Sulfuric acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula HtwoSOfourIs the most important part of sulfurOxyacid。Pure sulfuric acid is a colorless oily liquid, crystallized at 10.36 ℃, and its aqueous solutions with different concentrations are usually usedTower methodandcontact processPreparation.The former is crude dilute sulfuric acid, and the mass fraction is generally about 75%;The latter can produce 98.3% concentrated sulfuric acid with boiling point of 338 ℃ and relative density of 1.84.
Sulfuric acid is the most active binary inorganic strong acid, which can react with most metals.High concentration sulfuric acid has strongWater absorption, can be used asDehydrating agentCarbonized wood, paper, cotton and linen fabrics, biological skin and meat and other carbohydrate containing substances.When mixed with water, a large amount of heat will also be released.It has a strongcorrosiveandOxidizability, so it should be used with caution.It is an important industrial raw material, which can be used to manufacture fertilizers, drugs, explosives, pigmentsDetergent、BatteryIt is also widely used in purifying petroleum, metal smelting and dye industries.Commonly used asChemical Reagents, which can be used as dehydrating agent andSulfonating agent。
In ancient China, dilute sulfuric acid was called "alum oil".In 650~683 AD (when Emperor Gaozong was in the Tang Dynasty), the alchemist Gu Gangzi recorded in Volume 9 of the Yellow Emperor's Nine Tripod Divine Pill Sutra, "the method of refining stone gall to extract essence", that is, dry distillation of stone gall（Bile alum）Instead, sulfuric acid is obtained.
Sulphuric acid was discovered in the 8th century AD.Arab alchemistJaberBy dry distillationFerrous sulfate crystalGet sulfuric acid.Some early chemists, such asLazySi, Jia Bier, etc. also wrote a classified list of sulfuric acid and its related minerals;Others, such asIbn SinaDoctors pay more attention to the types of sulfuric acid and their value in medicine.[1]
In the 17th century, German chemistsGrauber(Johann Rudolf Glauber) Heat the mixed steam of sulfur and potassium nitrate to produce sulfuric acid. In this process, potassium nitrate decomposes and oxidizes sulfur to make it mixed with water and become sulfuric acidSulfur trioxide（SOthree）。So, in 1736, London pharmacist Joshua Ward used this method to develop large-scale sulfuric acid production.
In 1746, John Roebuck used this principle to createLead chamber methodAnd effectively mass produce sulfuric acid at lower cost.After many improvements, this method has been used in industry for nearly two centuries.[2]The method of producing sulfuric acid created by John Roebuck can produce 65% sulfuric acid. Later, French chemistsJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac John Glover, a British chemist, improved it to produce sulfuric acid with a concentration of 78%, but this concentration still cannot meet some industrial uses.
The molecular diagram of early sulfuric acid drawn by John Dalton in 1808
At the beginning of the 18th century, the production of sulfuric acid depended on the following methods: metal sulfide ores were burned to become low price sulfates, which could be decomposed into corresponding metal hydroxides and gaseous sulfur oxides at a certain temperature, and then used to produce sulfuric acid.Unfortunately, the huge cost of this process hinders the wide application of concentrated sulfuric acid.[2]fromJohn DaltonThe molecular diagram of early sulfuric acid drawn in 1808 shows that sulfuric acid has one sulfur atom in the center and is established with three oxygen atomscovalent bond, as shown in the right figure.
Later, in 1831, the British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips came up with the contact method, which can produce sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid at a lower cost. This method has been widely used today.
Presence
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earth
Acid rain contains sulfuric acid, and sulfur dioxide (SOtwo）React with water in the atmosphere to generateSulfite（HtwoSOthree）Sulfurous acid is oxidized by oxygen in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid, which falls to the ground with rain water, causing the formation of acidic soil.Amelioration of acidic soil is usually neutralized with alkaline substances.In nature, many sulfur containing minerals, such asFerrous sulfideThe sulfuric acid is formed after the oxidation reaction, and the liquid formed is highly acidic, which can oxidize the residual metal and release toxic gas.In the biological world, there is aSea slug(Notasidean pleurobranchs) can also spray secretions containing sulfuric acid to resist enemies.
Venus
Sulfuric acid can be found in the upper atmosphere of Venus.This is mainly due to the photochemical effect of the sun on sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and water.Ultraviolet photons with a wavelength shorter than 160nm can photolysis carbon dioxide to turn it into carbon monoxide and atomic oxygen.Atomic oxygen is very active. It reacts with sulfur dioxide and becomes sulfur trioxide.Sulfur trioxide further reacts with water to release sulfuric acid.Sulfuric acid is liquid in the higher and colder areas of Venus' atmosphere. This thick sulfuric acid cloud layer, about 45~70 kilometers away from the planet's surface, covers the entire planet's surface.This layer of atmosphere continuously releases acid rain.
In Venus, the formation of sulfuric acid circulates continuously.When sulfuric acid drops from the higher and colder areas of the atmosphere to the lower and hotter areas, it will be evaporated, and its water content will be less and less, and its concentration will be higher and higher.When the temperature reaches 300 ℃, sulfuric acid begins to decompose into sulfur trioxide and water, and the products are all gases.Sulfur trioxide is very active and decomposes into sulfur dioxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen then oxidizes carbon monoxide to turn it into carbon dioxide. Sulfur dioxide and water will rise from the middle layer of the atmosphere to the upper layer. They will react to release sulfuric acid again, and the whole process will cycle again.
Europa
fromGalileoThe image from the probe shows that sulfuric acid may also appear in Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, but the details are still controversial.[3]
Regulatory information
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Sulfuric acid (precursor - 3) is controlled by the public security department according to the Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals and the Regulations on the Management of precursor chemicals.[6]
physical property
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Structural formula and bond length of sulfuric acid
Pure sulfuric acid is generally colorless oily liquid, with a density of 1.84 g/cm ³ and a boiling point of 338 ℃. It can be mutually soluble with water in any proportion, while releasing a lot of heat to make water boil.When heated to 290 ℃, sulfur trioxide starts to release, and finally becomes 98.54% aqueous solution, which boils at 317 ℃ to become azeotropic mixture.The high boiling point and viscosity of sulfuric acid are due to the internalhydrogen bondStronger.Because of sulfuric acidDielectric constantHigh, so it is a good solvent for electrolytes, but not ideal as a solvent for non electrolytes.The melting point of sulfuric acid is 10.371 ℃. Adding water or sulfur trioxide will reduce the freezing point.
Difference in concentration
The stick model of sulfuric acid molecule
Although concentrated and pure sulfuric acid can be produced, it is infinitely stable at room temperature (so-called decomposition intoAzeotropeThe reaction occurs at a high temperature close to the boiling point), but the freezing point of pure sulfuric acid is too high (283.4K), so in order to facilitate transportation, 98% sulfuric acid is usually made, so the "high concentration sulfuric acid" generally refers to the sulfuric acid with a concentration of 98%.In addition, sulfuric acid has different applications at different concentrations. The following are some common concentration levels:
Specific gravity of H ₂ SO ₄
Corresponding density (kg/L)
Concentration (mol/L)
be commonly called
10%
one point zero seven
~1
Dilute sulfuric acid
29～32%
1.25～1.28
4.2～5
Lead acid battery acid
62～70%
1.52～1.60
9.6～11.5
Room acid, fertilizer acid
98%
one point eight three
~18
concentrated sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid can also be made into other forms.For example, high concentration SOthreeIt can be made by injecting sulfuric acidFuming sulfuric acidFor the concentration of oleum, people usually use SOthree% or HtwoSOfourThe percentage of shall prevail, and both are acceptable.Generally, the concentration of "fuming sulfuric acid" is 45% (containing 109% HtwoSOfour）Or 65% (including 114.6% HtwoSOfour）。When SOthreeAnd HtwoSOfourThe ratio is 1:1, and the product isPyrosulfuric acid（HtwoStwoOseven）Pyrosulfuric acid is a solid with a melting point of 36 ℃.
Polarity and conductivity
Pure sulfuric acid is a very polar liquid, and its dielectric coefficient is about 100.Because its molecules can protonate each other, resulting in its extremely high conductivity, this process is called proton self migration.The process is:
chemical property
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corrosive
Pure sulfuric acid is heated to 290 ℃ to decompose and release some sulfur trioxide until the acid concentration drops to 98.3%. At this time, sulfuric acid is an azeotropic solution with a boiling point of 338 ° C.Anhydrous sulfuric acid reflects its ability to give protons. Pure sulfuric acid still has strong acidity. The acidity of 98% sulfuric acid is basically the same as that of pure sulfuric acid. Fumigating sulfuric acid that dissolves sulfur trioxide is a super acid system, and its acidity is stronger than that of pure sulfuric acid. However, there is a widespread mistake, that is, the acidity of dilute sulfuric acid is stronger than that of concentrated sulfuric acid. This idea is wrong.Indeed, the first step of dilute sulfuric acidionizationComplete, producing a large amount ofHydrous hydrogen ionHthreeO+；But concentrated sulfuric acid, like waterAutoionizationSome hydrogen sulfate ion H will be generatedthreeSOfour+It is the combination of this part of sulfuric acid with protons that makes pure sulfuric acid very acidic. Although it is less, it is much more acidic than hydrated protonsHamit acidity functionUp to - 12.0.
In sulfuric acid solvent system, HthreeSOfour+It often acts as an acid and can protonate many substances to produce ionic compounds:
The above and HNOthreeResulting from the reaction of
, which is conducive to the nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Characteristics of concentrated sulfuric acid
1. Dehydration
Concentrated sulfuric acid quickly erodes towel
Dehydration refers to the process in which concentrated sulfuric acid removes non free water molecules or hydrogen and oxygen elements in organic matter according to the hydrogen oxygen atomic composition ratio of water.In the case of sulfuric acid,DehydrationIt is the property of concentrated sulfuric acid rather than dilute sulfuric acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid is highly dehydrating and can be removed according to the composition ratio of water.The process of dehydration of substances by concentrated sulfuric acid isChemical changeDuring the reaction, concentrated sulfuric acid captures the hydrogen atom and oxygen atom in the dehydrated product according to the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in the water molecule (2:1) or removes the non free crystal water, such asCopper sulfate pentahydrate(CuSOfour·5HtwoO)。The substances that can be dehydrated by concentrated sulfuric acid generally containhydrogen、oxygenOrganic matter of elements, including organic matter in sucrose, sawdust, paper scraps and cotton, is dehydrated to form blackcharcoalThis process is calledcarbonization。A typical carbonization phenomenon is the brown bread reaction of sucrose.Put 20g sucrose into a 200mL beaker, add a few drops of water, add proper amount of water, and mix evenly.Then add 15mL of 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and stir quickly.Observe the experimental phenomenon.It can be seen that sucrose gradually turns black and expands in volume, forming loose and porous sponge like carbon. The reaction is exothermic, and irritating gas can be smelled.
At the same time, carbon reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid:
2. Strong oxidation
Reduction product
Concentrated sulfuric acid may be reduced to SO due to the amount and type of reducing agenttwo, S or HtwoS：[4]
For example, when reducing agent is excessive, HBr, HtwoS and HI respectively reduce concentrated sulfuric acid to different substances:[4]
The products may be different with different reduction doses:[4]
Related reactions
Reaction object
explain
Reaction equation
React with metal
① Concentrated sulfuric acid can make iron, aluminum and other metalspassivation。
② When heated, concentrated sulfuric acid can react with all metals except iridium and ruthenium (including gold and platinum) to formHigh priced metalSulfate, itself reduced to SOtwo，S，HtwoS or metal sulfide.
Note: In the above reaction, sulfuric acid shows strong oxidation and acidity.
React with nonmetals
Hot concentrated sulfuric acid can oxidize carbon, sulfur, phosphorus and other non-metallic simple substances to its high valence oxide or oxyacid, and itself is reduced to sulfur dioxide.In this kind of reaction, concentrated sulfuric acid only showsOxidizability。[5]
React with other reducing substances
Concentrated sulfuric acid is highly oxidizing and is prepared in the laboratoryhydrogen sulfide、Hydrogen bromide、Hydrogen iodideConcentrated sulfuric acid cannot be used for drying such reducing gases.
Dilute sulfuric acid characteristics
nature
1. It can react with most metals (more active than copper) and most metal oxides to generate corresponding sulfate and water;
2. It can react with the salt containing the acid radical ion with weaker acidity than the sulfate radical ion to generate corresponding sulfate and weak acid;
3. It can react with alkali to generate corresponding sulfate and water;
4. It can react with pre hydrogen metal under certain conditions to generate corresponding sulfate and hydrogen;
5. Under heating condition, it can catalyze the hydrolysis of protein, disaccharides and polysaccharides;
6. It can act with the indicator to make the purple litmus test solution red and the colorless phenolphthalein test solution not change color.
Test method: use barium chloride (BaCl) acidified by hydrochloric acid (HCl)two）。Drop a few drops of barium chloride solution acidified by hydrochloric acid into the solution to be tested, shake it, if white precipitate is produced;Add magnesium powder into the solution to generate combustible gas, and then the solution to be measured contains sulfuric acid.However, this method is limited to the middle school stage.
Common mistakes
Dilute sulfuric acid is generally used as
Two complete ionization, in fact, is not the case.According to sulfuric acid acidity coefficient pKa1=-3.00，pKa2=1.99, its secondary ionization is not sufficient, and HSO in dilute sulfuric acidfour-=Reversible=H++SOfour2-, incomplete ionization, 1mol/L sulfuric acid primary ionization is complete, and secondary ionization is about 1%, that is, there is still a large amount of HSO in the solutionfour-。Even NaHSOfourWhen the solution is 0.1mol/L, only about 30% of hydrogen sulfate is ionized.
application area
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Industrial use
Metallurgy and petroleum industry
For metallurgical industry and metal processing, sulfuric acid is required in metallurgical industry, especially in the production process of non-ferrous metals.For example, when copper, zinc, cadmium and nickel are refined by electrolysis, sulfuric acid is needed for the electrolyte. For the refining of some precious metals, sulfuric acid is also needed to dissolve other metals to remove inclusions.Before cold rolling, cold drawing and stamping in the steel industry, the iron oxide on the steel surface must be removed with sulfuric acid.When rolling thin plates, cold drawn seamless steel tubes and other steels with high quality requirements, they must be washed once with sulfuric acid every time they are rolled.In addition, seamed steel pipes, thin iron sheets, iron wires, etc. shall be pickled with sulfuric acid before galvanizing.In some metal machining processes, such as nickel plating, chromium plating and other metal products, sulfuric acid is also required to clean the surface rust.In ferrous metallurgical enterprises, the steel to be pickled generally accounts for 5%~6% of the total steel output, and the pickling of each ton of steel consumes about 98% sulfuric acid 30~50kg.
In the production process of petroleum products such as gasoline and lubricating oil used in the petroleum industry, concentrated sulfuric acid refining is required to remove sulfur compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbons.Each ton of crude oil refining needs about 24kg of sulfuric acid, and each ton of diesel oil refining needs about 31kg of sulfuric acid.The preparation of activated clay used in the petroleum industry also consumes a lot of sulfuric acid.
Usable as hard waterSoftener, ion exchange regenerant, pH regulatorOxidantandDetergentEtc.It can also be used in fertilizers, pesticides, dyes, pigments, plastics, chemical fibers, explosives and varioussulfateManufacturing of.It is widely used in petroleum refining, nonferrous metal smelting, steel pickling, tanning process, coking industry, light textile industry, national defense and military industry.Strong acid cleaning corrosive agent.It is mainly used for silicon wafer cleaning in integrated circuit manufacturing process.
Solve the problem of people's food, clothing, housing and transportation
The viscose yarn, which is familiar to people for the production of chemical fibers, requires the use of sulfuric acid, zinc sulfatesodium sulphateThe mixture of.Every 1t producedViscose fibreThe consumption of sulfuric acid is 1.2~1.5t. For every 1t of vinylon staple fiber, it will consume 98% sulfuric acid 230kg. For every 1t of kaplan monomer, it will consume 1.6t 20% oleum sulfuric acid.In addition, on thenylon、acetate fibre、Polyacrylonitrile fibreA considerable amount of sulfuric acid is also used in chemical fiber production.
For use other than chemical fiberhigh polymerThe production of polymer compounds, such as plastics, plays an increasingly important role in the national economy.Every 1t producedepoxy resin, 2.68t sulfuric acid is required, which is called "Plastic King"teflon1.32t sulfuric acid is required for every 1t of production;Sulfuric acid is also used in the production of silicone gum, silicone oil, styrene butadiene rubber and nitrile rubber.
Almost no dye (or intermediate) used in the dye industry is prepared without the use of sulfuric acid.azo dyeThe preparation of intermediate requires sulfonation reaction,aniline The preparation of dye intermediates requires nitration, and both require the use of a large amount of concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid.Therefore, some dye plants have sulfuric acid workshops to meet the needs.
Fumigating sulfuric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid are required for the production of synthetic detergents for daily necessities.Plasticizers for plastics (e.g. phthalic anhydride andPhthalate）、CelluloidRaw materials required for productsNitrocellulose, which requires sulfuric acid to prepare.cellophane、parchmentSulphuric acid is also used in the manufacture of.In addition, the textile printing and dyeing industry, enamel industry, hardware industry, soap industry, artificial spice industry and other production sectors also need to use sulfuric acid.
For pharmaceutical industrySulfonamidesSulfonation reaction during the preparation of, powerful bactericideFuracilinSulfuric acid is required for the nitration reaction in the preparation of.In addition, the preparation of many antibiotics, commonly used drugs such asaspirin、caffeine、Vitamin B2、Vitamin B12andvitamin C, some hormonesisoniazid、Amalgam red、saccharinSulfuric acid is necessary for the preparation of, etc.
strengthen the national defense
The development of sulfuric acid industry in some countries was once closely linked with the production of military explosives.Whether military explosives (propellants, explosives) or industrial explosives, nitrates or nitrates are the main components.The main ones areNitrocellulose、Trinitrotoluene（TNT）、Nitroglycerin、Picric acidEtc.Although the preparation of these compounds depends on nitric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum must be used at the same time.
Atomic energy industry and rocket technology
The production of nuclear fuel for atomic reactors, the preparation of titanium, aluminum and other alloy materials for reactors, and titanium alloys used to manufacture rockets, supersonic jets and artificial satellites are all directly or indirectly related to sulfuric acid.The process of preparing borane from borax requires a large amount of sulfuric acid.Borane derivatives are the most important high-energy fuels.Borane is also used as a raw material for preparing uranium borohydride to separate uranium 235.It can be seen that sulfuric acid is closely related to national defense industry and cutting-edge science and technology.
Agricultural use
Soil improvement
In agricultural production, sulfuric acid is increasingly used to improve calcareous soil with high pH value.In the past 20 years, the yield of urea sulfuric acid fertilizer has been greatly increased and widely applied in the soil of western states of the United States.Sulphuric acid is injected into the milk farm lake to change the pH value of the lake water, which can solve several air and water quality problems generated in the process of livestock breeding. The main role of sulfuric acid is to dissolve calcium and magnesium when it is applied to agricultural soil and watercarbonateandBicarbonate。These calcium and magnesium salts then replace exchangeable sodium salts, which are then removed by water immersion.When carbonate and bicarbonate are decomposed, sulfuric acid reacts with more inert substances to release phosphorus, iron and other plant nutrients.Simply lowering the pH value of soil can cause changes in the solubility of many elements and improve their effectiveness on plants.Applying sulfuric acid on calcareous soil with high pH value can make plants more robust and increase harvest.
Fertilizer production
For fertilizer productionammonium sulphate(commonly known as ammonium sulfate or fertilizer) andcalcium superphosphate(commonly known as superphosphate lime or superphosphate) The production of these two kinds of fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid.
Many pesticides used in pesticide production use sulfuric acid as raw material, such as copper sulfate and zinc sulfate, which can be used as plant fungicides,Thallium sulfateIt can be used as rodenticide, ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate can be used as herbicide.The production of the most common pesticides, such as 1059 emulsion (45%) and 1605 emulsion (45%), requires sulfuric acid.
Daily household use
Most acid chemical channeling supplies around the world contain concentrated sulfuric acid.This kind of canal supplies, like alkaline canal supplies, can dissolve the oil and food residues stuck in the canal.However, since concentrated sulfuric acid will have a high exothermic reaction with water, it is recommended to keep the channel as dry as possible before use, and slowly pour in relevant chemicals, and wear gloves.
Toxicological properties
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It is moderately toxic.
Acute toxicity: LDfifty2140mg/kg (oral for rats);LCfifty510mg/m ³, 2 hours (inhalation by rats);320mg/m ³, 2 hours (mice inhaled)
Laboratory risk
A chicken claw is seriously corroded and carbonized by concentrated sulfuric acid within tens of seconds.
Sulfuric acid (especially in high concentration) can cause great damage to skin and meat.Like other corrosive strong acids and bases, sulfuric acid can rapidly hydrolyze protein and fat with amide and ester, thus decomposing biological tissue and causing chemical burns.However, its strong corrosiveness to the body is also related to its strong dehydration, because sulfuric acid will also dehydrate carbohydrates in biological tissues and release a lot of heat energy.In addition to chemical burns, it can also cause secondary flame burns.Therefore, the damage caused by sulfuric acid is often greater than that caused by other comparable strong acids (such as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid).If sulfuric acid is accidentally exposed to eyes, it may cause permanent blindness;If taken by mistake, it will cause irreversible damage to internal organs, even fatal.Concentrated sulfuric acid is also highly oxidizing and will corrode most metals, so it should be stored carefully.
With the increase of concentration, the danger of sulfuric acid will also increase.This is because in addition to the increasing proportion of acidic substances, its dehydration and oxidation are also increasing.When the sulfuric acid content of a solution is equal to or more than 1.5 M, a warning sign of "Corrosivity" shall be affixed, while that between 0.5 and 1.5 M is "Irritation".However, even the "low concentration" sulfuric acid commonly used in the laboratory (the concentration is about 1 M, 10% specific gravity) will erode the paper in a certain time.
According to the old textbooks, in order to prevent concentrated sulfuric acid from releasing a lot of heat after contacting with water and further damaging the skin, the concentrated sulfuric acid on the skin should be wiped off with a dry cloth before treatment.However, in practice, just like other corrosive substances,It is an effective method to flush with a large amount of water for at least 10-15 minutes at the first time. A large amount of water can quickly cool damaged tissues and take away heat。Because concentrated sulfuric acid will carbonize the skin quickly after contacting the skin, wiping with a dry cloth may scratch or even wipe off the damaged skin.If the sulfuric acid is accidentally splashed on the protective clothing, it should be taken off immediately and the skin of the relevant parts should be thoroughly washed.
Since sulfuric acid dissolves in water and generates a lot of heat, when diluting concentrated sulfuric acid, acid should be poured into water instead of water into acid, so that the high specific heat capacity of water can be used to reduce the risk of acid splashing due to high-temperature boiling.Generally, in the laboratory, it is the most dangerous to dilute sulfuric acid of 6 M (about 35% specific gravity) or higher concentration, because this amount of sulfuric acid can release enough heat to make the whole cup of solution boil when reacting with water.
Industrial risk
Although sulfuric acid is not flammable, it will release flammable hydrogen when it reacts with metal, and organic matter will lead to explosion, while concentrated sulfuric acid, as a strong oxidant, will release toxic sulfur dioxide when it conducts redox reaction with metal, threatening the health of workers.In addition, prolonged exposure to aerosols containing sulfuric acid components (especially at high concentrations) will cause serious irritation to the respiratory tubes, which can also lead to pulmonary edema.However, the risk will be reduced due to the shortened exposure time.In the United States, the PEL of sulfuric acid is set as 1 mg/m ³, which is similar to that in other countries.Misuse of sulfuric acid may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency, in which the spine is the most vulnerable part.
First aid measures
Contact parts
First aid measures
Sulfuric acid in contact with skin
It needs to be washed with a lot of water, and then coated with 3%~5% sodium bicarbonate solution for flushing. Get medical attention quickly.
Splash into eyes
Immediately lift the eyelid, and thoroughly flush it with a large amount of flowing water or physiological saline for at least 15 minutes.Get medical attention quickly.
Inhalation of vapor
After inhaling steam, leave the site quickly to a place with fresh air.Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately.Get medical attention quickly.
take the wrong medicine
Rinse mouth with water, drink milk or egg white, and seek medical advice immediately after taking it by mistake.
Storage method
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Store in a cool and ventilated warehouse.The storage temperature shall not exceed 35 ℃, and the relative humidity shall not exceed 85%.Keep container sealed.Keep away from kindling and heat sources, and smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace.Keep away from flammable and combustible materials.Prevent vapor leakage into the air of the workplace.Avoid contact with reducing agents, alkalisalkali metalContact.Load and unload gently during transportation to prevent damage to packaging and containers.Fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment of corresponding types and quantities shall be provided.Empty containers may leave harmful substances.When diluting or preparing solution, add acid into water to avoid boiling and splashing injuries to personnel.
