Since the Middle Ages, lead nitrate has been used as a raw material for lead pigments likeChrome yellow(lead chromate)Chrome orange(mixture of lead chromate and lead oxide) and the production of related lead compounds.These pigments are used for dyeing textiles such as printed fabrics.
In 1597, the German alchemist Andreas Libafius first described lead nitrateplumb dulcisandcalx plumb dulcisIts name literally means "sweet lead", which is derived from the taste of lead nitrate.Although other properties of this material were not well understood at first, in the next few centuries, people used lead nitrate to synthesize matches and special explosives based on the nature that lead nitrate will emit a crackling sound when burning, such as using lead nitrate and sodium azide to synthesize lead azide.
Historically, the process of producing lead nitrate was a simple chemical reaction.Generally, lead is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid, and the subsequent precipitate is lead nitrate.However, even though the production method was simple, small-scale production still lasted for many centuries, and the commercial production of lead nitrate (II) as a raw material for manufacturing other lead compounds was not documented until 1835.In 1974, the consumption of lead compounds in the United States, which did not contain pigments or gasoline additives, was 642 tons.[1]
crystal structure
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The crystal structure of lead nitrate has been determined by neutron diffraction.The lead atoms are stacked in the form of face centered cubic in the cubic system.Its space group is Pa3Z=4(Braffian lattice representation), the side length of each cell is 784pm.
The black dot in this figure represents the lead atom, the white dot represents the nitrate ion 27pm higher than the lead atom plane, and the blue dot represents the nitrate ion 27pm lower than the lead atom plane.In this state, each lead atom is bonded to 12 oxygen atoms, and the bond length of all N – O bonds in the crystal is the same, which is 127 pm.
Previously, I was interested in the crystal structure of lead nitrate and studied it, partly because nitrate ions in the lattice may rotate freely at high temperatures, but this prediction was not confirmed in the end.[2]
Physical and chemical properties
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physical property
Density: 4.53g/cmthree
Melting point: 470 ℃ (decomposition)
Steam pressure: 49.8 mmHg at 25 ° C
Appearance: white cubic or monoclinic crystal, hard and shiny
Solubility: easily soluble in water, liquid ammonia, and ethanol
chemical property
Under high heat, it decomposes into lead oxide, and its solution will produce black precipitate when encountering hydrogen sulfide.
4. Teratogenicity: The lowest toxic dose of 50mg/kg was given intravenously to female hamsters 8 days after pregnancy, which led to the malformation of cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and urogenital system.
5. Carcinogenicity: IARC Carcinogenicity Comment: IARC lists lead inorganic compounds as G2A, which may be human carcinogens.
6. Others: The lowest toxic dose (TDLo) injected intravenously into rats: 25mg/kg (on the 9th day of pregnancy) has an impact on extraembryonic structures (such as placenta and umbilical cord), abnormal body wall development, and abnormal skeletal and muscular development.The lowest toxic dose (TDLo): 6624 μ g/kg (30 days, male) was injected subcutaneously into mice, causing effects on testes, epididymis and vas deferens.
purpose
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The glass lining industry is used to manufacture milk yellow pigment.Paper industry is used as the yellow pigment of paper.The printing and dyeing industry is used as a mordant.Inorganic industry is used to manufacture other lead salts and lead dioxide.The pharmaceutical industry is used to manufacture astringents, etc.Benzene industry is used as tanning agent.The photographic industry is used as a photographic sensitizer.Mining industry is used as ore flotation agent.In addition, it is also used as an oxidant in the production of matches, fireworks, explosives, and analytical chemical reagents.
First aid measures
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Skin contact: Take off the contaminated clothes and wash the skin thoroughly with soapy water and clean water.
Eye contact: Lift the eyelid and flush with flowing water or physiological saline.Get medical attention.
Inhalation: quickly leave the site to a place with fresh air.Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately.Get medical attention.
Ingestion: drink enough warm water to induce vomiting.Get medical attention.
Fire fighting measures
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Hazard characteristics: inorganic oxidant.React violently immediately in case of easy oxides, causing fire and explosion.It can form explosive mixture when mixed with reducing agent, organic matter, flammable substances such as sulfur, phosphorus or metal powder.By high thermal decomposition, toxic nitrogen oxides are produced.
Hazardous combustion products: nitrogen oxide.
Extinguishing method: firefighters must wear gas masks and full body fire-fighting clothes to extinguish the fire in the upwind direction.Misty water and sand.Do not spray water directly onto molten materials to avoid serious flowing fire or severe boiling splash.
Leakage emergency treatment
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Isolate the leakage contaminated area and restrict access.It is recommended that emergency personnel wear dust masks (full face masks) and gas suits.Do not touch the leakage directly.Do not allow the leakage to come into contact with reducing agent, organic matter, inflammables or metal powder.
Small amount of leakage: collect it in a dry, clean and covered container with a clean shovel.
Large amount of leakage: collect and recycle or transport to waste disposal site for disposal.
Handling storage
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Precautions for operation: close operation and strengthen ventilation.Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures.It is recommended that operators wear self-priming filter type dust mask, chemical safety goggles, adhesive tape gas suit and neoprene gloves.Keep away from kindling and heat sources, and smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace.Keep away from flammable and combustible materials.Avoid dust generation.Avoid contact with reducing agent.Load and unload gently during transportation to prevent damage to packaging and containers.Fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment of corresponding types and quantities shall be provided.Empty containers may leave harmful substances.
Precautions for storage: store in a cool and ventilated warehouse.Keep away from kindling and heat sources.Packing and sealing.It shall be stored separately from combustibles, reducing agents and edible chemicals, and mixed storage is strictly prohibited.The storage area shall be equipped with appropriate materials to contain leakage.
security information
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Safety terminology
S45：In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the lable where possible).
In case of an accident or feeling unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label if possible).
S53：Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use.
Avoid contact and obtain special instructions before use.
S60：This material and/or its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
The substance and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
S61：Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sheets.
Avoid releasing into the environment, refer to special instructions/safety receipt instructions.
Risk terminology
R8：Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
Contact with combustible materials may cause fire.
R20/22：Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.
Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.
R33：Danger of cumulative effects.
Risk of accumulation.
R50/53：Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
It is extremely toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
