two The growth rate of O is calculated based on 1984, while CFC-11 and HCFC-22 are calculated based on 1990.^[2]

Causes of greenhouse formation

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Global warming has become an important obstacle to the sustainable development of human economy and society. We need to pay great attention to the control of pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. The success of the Olympic venues in energy conservation and emission reduction has given us great confidence. As long as we attach great importance to the development of new energy alternatives to coal power, it is feasible in theory and practice. In 2005, China's power generation exceeded 500 million kilowatt hours. However, 80% of China's power generation is mainly coal-fired. From the current situation of China's energy utilization, it is not difficult to see that the rising temperature of the earth is caused by the "burning" of coal. Therefore, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and reduce the use of non renewable resources such as coal and natural gas is the absolute principle. Therefore, we should fully develop and utilize new energy sources, such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydrogen energy, tidal energy, hydropower (small hydropower), and take multiple measures to seal greenhouse gases at the source. Let's take an example of biomass energy utilization. In January 2008, the world's largest Mengniu biomass biogas power plant officially connected to the national grid in Hohhot. This biomass power plant with a total investment of 45 million yuan uses cow dung from farms anaerobic fermentation Methane gas generated. The composition of methane is basically the same as that of natural gas greenhouse gases It was released into the atmosphere during the breeding process. The fecal pollution of breeding farms is also a "chronic problem" in the breeding industry. The operation of biomass power plants has solved the above problems in a package and brought considerable economic and environmental benefits. Mengniu has an annual power generation of 10 million kilowatt hours, directly entering the national grid, and can reduce about 25000 tons of carbon dioxide annually. As a by-product of power products, the power plant also produces 6.5 million megajoules of waste heat, 13000 tons of organic fertilizer and 170000 tons of biogas liquid annually. If organic fertilizer, biogas residue and biogas slurry are fully utilized to return to the field and replace chemical fertilizer, a considerable amount of greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced, chemical fertilizer industry pollution can be reduced, and the ecological environment can be protected.^[3]

Impact of greenhouse gas emissions

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Climate warming^[4]

United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) statistics, global chemical industry The annual use of carbon dioxide is about 115 million tons, taking carbon dioxide as the source of various synthesis processes. Because human activities are mainly burning fossil fuel The annual global carbon dioxide change is about 23.7 billion tons.

The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is 27% higher than in the past 650000 years. In the era of industrial revolution, a large amount of coal was burned, and carbon dioxide began to rise. In recent decades, more and more countries have become industrialized, and more and more cars are on the road. It takes more time than Climate system The natural cycle of change is much shorter. Although volcanic eruptions release carbon dioxide and other gases, Earth rotation axis Small changes in the orbit and the Earth's surface temperature will have a significant impact, but it is still not comparable to the human activities that are accelerating.

Due to the use of fossil fuel Increase Tropospheric Ozone The output of crops will decrease by 40% in 2100 if no change is made. If not controlled, the global average ozone will increase by 50% by 2100 due to the rise of temperature and carbon dioxide, which will bring unpredictable impacts on plant growth.

International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that by 2030 greenhouse gases Emissions will increase by 57% compared to the current level. This will make the earth surface temperature Raise the temperature by 3 ℃. If China or India continue to develop coal as the main energy, the temperature will rise by 6 ℃. Caused by temperature rise The Alps The rapid decline of snow and ice cover in the region has reduced the extent of Arctic sea ice, causing Siberia And Canadian permafrost thaw.

Greenhouse gas emissions led to the rise of global average temperature, which caused ice sheet Melting extreme weather , drought and sea level rise This global impact will endanger human life. It is estimated that 5 million people die each year from air pollution, famine and disease caused by climate change and excessive carbon emissions. If the current consumption pattern of fossil fuels does not change, the death toll will rise to 6 million by 2030. More than 90% of them occur in developing country 。 The report assesses the human and economic impacts of climate change between 2010 and 2030.^[4]

Contribution of CO2 to the greenhouse effect

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CO two It contributes 60% to the greenhouse effect. CO in the atmosphere from 1750 to 1994 two Volume fraction has changed from 2.80 × 10 -4 (280ppm) to 3.58 × 10 -4 (358ppm), reaching 3.68 × 10 in 2000 -4 (368ppm)。 Due to CO two The service life in the atmosphere is up to 50~200a, even if CO two Its emissions can be maintained at the current level, and its concentration will still double in the 22nd century. If human beings are sensitive to CO two It is predicted that in the next 100 years, the global temperature will increase by 1.4~5.8 ℃ and the sea level will continue to rise by 88 cm. Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in 1997, requires that the six greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries should be reduced by 5.2% compared with 1990; From 2008 to 2012, compared with 1990, the average reduction of the EU was 8%, that of the United States was 7%, that of Japan and Canada was 6%, that of Eastern European countries was 5% to 8%, that of New Zealand, Russia and Ukraine was 0%, that of Australia was 8%, and that of Iceland was 10%. As a developing country, China has no obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.

Of the six greenhouse gases, CO two The content in the atmosphere is the highest, so it becomes the focus of reduction and control. However, the role of other greenhouse gases should not be underestimated. In order to evaluate the relative ability of various greenhouse gases to affect climate change, people use a parameter called "global warming potential" (GWP).

Table 2 Potential global warming trend of some greenhouse gases

type	Atmospheric lifetime (a)	GWP (time scale)
type	Atmospheric lifetime (a)	20a	100a	500a
CO two	variable	one	one	one
CH four	12±3	fifty-six	twenty-one	six point five
N two O	one hundred and twenty	two hundred and eighty	three hundred and ten	one hundred and seventy
CHF three	two hundred and sixty-four	nine thousand and one hundred	eleven thousand and seven hundred	nine thousand and eight hundred
HFC-152a	one point five	four hundred and sixty	one hundred and forty	forty-two
HFC-143a	forty-eight point three	five thousand	three thousand and eight hundred	one thousand and four hundred
SF six	three thousand and two hundred	sixteen thousand and three hundred	twenty-three thousand and nine hundred	three thousand four hundred and ninety

The so-called "radiative forcing" refers to the change of net radiation flux downward from the tropopause (unit: W/m) caused by the change of some factors in the atmosphere (such as the concentration of greenhouse gases and the equality of aerosol) two ）。 If there is radiation forcing, the earth atmosphere system will reach a new energy balance by adjusting the temperature, which will lead to the rise or fall of the earth temperature. Table 2 lists the potential global warming trends of some greenhouse gases.^[2]

History and current status of carbon dioxide emissions

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World Bank According to the report released, the global carbon dioxide emissions in 2003 were 16% higher than in 1990. In 1960, low - and middle-income countries accounted for only 1/3 of the world's emissions. Now, China's total emissions increased by 73% between 1990 and 2003, India's total emissions increased by 88%, the United States and Japan's total emissions increased by 20% and 15%, and EU countries' total emissions increased by only 3%. Therefore, emissions mainly come from industrialized countries and fast developing country In China and India, fossil fuels account for 66% of the world's power generation; In the Middle East, fossil fuels account for 93% of power generation, East Asia and South Asia account for 82%, Latin America and Caribbean The region accounts for 38%.

developing country, greenhouse gases It also mainly comes from agriculture, land use and deforestation. The World Bank and the British government released a report in 2007, and deforestation made Indonesia the world's third largest emitter after the United States and China. From 1990 to 2005, nearly 45000 square kilometers of forests were felled in low-income countries.

The research report released by the American Academy of Sciences in late 2007 shows that the growth rate of world carbon dioxide emissions from 2000 to 2004 was nearly three times that of the 1990s. The increase rate is mainly due to the increased capacity density of economic activities and the Carbon density At the same time, the increase of DDP per capita due to the increase of population is also one of the reasons for this problem. From 2000 to 2004, developing country It accounts for about 40% of the total emissions. In 2004, 73% of the global emissions growth came from developing countries and a few developed economies World population 80%. In the same year, developed countries accounted for about 60% of the total emissions industrial revolution Since then, it has accounted for 77% of the accumulated emissions.

On August 9, 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations released a report on Monday, pointing out that because of global warming, the extreme heat wave, which used to occur once every 50 years, is now expected to occur once every 10 years, and torrential rains and droughts are becoming more frequent. According to CNN, the Secretary General of the United Nations Guterres called the report "the red alert of mankind", pointing out that "global warming is affecting every region of the earth, and many of these changes have become irreversible". "The alarm bell is deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable: greenhouse gas emissions caused by fossil fuel burning and deforestation are killing our planet and putting billions of people at direct risk," he said

According to the report, the report clearly blamed the rising temperature on Greenhouse gas emissions At the same time, it is pointed out that the only way to slow down and eventually reverse warming is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero. According to the report, unless immediate, rapid and large-scale emission reduction is adopted, the global average temperature will rise above the critical point of 1.5 degrees Celsius in the next 20 years.^[7]

On November 27, 2023, the independent research institution Energy and Clean Air Research Center (CREA) released the annual assessment report China Climate Transition: 2023 Outlook. According to the report, China's total carbon dioxide emission index did not meet the expectations in 2022-2023.^[15]

On February 26, 2024, at the regular policy briefing of the State Council, Zhao Yingmin, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, said that the national carbon emission trading market had been operating steadily for two and a half years since its launch. At present, the annual carbon dioxide emissions covered by the market were 5.1 billion tons, making it the world's largest carbon market covering greenhouse gas emissions.^[17]

On February 29, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China in 2023. In 2023, the carbon dioxide emissions of the national GDP of 10000 yuan will be the same as that of the previous year. The trading volume of carbon emission quotas in the national carbon emission trading market was 212 million tons, with a turnover of 14.44 billion yuan.^[18]

laws and regulations

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In addition, the Implementation Plan for Setting and Allocating the Total Amount of National Carbon Emission Trading Quotas (Power Generation Industry) from 2019 to 2020 was formulated.^[5]

Carbon emission right

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On July 8, 2021, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment announced that the national carbon emission trading market of the power generation industry will be launched for online trading at the right time in July 2021, which was reviewed and approved by the executive meeting of the State Council.^[6]

In May 2022, Jiangxi, Henan, Sichuan and other places have issued the first carbon emission ticket in succession recently due to the failure to pay the carbon emission quota in full and on time.^[10]

On June 2, 2022, the "Zero Carbon Demonstration Project" of Tarim Desert Highway, China's first classified highway running through the Taklimakan Desert, was officially put into operation. Since then, this highway running through China's largest desert has become a zero carbon emission highway.^[11]

In June 2022, the Ecological Environment Bureau of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province will investigate and deal with the illegal act of a chemical fiber company in Jiujiang that fails to pay the carbon emission quota on time and in full, and impose a fine of 20000 yuan. It is reported that this is the first environmental illegal case that the carbon emission quota has not been paid on time in Jiangxi Province since the implementation of the Measures for the Administration of Carbon Emission Trading (for Trial Implementation) on February 1, 2021.^[12]

On June 19, 2022, the 78th International Air Transport Association Annual Conference and World Air Transport Summit opened in Doha, the capital of Qatar. The International Air Transport Association issued a bulletin saying that its new carbon emission calculation software can provide accurate carbon dioxide emission calculation for any commercial passenger flight to meet the growing demand for transparency of carbon emission data in the aviation industry.^[13]

In August 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the Ministry of Ecological Environment announced the Implementation Plan on Accelerating the Establishment of a Unified and Standardized Carbon Emission Statistical Accounting System, which proposed to promote accounting research on non carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions and other fields.^[14]

Collaborative innovation

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In 2024, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment released the first batch of pilot cities and industrial parks for collaborative innovation of pollution reduction and carbon reduction. The pilot units include 21 cities and 43 industrial parks. It will focus on exploring a long-term mechanism for collaborative management of pollution and carbon reduction; Focus on source control, coordinate emission reduction requirements of various pollutants and greenhouse gases, and optimize governance processes and technical routes; Accelerate the incorporation of synergistic control of greenhouse gas emissions into relevant laws, regulations and policy standards, and promote the transformation of synergistic technology achievements; Strengthen the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon reduction innovate 。^[16]

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