Ammonium sulfate is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula (NHfour)twoSOfour, colorless crystal or white particles, odorless.Decomposition above 280 ℃.Solubility in water: 70.6g at 0 ℃, 103.8g at 100 ℃.Insolubleethanolandacetone。The pH of 0.1mol/L aqueous solution is 5.5.The relative density is 1.77.The refractive index is 1.521.Ammonium sulfate is mainly used as fertilizer for various soils and crops.It can also be used in textile, leather, medicine, etc.
Chinese name
ammonium sulphate[2]
Foreign name
Ammonium sulfate[2]
Alias
Ammonium sulfate
chemical formula
(NHfour)twoSOfour
molecular weight
one hundred and thirty-two point one three nine[2]
Solubility: 70.6g at 0 ℃.Dissolve 75.4g at 20 ℃.Dissolve 78g at 30 ℃.Dissolve 81g at 40 ℃.
chemical property
White crystalline powder, the aqueous solution is acidic.Insoluble in alcoholacetoneandammonia。It is hygroscopic and consolidated into blocks after hygroscopicity.When heated to above 513 ℃, it is completely decomposed intoammonia、nitrogen、sulfur dioxideAnd water.Ammonia gas will be released when it reacts with alkali.AndBarium chlorideSolution reaction generationbarium sulfateSedimentation.It can also cause protein salting out.
Industry development
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On May 24, 2013, the domestic ammonium sulfate market did not fluctuate much, and the phenomenon of high reporting and low moving on the market was common.Taiyuan Iron&Steel auctioned 480 tons of ammonium sulfate on the same day, with the starting price of 550 yuan/ton and the transaction price of 560 yuan/ton, basically reflecting the slowing down of the ammonium sulfate market.Industry insight study "Operation Situation of Ammonium Sulfate Industry in China"[1]According to the statistics, there is no fluctuation in the quotation in the East China market, and the actual order delivery is relatively low, of which the low deposit in the Shandong market is 620-650 yuan/ton, and the poor quality in the Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui markets is 600 yuan/ton;The ammonium sulfate market in North China is stuck on the sidelines, and the prices of mainstream manufacturers continue to decline. The market is generally high and low. The market is weak in Inner Mongolia. The mainstream offer is 450-500 yuan/ton, and the low-end heard that there is 400 yuan/ton of supply, so the deal is average;The central China market was basically delisted at a high level, and the Henan market was at a low level of 630 yuan/ton;New orders in Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China will be executed at 800 yuan/ton, while Jilin and Liaoning will be executed at 760-780 yuan/ton;The ammonium sulfate market in the northwest and southwest is sluggish, and it is difficult to ship goods. Ningxia and Qinghai will pay 500 yuan/ton more.
purpose
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An excellentnitrogenous fertilizer(commonly known as fertilizer field flour), suitable for general soil and crops, can make branches and leaves grow vigorously, improve fruit quality and yield, enhance the resistance of crops to disasters, and can be used as base fertilizer, topdressing and seed fertilizer.Can be carried out with saltMetathesis reactionmanufactureammonium chloride, andaluminum sulfateAction generationAmmonium alum, andboric acidManufacture togetherRefractory。joinElectroplating solutionIt can increase conductivity.It is also a catalyst for food sauce, and is cultivated in the production of fresh yeastYeastNitrogen source,Acid dyeDyeing aids, leather deliming agent.In addition, it is also used in beer brewing, chemical reagent and battery production.Another important role is to mine rare earths. Ammonium sulfate is used as raw material and ion exchange is used toRare earth in mineral soilThe elements are exchanged out, and then the leaching solution is collected to remove impurities, precipitate, press and burn to form rare earth raw ore. Each ton of rare earth raw ore mined and produced requires about 5 tons of ammonium sulfate.
There are also many biological uses, most of which are used in protein purification process. Because ammonium sulfate is an inert substance, it is not easy to react with other bioactive substances, and it can protect the protein activity to the greatest extent during the purification process. In addition, ammonium sulfate is extremely soluble, which can form a high salt environment, making preparations for protein precipitation and subsequent high salt purification.The solubility of ammonium sulfate at 0 ℃ is quite different from that at normal temperature of 25 ℃. The following are the molar concentrations of ammonium sulfate with different saturations at two temperatures.
Ammonium sulfate solid
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Ammonium sulfate
Initial concentration
(% saturation, 0 ℃)
Final concentration of ammonium sulfate (% saturation, 0 ℃)
twenty
twenty-five
thirty
thirty-five
forty
forty-five
fifty
fifty-five
sixty
sixty-five
seventy
seventy-five
eighty
eighty-five
ninety
ninety-five
one hundred
Amount of solid ammonium sulfate added in 100mL solution
zero
ten point six
thirteen point four
sixteen point four
nineteen point four
twenty-two point six
twenty-five point eight
twenty-nine point one
thirty-two point six
thirty-six point one
thirty-nine point eight
forty-three point six
forty-seven point six
fifty-one point six
fifty-five point nine
sixty point three
sixty-five
sixty-nine point seven
five
seven point nine
ten point eight
thirteen point seven
sixteen point six
nineteen point seven
twenty-two point nine
twenty-six point two
twenty-nine point six
thirty-three point one
thirty-six point eight
forty point five
forty-four point four
forty-eight point four
fifty-two point six
fifty-seven
sixty-one point five
sixty-six point two
ten
five point three
eight point one
ten point nine
thirteen point nine
sixteen point nine
twenty
twenty-three point three
twenty-six point six
thirty point one
thirty-three point seven
thirty-seven point four
forty-one point two
forty-five point two
forty-nine point three
fifty-three point six
fifty-eight point one
sixty-two point seven
fifteen
two point six
five point four
eight point two
eleven point one
fourteen point one
seventeen point two
twenty point four
twenty-three point seven
twenty-seven point one
thirty point six
thirty-four point three
thirty-eight point one
forty-two
forty-six
fifty point three
fifty-four point seven
fifty-nine point two
twenty
zero
two point seven
five point five
eight point three
eleven point three
fourteen point three
seventeen point five
twenty point seven
twenty-four point one
twenty-seven point six
thirty-one point two
thirty-four point nine
thirty-eight point seven
forty-two point seven
forty-six point nine
fifty-one point two
fifty-five point seven
twenty-five
zero
two point seven
five point six
eight point four
eleven point five
fourteen point six
seventeen point nine
twenty-one point one
twenty-four point five
twenty-eight
thirty-one point seven
thirty-five point five
thirty-nine point five
forty-three point six
forty-seven point eight
fifty-two point two
thirty
zero
two point eight
five point six
eight point six
eleven point seven
fourteen point eight
eighteen point one
twenty-one point four
twenty-four point nine
twenty-eight point five
thirty-two point three
thirty-six point two
forty point two
forty-four point five
forty-eight point eight
thirty-five
zero
two point eight
five point seven
eight point seven
eleven point eight
fifteen point one
eighteen point four
twenty-one point eight
twenty-five point four
twenty-nine point one
thirty-two point nine
thirty-six point nine
forty-one
forty-five point three
forty
zero
two point nine
five point eight
eight point nine
twelve
fifteen point three
eighteen point seven
twenty-two point two
twenty-five point eight
twenty-nine point six
thirty-three point five
thirty-seven point six
forty-one point eight
forty-five
zero
two point nine
five point nine
nine
twelve point three
fifteen point six
nineteen
twenty-two point six
twenty-six point three
thirty point two
thirty-four point two
thirty-eight point three
fifty
zero
three
six
nine point two
twelve point five
fifteen point nine
nineteen point four
twenty-three
twenty-six point eight
thirty point eight
thirty-four point eight
fifty-five
zero
three
six point one
nine point three
twelve point seven
sixteen point one
nineteen point seven
twenty-three point five
twenty-seven point three
thirty-one point three
sixty
zero
three point one
six point two
nine point five
twelve point nine
sixteen point four
twenty point one
twenty-three point nine
twenty-seven point nine
sixty-five
zero
three point one
six point three
nine point seven
thirteen point two
sixteen point eight
twenty point five
twenty-four point four
seventy
zero
three point two
six point five
nine point nine
thirteen point four
seventeen point one
twenty point nine
seventy-five
zero
three point two
six point six
ten point one
thirteen point seven
seventeen point four
eighty
zero
three point three
six point seven
ten point three
thirteen point nine
eighty-five
zero
three point four
six point eight
ten point five
ninety
zero
three point four
seven
ninety-five
zero
three point five
one hundred
zero
Note: The pH value of the solution will decrease significantly due to the addition of ammonium sulfate.
matters needing attention
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danger
Invasion route: inhalation, ingestion and absorption through skin.
Health hazard: Irritating to eyes, mucous membrane and skin.
Environmental hazard: long-term use will cause acidification and hardening of soil.
Flammability hazard: This product is incombustiblethrill。
First aid measures
Skin contact: Take off contaminated clothes and wash with plenty of flowing water.
Eye contact: Lift the eyelids and flush with flowing water or normal saline for at least 15 minutes.Get medical attention.
Inhalation: leave the site to fresh air.If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.Get medical attention.
Ingestion: drink enough warm water to induce vomiting.Get medical attention.
Fire fighting measures
Hazard characteristics: toxic smoke generated by thermal decomposition.
Hazardous combustion products: nitrogen oxides and sulfides.
Extinguishing method: firefighters must wear full body fire and gas protective clothing and extinguish the fire upwind.When putting out a fire, try to move the container from the fire site to an open place.
Safety terminology
S26：In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
After eye contact, immediately flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S37/39：Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.
Wear appropriate gloves and eye/face protection.
Risk terminology
R36/37/38：Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Leakage emergency treatment
Emergency treatment: isolate the leakage contaminated area and restrict access.It is recommended that emergency personnel wear dust masks (full face masks) and gas suits.Collect with a clean shovel in a dry, clean, covered container and transfer to a safe place.In case of large leakage, collect and recycle or transport to waste disposal site for disposal.
Handling storage
Operation precautions: closed operation, local exhaust.Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures.It is recommended that operators wear self-priming filter type dust mask, chemical safety goggles, anti poison penetration work clothes and rubber gloves.Avoid dust generation.Avoid contact with acids and alkalis.Load and unload gently during transportation to prevent damage to packaging and containers.Provide leakage emergency treatment equipment.Empty containers may leave harmful substances.
Precautions for storage: store in a cool and ventilated warehouse.Keep away from kindling and heat sources.It shall be stored separately from acids and alkalis, and mixed storage is strictly prohibited.The storage area shall be equipped with appropriate materials to contain leakage.
Precautions
(1) Do not contact or mix with other alkaline fertilizers or alkaline substances to prevent reducing fertilizer efficiency.
(2) It is not suitable to use ammonium sulfate on the same cultivated land for a long time, or the soil will become acidic and cause hardening.If necessary, some lime or organic fertilizer can be used in combination.However, attention must be paid not to mix with lime to prevent ammonium sulfate from decomposing and causing nitrogen loss.Generally, the combined application of the two should be separated by 3-5 days.
(3) Not suitable for application on acid soil.It is neutralized by ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, crystallized, centrifuged and dried.
preparation
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In industry, it is obtained by neutralization reaction of ammonia and sulfuric acid directly, which is seldom used. It mainly uses by-products in industrial production or waste gas discharged by sulfuric acid orammoniaAbsorption (such as sulfuric acid absorptionCoke oven gasAmmonia in the process of absorbing sulfur dioxide in smelter flue gas, ammonia or sulfuric acid process in Kaplan productionTitanium dioxideSulfuric acid waste liquid in production).There are also those using gypsum to produce ammonium sulfate (using natural gypsum orPhosphogypsum, ammonia and carbon dioxide as raw materials).
Generation method
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It is neutralized by ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, crystallized, centrifuged and dried.Neutralization method Ammonia and sulfuric acid neutralize at about 100 ℃, and the generated ammonium sulfate crystal slurry is centrifuged and dried to produce finished ammonium sulfate.2NHthree+HtwoSOfour→(NHfour)twoSOfourThe recovery method is obtained by recovering ammonia from coking furnace gas and neutralizing with sulfuric acid.
