Research ParadigmYesresearch method, discussion methodsAcademic evaluationThe discipline paradigm embodied by the standard.Disciplinary paradigm is the unity of disciplinary content and methodology, and research paradigm is the methodological part of disciplinary paradigm.[1-3]
U.S.AsociologistRitz distinguishesSociologyThree different research paradigms:Social factsParadigm, social definition paradigm andsocial behaviorParadigm, this division is mainly to show that sociologists view social phenomena in different ways or from different perspectives.
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Research Paradigm
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Research Paradigms
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Social fact paradigm, social definition paradigm, etc
The research paradigm of economics is reflected by the research methods, discussion methods and academic evaluation standards of economicsEconomic Paradigm。The economic paradigm is the unity of the content and method of economics, and the economic research paradigm is the method part of the economic paradigm.asFormal logic thinking modeThe academic evaluation criteria of reductionism, hypothesis, general equilibrium, marginal efficiency analysis, mathematical model, falsifiable method, journal level and paper citation rate ranking are the western economic research paradigm that reflects the western economic paradigm.According to the most essential characteristics of the research paradigm of western economics, the research paradigm of western economics can be referred to as the research paradigm of linear thinking for short.Symmetrical logical thinking mode, the method of combining reductionism with holism, axiom method, symmetrical balance method, the method of combining norm with positivism, the method of combining logic with history, the method of combining abstract with concrete, the method of complex system theory, the method of marginal benefit analysis, the method of typical analysis, the original theory and the academic evaluation standard of pragmatism,It is the research paradigm of Chinese economics that embodies the paradigm of Chinese economics.According to the most essential characteristics of China's economic research paradigm, China's economic research paradigm can be referred to as the symmetric thinking research paradigm for short.In the economic paradigm, the economic research paradigm determines the content of economics. The linear thinking research paradigm of western economics produces the general equilibrium theory, the hypothesis of rational economic man, the Pareto improvement theoryPrice EconomicsGrowth economics;The research paradigm of symmetric thinking in Chinese economics produces symmetric balance theory, subjectivity theory, equality theory, theory of all-round development of people and society, value economics, and development economics.In general, China's economic research paradigm is a scientific economic research paradigm, reflecting scientific methodology;The research paradigm of western economics is unscientific.It reflects unscientific methodology.The scientific research paradigm of economics makes economics a science, while the unscientific research paradigm of economics makes economics a science and can only make economics a hypothesis or a useful tool.This is the fundamental reason why western economists do not recognize economics as a scientific methodology.The emergence of the research paradigm of western economics has historical limitations and historical inevitability, which is the unity of historical limitations and historical inevitability.[1-3]
Research Paradigm of Keynesian EconomicsEvolution and enlightenment of
Macroeconomics and traditionalMicroeconomicsPaul with neoclassical synthesis·Samuelson(1998) believed that the two fields of macroeconomics and microeconomics once had clear boundaries, but in recent years, these two sub disciplines have gradually merged, because economists have used microeconomic tools to analyze such as unemployment andinflationSuch problems belong to the field of macroeconomics ".
1936 Keynes《general survey》The publication of "The New York Times" has divided western economics into two parts: microeconomics and macroeconomics, and the research paradigm of traditional macroeconomics has caused the separation between macroeconomics and microeconomics.In the 1970s,developed countryThe emergence of "stagflation" has made economists pay more attention to the micro foundation of macroeconomics.Since the 1980s, neoclassical macroeconomists have successfullyRamsey Model This dynamicgeneral equilibriumIn the model, a more perfecteconomic cycle The efforts ofMacroeconomicsStandard research paradigm.The revival of Keynesian macroeconomics in the contemporary paradigm further proves the importance of micro foundation to macroeconomic theory.The efforts of economists to find the micro foundation of western macroeconomics have made macroeconomics andMicroeconomicsThe integration of theoretical research has become the contemporaryWestern MacroeconomicsAn inevitable trend of development.Economists tend to interpret macroeconomic phenomena from the behavior of economic parties at the micro level, which makes the boundary between microeconomics and macroeconomics less and less obvious.
（2） Within the unified research paradigm, it is necessary for the two major schools of western macroeconomics to realize the micro foundation complementarity.After neoclassical macroeconomics andNew KeynesianismThe debate on macroeconomics,western economics It is possible to realize new integration, which requires two major schools of western macroeconomics: New Keynesian economics andNeoclassical macroeconomicsIn the unified research paradigm, there are complementarities to realize the micro foundation.Real business cycle theoryIt is purely abstract in micro issuesdeduction，perfect competitionThe assumption ofgeneral equilibriumIt is possible to unify the micro foundation with the model of.New Keynesianism is closer to reality in terms of micro assumptions, but its assumption selection and model construction are somewhat arbitrary, lacking a unified analytical framework.From the difference between the two on the micro basis, we can see that the two can be complementary in theory.Samuelson(1998) asserted that "after 20 years of debate, the process of integrating new and old theories has begunPrice rigidityAndfinancial marketThe price and quantity of can be quickly adjusted to adapt to economic shocks and expected changes, so that the stickiness and elasticity of prices can be unified through market segmentation, that is,KeynesianismAnd the micro foundation of neoclassicism can be reconciled in the same economy.Some actual business cycle models have introduced the nominal rigidity hypothesis, and recognized the short-term impact of monetary changes on output and employment.Other economists try to compare the actual business cycle model withIS-LM model Find some connections between the IS-LM model and replace the IS-LM model with the actual business cycle model by absorbing some ideas of the IS-LM modelMainstream economics The core content of.Therefore, Snowden and Wen (1999) predicted that if other important features of the real economy, such as monetary factors, price rigidity, and the real business cycle model were integrated, a "neo neoclassical synthesis" would emerge.
Sociological research paradigm
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Paradigm:It refers to the basic world view shared by scientists in a specific discipline. It is composed of its unique observation perspective, basic assumptions, conceptual system and research methods. It represents the basic way scientists view and interpret the world.
（1）Social Fact Paradigm（Structural Functionism 、conflict theory 、New Marxist School）。With Durkheim's methodology and modernStructure function theoryRepresented by, it emphasizes the objectivity of social phenomena and believes that social phenomena are objective facts, and they cannot be reduced to individual facts.It emphasizes the research on the macro social structure, social system and cultural norms, and explores the essential attributes of society at the social structure and cultural levels.
（2）Social definition paradigm（Semiotic interaction theoryPhenomenologyFolklore Methodology）。Taking Weber's thought as the representative, it emphasizes the subjective nature of social phenomena, and believes that some macro social phenomena (such as state, system, class, etc.) are not tangible entities, they are established by people's subjective definitions, so social phenomena cannot be separated from individual motivations, attitudes, and behaviors.This is also the main point of individualism methodology.The paradigm of social definition emphasizes the study of how people build society and act in society at the micro level.
（3）Social Behavior Paradigm（behavior theory、Exchange theory）。withbehavioral scienceIt emphasizes the objective and accurate analysis of individual social behavior, and advocates empirical or empirical methods to study social phenomena.Only through empirical observation of people's external behavior can we understand the causal relationship of social phenomena and objectively explain social phenomena like natural science.
The above research paradigms only emphasize one aspect of social reality, but they are essential for a comprehensive understanding of society.Although the basic assumptions, concepts and research methods used by these paradigms are different, in actual research, they are interrelated.All kinds of paradigms have their rationality and limitations.[4]
