Petroleum refers to gas, liquid and solidHydrocarbonsMixture with natural occurrence.Oil is also divided intocrude oil、natural gas、Natural gas and liquidAnd natural tar, but it is still customary to use "oil" as the definition of "crude oil".[1]
The oil forming mechanism of petroleum includesBiosedimentThere are two theories of oil change and petrified oil. The former is widely accepted. It is believed that oil is formed by organisms in ancient oceans or lakes after a long period of evolution, which belongs to biological sedimentation and oil change, and is not renewable;The latter believes that oil is generated from its own carbon in the crust, unrelated to biology, and renewable.Petroleum is mainly used as fuel oil and gasoline, but also many chemical industrial products, such as solutionschemical fertilizer, pesticides andPlasticAnd other raw materials.[2]
The ancient Egyptians and Babylonians had exploited and utilized oil a long time ago.The Chinese name "petroleum" was created by scientists in the Northern Song Dynastykuo First named.[3]
On February 16, 2023, the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation released data that China's oil refining capacity has surpassed that of the United States, becoming the world's largest oil refining country.[21]
The nature of oil varies according to the origin, and the density is 0.8~1.0g/cmthree，viscosityWide range, great difference in freezing point (30~- 60 ℃), boiling point range from normal temperature to over 500 ℃, soluble in variousOrganic solvent, insoluble in water, but can form emulsion with water.But differentoil fieldThe composition and appearance of oil can be very different.Oil is mainly used asfuelandgasolineIn 2012, fuel oil and gasoline constituted one of the most important secondary energy sources in the world.[4]
Petroleum is also the raw material of many chemical industrial products, such as solvents, fertilizers, pesticides and plastics.In 2012, 88% of the oil mined was used as fuel, and the other 12% was used as raw materials for the chemical industry.In fact, oil is a non renewable raw material.[4]
Difference between oil and crude oil
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Petroleum is an industrial term. Compared with mineral resources, the petroleum industry is usually referred to as a mineral resources industry.In the process of oil exploration, oil reserves shall be calculated and determined according to the degree of exploration and proved conditions.Petroleum reserves are the results of geological exploration and the amount of original mineral resources to be developed.[5]
crude oilIt is the oil that is buried in the rock stratum and is exploited. It maintains its original physical and chemical form. It is the primary product of the petroleum industry. It has realized its use value and is the result of oilfield development. Crude oil production is a kind of developed mineral resource production.[5]
The term petroleum is often used to describe reservoir permeability, porosity and reservoir grade.The term "crude oil" is mostly used for national statistics of crude oil production, evaluation of physical and chemical properties of crude oil, and explanation of recovery factor, recovery degree and recovery rate.[5]
As a mineral resource, oil refers to oil containing water and gas. As an industrial product, crude oil, in which water and gas have been separated from oil, is a qualified industrial product.[5]
nature
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The representative Daqing oil belongs to low sulfur paraffin based oil, and most of the exploited oil is low sulfur paraffin based oil.This kind of petroleum has low sulfur content, high wax content, and high solidification point. It can produce high-quality kerosene, diesel oil, solvent oil, lubricating oil, and commercial paraffin. Straight run gasoline has good lead sensitivity.[1]
Some petroleum products have high sulfur content, high gum content, and are sulfur paraffin based.Its straight run gasoline has high distillate yield and good lead sensitivity.The diesel fraction has high cetane number, high flash point, high sulfur content and high acidity, and can be refined to produce light diesel oil and special diesel oil.The viscosity index of some components in the lubricating oil fraction is more than 90, which is a good raw material for producing internal combustion engine oil.[6]
Some petroleum products have low sulfur content and high wax content, belonging to low sulfur naphthenic intermediate group.Its gasoline fraction has good lead sensitivity and is also rich in naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons, so it is also a good raw material for catalytic reforming.The solidification point and sulfur content of diesel fractions are low, and the acidity is high. The products need alkali washing.Vacuum residue can be oxidized to produce petroleum construction asphalt.[6]
Other low pour point petroleum has low sulfur content and wax content, belonging to low sulfur intermediate base.It is suitable for the production of low pour point products with special properties, and can also extract naphthenic acid, which is a rare precious resource.[1]
Company
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Petroleum refining process
1 ton is approximately equal to 7 barrels. If the oil is light (thin), 1 ton is approximately equal to 7.2 barrels or 7.3 barrels.[4]
The color of oil is very rich, including dark red, golden yellow, dark green, black, maroon, and transparent;The color of oil is what it containscolloid、AsphalteneThe higher the content, the darker the color.North ChinaDagang OilfieldSome wells produce colorless oil, and Karamay oil is brown to black,Daqing, VictoryYumenThe oil is black.Colorless oil in the United StatesCaliforniaBaku, the former Soviet UnionRomaniaandIndonesiaOfSumatraBoth have outputs.The formation of colorless oil may be the same as that of colored colloid andAsphalteneIt is related to rock adsorption.However, dark oil in different degrees accounts for the absolute majority, almost all over the world's major oil and gas basins.[1]
component
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Element composition
The fundamental reason for the differences in appearance and physical properties of petroleum is that its chemical components are not completely the same.Petroleum is neither a simple substance composed of a single element nor a compound composed of more than two elements, but a mixture of multiple compounds composed of various elements.Therefore, its properties are not as certain as those of simple substances and pure compounds, but a comprehensive reflection of the properties of various compounds contained.[6]
The main components of petroleum are carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are also called hydrocarbons for short. Hydrocarbons are the main objects of petroleum processing and utilization.[6]
The various elements contained in petroleum do not exist in the form of simple substance, but in the form of various hydrocarbon and non hydrocarbon compounds that combine with each other.[6]
Petroleum is mainly hydrocarbons.It consists of different carbonhydrogenThe chemical elements that make up petroleum are mainlycarbon（83% ~ 87%）、hydrogen(11%~14%), the rest is sulfur (0.06%~0.8%)nitrogen（0.02% ~ 1.7%）、oxygen(0.08%~1.82%) and trace metal elements（nickel、vanadium、iron, antimony, etc.)[2]。Formed by the combination of carbon and hydrogenationhydrocarbonClass A is the main component of petroleum, accounting for 95%~99%. According to its structure, various hydrocarbons are divided into:alkane、Naphthenic hydrocarbon、Aromatic hydrocarbon。 Generally, natural oil does not contain alkenes, but secondary processing products often contain different amounts of alkenes and alkynes.Sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen compoundspetroleum productsHarmful, which should be removed as far as possible in petroleum processing.[7]
In addition, trace elements such as chlorine, iodine, arsenic, phosphorus, nickel, vanadium, iron and potassium contained in petroleum also exist in the form of compounds.Although its content is small and has little impact on petroleum products, arsenic in it will poison the catalytic reforming catalyst, and iron, nickel and vanadium will poison the catalytic cracking catalyst.Therefore, the raw materials should be selected or pretreated during such petroleum processing.[6]
Hydrocarbon composition
Molecular structure of petroleum
The composition of petroleum mainly includes:Oil quality(This is the main component)colloid(a viscous semi-solid substance)Asphaltene(dark brown or black brittle solid substance), carbon.Oil is produced byhydrocarbonIt is a colored flammable oily liquid with special smell, mainly mixed.Strictly speaking, petroleum is composed of hydrogen and carbonhydrocarbonClass is the main component.For chemical substances constituting petroleumdistillationCan decompose.As a processed product, petroleum haskerosene、benzene、gasoline、paraffin wax、asphaltEtc.Strictly speaking, petroleum is mainly composed of hydrocarbons composed of hydrogen and carbon.molecular weightThe four smallest hydrocarbons are allcoal gas。[2]
Hydrocarbons in petroleum can be roughly divided into alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons according to their structures.Different hydrocarbons have different effects on the properties of various petroleum products.[6]
1. Alkane
Alkanes are important components of petroleum. Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms in the molecular structure are combined with each other by a single bond and the rest of the carbon valence is saturated with hydrogen atoms are called alkanes. They are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2。[6]
Alkanes are named according to the order of the number of hydrocarbon atoms in the molecule. Those with carbon atoms of 1-10 are represented by A, B, C, D, E, H, G, Xin, None and Kui respectively;Those above 10 are directly expressed in Chinese numerals: those containing only one carbon atom are called methane;Those containing sixteen carbon atoms are called hexadecane.In this way, a large number of alkane homologues are formed.[6]
Alkanes can also be divided into normal alkanes and isomeric alkanes according to their different structures. Those with no branched carbon chain on the main carbon chain of alkanes are called normal alkanes, while those with branched structure are called isomeric alkanes.[6]
At room temperature, n-alkane from methane to butane is in gaseous state;N-alkane from pentane to pentadecane is liquid;Normal alkanes above hexadecane are waxy solid (the main component of paraffin).[6]
As alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, their chemical stability is better at room temperature, but not as good as aromatic hydrocarbons.Under certain high temperature conditions, alkanes are easy to decompose and generate a series of oxidation products such as alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ether, carboxylic acid, etc.Alkanes have the smallest density and the best viscosity temperature property, and are good components of fuel and lubricating oil.[6]
Although the molecular formulas of n-alkanes and isomers are the same, their properties are different due to different molecular structures.Isoalkanes have lower boiling points than normal alkanes with the same carbon atom number, and the more isomerized, the more significant the boiling point reduction.In addition, the viscosity of iso alkanes is higher than that of normal alkanes, and the viscosity temperature property is poor.Normal paraffin is easy to produce oxidation reaction because its carbon atoms are arranged in a straight chain, that is, it has good ignition performance. It is a good component of compression ignition engine fuel.However, the content of n-alkanes should not be too much, otherwise, the freezing point is high and the low-temperature fluidity is poor.Isoalkanes are compact in structure and stable in nature. Although they have poor ignition performance, they are not easy to produce peroxides during combustion, that is, they are not easy to cause mixed gas deflagration. They are good components of spark ignition engines.[6]
2. Naphthenic hydrocarbon
The chemical structure of cycloalkanes is similar to that of alkanes. The carbon atoms in their molecules are bound to each other with one valence, and the rest are bound to hydrogen atoms.Their carbon atoms are connected to form a ring, so they are called cycloalkanes.Since all carbon valences of cycloalkanes are saturated, they are also saturated hydrocarbons.The general formula of cycloalkanes is CnH2n。[6]
Cycloalkanes have good chemical stability, similar to alkanes but inferior to aromatic hydrocarbons.It has high density, high self ignition point and medium octane number.It has good combustibility, low solidifying point and good lubricity, so it is also a good component of gasoline and lubricating oil.Cycloalkanes can be divided into monocyclic alkanes and polycyclic alkanes.The viscosity temperature performance of lubricating oil is good if it contains more monocyclic alkanes, and poor if it contains more polycyclic alkanes.[6]
3. Aromatic hydrocarbon
Aromatic hydrocarbon is a kind of unsaturated hydrocarbon whose carbon atoms are in a ring connection structure, with alternating single and double bonds. The general molecular formula is CnH2n-6、CnH2n-12、CnH2n-18Etc.It was originally extracted from natural resin, gum or essential oil, with aromatic smell, so this kind of compound is called aromatic hydrocarbon.All aromatic hydrocarbons have benzene ring structure, but not all aromatic hydrocarbons have aromatic fragrance.[6]
Aromatic hydrocarbons have good chemical stability. Compared with alkanes and cycloalkanes, they have the highest density, the highest spontaneous ignition point and the highest octane number, so they are good components of gasoline.However, due to its poor ignitability and low cetane number, it is a bad component for diesel.If there are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the lubricating oil, its viscosity temperature property will deteriorate significantly, so it should be removed as far as possible.In addition, aromatic hydrocarbons have good solubility to organic substances, so some solvent oils need to have appropriate content, but because of their high toxicity, the content should be controlled.[6]
4. Unsaturated hydrocarbon
The content of unsaturated hydrocarbon in petroleum is very low, which is mainly produced during the secondary processing.The thermal cracking product contains more unsaturated hydrocarbons, mainly alkenes, and a small amount of dienes, but no alkynes.[6]
The molecular structure of olefins is similar to that of alkanes, that is, straight chains or branched chains on straight chains.However, there are bivalent bonds between carbon atoms of olefins.Hydrocarbons with bivalent bonds between carbon atoms in the molecular structure are called olefins. The general formula of the molecule is CnH2n、CnH2n-2Etc.Diene refers to the combination of two pairs of carbon atoms between molecules which are double bonds.[6]
Olefins have poor chemical stability and are easy to be oxidized to form resins, but they have high octane number and low solidifying point.Therefore, sometimes thermal cracking fractions (containing olefins and dienes) are mixed into gasoline to improve its octane number;Add diesel oil to reduce its freezing point.However, due to the poor stability of olefins, these blended products should not be stored for a long time, and the gasoline mixed with thermal cracking fractions should also be added with antioxidant and anti sizing agents.[6]
Non hydrocarbon compound
Although the content of non hydrocarbon compounds in petroleum is small, most of them are harmful to petroleum refining and product quality. They are harmful components of fuel and lubricating oil, so they should be removed as much as possible during refining.Non hydrocarbon compounds mainly include sulfur compounds, oxides, nitrogen compounds, resins and asphaltenes.[6]
classification
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The classification methods of petroleum mainly include the following.[6]
1. Industrial classification
In industry, petroleum is usually divided into four categories according to its relative density, as shown in the following table.[6]
Industrial classification of petroleum
relative density
Less than 0.830
0.830~0.904
0.904~0.966
Greater than 0.966
Industrial classification
Light oil
Medium oil
Heavy oil
Extra heavy oil
2. Commodity classification
(1) According to the sulfur content, oil can be divided into three categories according to the different sulfur content, as shown in the table below.[6]
Classification of petroleum by sulfur content
Sulfur content (%)
Less than 0.5
0.5~2.0
Greater than 2.0
classification
Low sulfur petroleum
Sour oil
High sulfur petroleum
(2) Classification by wax content
Generally, a fraction is taken from the petroleum with a viscosity of 53mmtwo/S (50 ℃), and then measure its freezing point.When the solidifying point is lower than - 6 ℃, it is called low wax oil;When the freezing point is - 15 ℃~- 20 ℃, it is called waxy oil;When the solidifying point is greater than 21 ℃, it is called waxy oil.[6]
(3) Classified by colloid
It is separated by the gum content in heavy oil (distillate with boiling point higher than 300 ℃).The gum content is less than 17%, which is called low gum oil;The gum content is between 18% and 35%, which is called gum oil;The content of gum is more than 35%, which is called polycolloid petroleum.[6]
3. Chemical classification
The chemical classification method is based on different characteristic factor values, as shown in the following table.[6]
Chemical classification of petroleum
Characteristic factor value
Greater than 12.15
11.5~12.15
10.5~11.5
classification
Paraffin based petroleum
Intermediate base oil
Naphthenic petroleum
characteristic
Containing more paraffin and high solidifying point
Containing a certain amount of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons
The oil content is higher than that of polycyclic alkanes, and the solidification point is lower.
Early utilization
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As early as the 10th century BC,Ancient Egypt、Babylon, CubaandIndiaAnd other ancient civilizations have collectedNatural asphalt, used in construction, anti-corrosion, bonding, decoration, pharmaceutical, ancient Egyptians can even estimate the amount of oil seeping out of the oil.CuneiformIt is also aboutdead seaRecords of natural oil collected along the coast."It cemented the high walls of Jericho and Babylon,Noah's ArkAnd Moses' basket may be waterproof with asphalt joints according to the custom at that time.[3]
In the 5th centuryPersian Empire There are oil wells dug by human hands near Susa, the capital of China.The first use of oil for war was also in the Middle East.According to the book Oil, Money and Power, Homer's masterpiece《Eliat》"The Trojans kept throwing fire on the clipper, and the ship suddenly rose a flame that was difficult to extinguish.".[3]
In the 7th century,ByzantineWith oil andlimeMix, ignite and shoot with bows and arrows, or throw with hands to attack the enemy's ships.AzerbaijanOfBakuThe region is rich in oil and gas seedlings.The residents here have beenOil spatterIt collects oil as fuel and is also used to cure skin diseases of camels.In 1827, there were 52 oil production pits dug here, which increased to 82 in 1837, but the output was very small.[3]
Europe from GermanyBavaria, ItaliansicilyAnd the Po River Valley, to PolandGalicia、RomaniaSince the Middle Ages, there have been records of oil seeping from the ground.In the 1940s and 1950s, a pharmacist in Lviv, with the help of a blacksmith, made a kerosene lamp.In 1854, kerosene for lamps had become a commodity on the Vienna market.In 1859, Europe produced 36000 barrels of oil, mainly fromGaliciaandRomania。[3]
Oil wells in ancient China
China is also one of the first countries in the world to discover and use oil.Eastern HanBan Gu(AD 32-92)《The History of the Han Dynasty》It is recorded in "Gaonu has deep water and combustible".Gaonu is near Yanchang, Shaanxi, and Weishui is a tributary of Yanhe River."If there is fat on the water, it can be taken and used" (see Li Daoyuan's《Water injection》）。The "fat" here refers to oil.By 863 AD, Duan Chengwu's《Youyang Miscellaneous》It records that "the stone grease water in Gaonu County is slick, like paint, and it is extremely bright to pick a lamp to light".Western Jin Dynasty《Natural History》(It was written in 267) and Shuijingzhu both recorded that "the spring water from Nanshan Mountain, Yanshou County, Jiuquan, Gansu Province," the water is fat, like meat juice, and when taken from a utensil, it begins to be yellow and then turns black, like coagulating paste, burning extremely bright. It is no different from paste. Paste and water hammer jar are very good, and they call it stone paint ".[3]
ChinaSong dynastyOfkuo I read the sentence "There is Weishui in Gaonu County, which is combustible" in the book, and I felt very strange“water”How can it burn?He decided to go on a field trip.During the investigation, Shen Kuo found a brown liquid, which was called by the local people“Stone paint”、“Petrolatum”, use it for cooking, lighting and heating.Shen Kuo figured out the nature and use of this liquid, gave it a new name, petroleum, and pointed out that "petroleum is at most born in the earth.".And mobilize the people to promote the use, so as to reduce the felling of trees.Shen Kuo in his works《Mengxi Writing》It said: "There is oil in the territory of Carnival and Yanchang... It looks like pure paint, burning like hemp, but the smoke is very thick, and the tent is very dark... This thing will travel widely in the world after it, and it has been used since the rest of the world. At most, it is covered with oil, and is born in the earth without end, not like pine wood." He tried to use the soot generated by the burning of oil to make ink, "the black light is like paint, and pine ink is not as good as pine ink".Shen Kuo discovered oil and predicted that "this thing will travel in the world", which is very rare.[3]
In the Yuan Dynasty《Unified Annals of the Yuan Dynasty》It is recorded that "one well of oil was drilled at Nanying River in Yanchang County, and the oil was combustible. It can also cure six livestock scabies, and it was worth one hundred and ten jin. There was also one well in Yongping Village, eighty miles northwest of Yanchuan County, and it was worth four hundred jin, entering Yanfeng Reservoir".He also said, "Oil is extracted from the stone well in Yaoqu Village, 20 miles west of Yijun County by drawing water. Although the gas is smelly, it can cure camel, horse, sheep and cattle scabies." It means that about 800 years ago,Northern ShaanxiIt has been officially hand dug for oil production, and its use has been expanded to treat livestock skin diseases, and it has been officially purchased and warehoused.[3]
Distribution of petroleum resources
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Distribution of world oil resources
On the national stage, oil, as an important resource and strategic reserve material, has always been concerned by all countries, and oil is also the trigger of many major wars in history.The following are the top ten countries in the world's oil reserves in 2018.[8]
1. Venezuela
Proved oil reserves: 296.5 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 14.35%
Daily oil production: 2.38 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 746000 barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 759000 barrels
Venezuela is an important oil producer and exporter in the world.According to its daily consumption of 746000 barrels, its storage can be used for 775 years without considering other consumption growth factors such as exports.The oil industry is the lifeblood of its economy, which accounts for about 80% of Venezuela's export income.[8]
2. Saudi Arabia
Proved oil reserves: 262.6 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 17.85%
Daily oil production: 10.52 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 2.64 million barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 1.47 million barrels
Saudi Arabia has the largest oil reserves in the world, and 90% of its economy comes from the export of petroleum fuels, which is truly the "oil kingdom".Without considering the consumption growth factors such as other exports, its storage can be used for 273 years.[8]
3. Canada
Proved oil reserves: 175.2 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 11.91%
Daily oil production: 3.48 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 2.21 million barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 2.32 million barrels
Canada's oil reserves rank among the top in the world, but many people only think of the Middle East when talking about oil. In fact, Canada does not exploit too much oil for the sake of protecting natural resources. Moreover, more than 97% of Canada's oil is oil sand, most of which is used for export. Without taking into account other factors such as consumption growth in exports,Its oil storage can be used for 217 years.[8]
4. Iran
Proved oil reserves: 137 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 9.31%
Daily oil production: 4.25 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 1.85 million barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 0
Iran has always been a big oil country in our impression. In fact, Iran is the fourth largest oil producer in the worldOPECThe second largest oil exporting country, whose national industry is dominated by oil exploitation, and whose economic lifeline and foreign exchange are also mainly derived from oil, can be said that oil revenue accounts for more than half of the total revenue of Iran.Iran's oil can be stored for 202 years without considering other consumption growth factors such as exports.[8]
5. Iraq
Proved oil reserves: 115 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 7.82%
Daily oil production: 2.64 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 694000 barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 403000 barrels
Iraq is rich in oil resources. Its crude oil reserves originally ranked fourth in the world. In Iraq, oil is the economic pillar of the country, and its industry is also mainly related to oil. 70% of natural gas belongs to oil associated gas.The war in Iraq led to the shutdown of most of the oil production plants, and the oil export volume was also affected to some extent. Without taking into account other consumption growth factors such as exports, its storage can be used for 453 years.[8]
6. Kuwait
Proved oil reserves: 104 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 7.07%
Daily oil production: 2.45 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 354000 barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 145000 barrels
Kuwait is rich in oil and natural gas resources. Its national economy is dominated by oil exports and natural gas. Kuwait is a major oil country in the entire Middle East Gulf region, and its oil and natural gas output value accounts for 45% of GDP.Kuwait, on the one hand, develops its oil industry; on the other hand, in order to reduce its dependence on oil, it emphasizes the development of diversified economies and constantly increases foreign investment.Kuwait's oil can be stored for 453 years without considering other export and other consumption growth factors.[8]
7. China
Proved oil reserves: 101.5 billion barrels
Final recoverable oil resources: about 14.5 billion
Daily oil consumption: 4.98 million barrels
Although China has always been known as the "big country of importing crude oil", in fact, our country is also rich in oil resources. Although we have discovered large oil fields, due to technical and time problems, the production volume may not be very large. In addition, we need to maintain stability, so we have always imported a large amount of crude oil.According to China's current daily consumption level of 4.98 million barrels, it can be used for about 56 years.[8]
8. United Arab Emirates
Proved oil reserves: 97.8 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 6.65%
Daily oil production: 2.81 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 545000 barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 10000 barrels
The UAE's industry is dominated by petrochemical industry. In 1962, it became the fifth largest crude oil exporter in the world and the second largest crude oil producer in Arabia. Without considering other consumption growth factors such as exports, its storage can be used for 491 years. In recent years, the UAE is also considering diversified development to reduce its dependence on oil.[8]
9. Russia
Proved oil reserves: 60 billion barrels
Proportion in global reserves: 4.08%
Daily oil production: 10.27 million barrels
Daily oil consumption: 2.2 million barrels
Daily oil exports to the United States: 275000 barrels
Russia is a country with the largest natural resources in the world and abundant oil reserves. Without considering other consumption growth factors such as exports, its storage can be used for 74 years.Although Russia's oil is subject to the double pressure of falling oil prices and international sanctions, and its oil reserves are not as good as before, it is undeniable that Russia is still one of the countries with the richest oil in the world.[8]
Daily oil exports to the United States: 71000 barrels
Libya is also a big oil country, which once relied on rich oil resources and enriched Africa. However, due to the instability of the situation, the export of oil from Libya has decreased to a certain extent. Oil is the lifeblood and main pillar of Libya's economy, and the national industry also relies on oil for development.[8]
Distribution of petroleum resources in China
China's oil resources are concentrated inBohai Bay, SongliaoTarim、erdos、Junggar、Pearl River Estuary、qaidam And eight basins on the East China Sea shelf;Natural gas resources are concentrated in TarimSichuanOrdos, East China Sea shelf, Qaidam, SongliaoYinggehai9 major basins in Qiongdongnan and Bohai Bay.[2]
From the perspective of resource depth distribution, 80% of China's oil recoverable resources are concentrated in shallow (<2000m) and medium deep (2000m~3500m) layers, while deep (3500m~4500m) and ultra deep (<4500m) layers are less distributed;Natural gas resources are relatively evenly distributed in shallow, middle deep, deep and ultra deep layers.[2]
From the perspective of geographical environment distribution, 76% of China's oil recoverable resources are distributed inplain、shallow sea、gobianddesert74% of recoverable natural gas resources are distributed in shallow sea, deserta mountain country, plains and gobi.[2]
In terms of resource grade, high-quality resources account for 63% of China's recoverable petroleum resources,Low permeability resources28%,heavy oil9%;Of the recoverable natural gas resources, 76% are high-quality resources and 24% are low-permeability resources.[2]
By the end of 2017, the country's cumulative proved geological oil reserves were 38.965 billion tons, the remaining technically recoverable reserves were 3.542 billion tons, and the remaining economically recoverable reserves were 2.533 billion tons.[9]
Since the early 1950s, there have been 82 major large and medium-sized enterprises in Chinasedimentary basin Carried outOil and gas explorationMore than 500 oil fields have been found.The following are the main oil producing areas in China.[2]
be locatedHeilongjiang Provincewest,Songnen PlainMiddle, located inHarbin、QiqiharThis one.The oilfield is 140 kilometers long from north to south, 70 kilometers wide from east to west, and covers a total area of 5470 square kilometers.In March 1960, the CPC Central Committee approved the launch of the oil war. In 1963, a production capacity of 6 million tons was formed, and 4.39 million tons of oil was produced that year, which played a decisive role in realizing China's oil self-sufficiency.In 1976, the oil output exceeded 50 million tons and became the largest oilfield in China.Because Daqing Oilfield adopts new processes and technologies, its oil output remains above 40 million tons.[2]
Daqing Oilfield has accumulatively proven geological oil reserves of 5.67 billion tons. As of December 31, 2017, Daqing Oilfield has produced 39.520279 million tons of crude oil in the whole year, including 340.0279 million tons of domestic output, 5.52 million tons of overseas equity output, 401321 million cubic meters of natural gas production, and 42.718056 million tons of oil and gas equivalent in the whole year.The Outline for the Revitalization and Development of Daqing Oilfield proposes that the oil and gas production equivalent will remain above 40 million tons by 2019 and reach 45 million tons by 2030.[10]
Located in the north of Shandongthe bohai seaWaterfrontYellow River DeltaZone, mainly distributed indoy , Binzhou, TexasJinan、Weifang、Zibo、Liaocheng、Yantai28 counties (districts) in 8 cities.[2]By the end of 2017, Shengli Oilfield had accumulated 5.387 billion tons of proven geological oil reserves, 267.61 billion cubic meters of proven geological natural gas reserves, and 1.087 billion tons of crude oil production.[10]
Liaohe Oilfield:
The largest heavy oil and high pour point oil production base in China.Mainly distributed inLiaohe RiverMiddle and upper reaches plain andInner MongoliaEast andLiaodongBay beach area.26 oil fields have been developed and builtXinglongtai, DawnJoy Ridge、Jinzhou、High rise、Shenyang, Ciyutuo, LengjiaHorqin And other 9 major production basesLiaoning ProvinceAnd 32 counties (banners) in 13 cities (prefectures) of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total area of 100000 square kilometers.[2]In 2017, the crude oil production capacity was 10 million tons, and the natural gas production capacity was 700 million cubic meters.
Located in Fuyu District, Jilin Province, oil and gas exploration and development has been carried out in two major basins in Jilin Province. As of the end of 2017, 18 oil fields have been discovered and proved, of which Fuyu and Xinmin are large oil fields with reserves of more than 100 million tons. The oil field production has reached an annual crude oil output of more than 3.5 million tons, forming a production scale of a super large enterprise with a crude oil processing capacity of 700000 tons.[10]
be locatedHebei Provincecentral sectionCentral Hebei PlainOfRenqiu , includingBeijing、Hebei、Jin、MongOil and gas production area in the region.In 1975, an exploration well in the central Hebei Plain produced thousands of tons of high output per dayIndustrial oil flow, found the largestcarbonate rocks Renqiu Oilfield.In 1978, the oil output reached 17.23 million tons, making an important contribution to the national oil output exceeding 100 million tons that year.Until 1986, the annual output of oil remained 10 million tons for 10 years.In 2012, the oil output was about 4 million tons.[2]At the end of 2017, the annual crude oil production capacity was more than 4.5 million tons, and the natural gas production capacity was more than 600 million cubic meters.[10]
be locatedTianjinDagang DistrictIts exploration area is vast, including Dagang exploration area and XinjiangYordos BasinThe total exploration area is 34629 square kilometers, including 18628 square kilometers in Dagang exploration area.15 oil and gas fields and 24 development zones have been completed and put into operation in Dagang exploration area, forming an annual production capacity of 4.3 million tons of oil and 380 million cubic meters of natural gas.Hundreds of millions of tons of oil and gas bearing structures such as Qianmiqiao have also been discovered, opening up new oil and gas areas for the increase of reserves and production of old oilfields.[2]
Zhongyuan Oilfield is located in Puyang area, Henan Province. It was discovered in 1975. After 20 years of exploration, development and construction, it has accumulated 455 million tons of proven geological oil reserves, 39.57 billion cubic meters of proven natural gas reserves, and 77.23 million tons of oil and 13.38 billion cubic meters of natural gas have been produced.Now it is one of the important oil and gas production bases in eastern China.[2]
be situatedHenanSouthwestNanyang Basin , mine crossingNanyang、Zhumadian、Pingdingshan、YuzhouThree cities, distributed inNewfield 、Tanghe, Yuzhou and other 8 counties.14 oil fields have been found accumulatively, with proven geological oil reserves of 170 million tons and oil-bearing area of 117.9 square kilometers.[2]
Oil areas are mainly distributed inJiangsuOfYangzhou、ynz 、Huaiyin、ZhenjiangThere are 4 regions, 8 counties and cities, and 22 oil and gas fields have been put into development.The main exploration object in 2012 was Dongtai Depression of Subei Basin.[2]
be situatedXinjiangKaramayCity.In the past 40 yearsJunggar BasinandTarim Basin19 oil and gas fields have been found, mainly in Karamay, 15 oil and gas fields have been developed, and the supporting production capacity of 7.92 million tons of oil has been built (6.031 million tons of thin oil and 1.889 million tons of heavy oil). Since 1990, the onshore oil production has ranked the fourth in China.[2]
On November 30, 2017, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company announced that after more than ten years of exploration, a billion ton conglomerate oil field was found in Mahu area of Junggar Basin.It is estimated that by 2020, the crude oil output of the oilfield will further increase to 13 million tons on the current basis, and the oil and gas equivalent will reach 15 million tons, which will continue to make important contributions to the economic and social development of the country and Xinjiang.[10]
Located in the south of XinjiangTarim Basin。It is 1400 kilometers long from east to west, 520 kilometers wide from north to south, and covers a total area of 560000 square kilometers. It is the largest and inland basin in China.The middle part is called the "Sea of Death"TaklimakanGreat desert.After the high-yield oil and gas flow from Lunnan 2 Well in 1988, after 7 years of exploration, 9 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields and 26 oil and gas bearing structures have been proved, with a cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserves of 378 million tons and an annual oil output of 5 million tons;1 million tons of condensate and 2.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas.[2]
In the first half of 2017, Tarim Oilfield proposed the goal of building 30 million tons of world-class large oil and gas fields with high quality, high level and efficiency by 2020.Moreover, the oilfield also aims to produce 30 billion cubic meters of gas annually, maintain a stable production of 6 million tons of crude oil annually, and build a world-class large oil and gas field.[11]
Located in XinjiangTurpan、Hami BasinIt is responsible for oil exploration in Turpan and Hami basins.The basin is 600 meters long from east to west, 130 kilometers wide from south to north, and covers an area of about 5.30000 square kilometers.In February 1991, the Tuha oil exploration and development battle was launched in an all-round way.By the end of 1995, 14 oil and gas fields such as Shanshan and Wenjisang and 6 oil and gas bearing structures had been discovered with a proven oil and gas area of 178.1 square kilometers, a total of 208 million tons of proven geological oil reserves and 73.1 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves.[2]
be locatedGansuYumen CityIt covers a total area of 114.37 square kilometers.The oilfield was put into development in 1939. In 1959, the oil production reached 1.4029 million tons, accounting for 50.9% of the national oil production in that year.It has achieved excellent results of stable production of 600000 tons for 10 years in the 1970s and 500000 tons for 10 years in the 1980s.It is known as the cradle of China's petroleum industry.[2]
In 2017, the crude oil output of the oilfield was 400.27 million tons, the crude oil processing capacity was 2.0093 million tons, the profit was 424 million, the power generation was 589.03 million kilowatt hours, and the power supply was 551.14 million kilowatt hours. The engineering and technical services achieved remarkable results in reducing losses and turning losses around, and the annual production and operation tasks were fully completed.[12]
Changqing Oilfield: The exploration area is mainly in the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Basin, with a total exploration area of about 370000 square kilometers.The construction of oil and gas exploration and development began in 1970, and 22 oil and gas fields were found successively, including 19 oil fields, with a total proven oil and gas geological reserves of 54.1888 million tons (including 233.08 billion cubic meters of proven natural gas reserves). It has become a major natural gas production area in China and a major natural gas transmission base in Beijing.Changqing Oilfield has become an important energy base and main battlefield for oil and gas production in China.[2]
By the end of 2017, Changqing Oilfield had accumulated proved geological oil reserves of more than 4.8 billion tons, increased proved oil reserves of more than 300 million tons for seven consecutive years, and discovered two new gas fields, Yichuan and Huanglong, which strongly supported China's oil reserves project.[10]
be locatedQinghaiNorthwest of the provinceQaidam Basin。The basin covers an area of 250000 square kilometers, with a sedimentary area of 120000 square kilometers, and the Mesozoic Cenozoic sedimentary area with oil and gas prospects is about 96000 square kilometers.16 oil fields and 6 gas fields have been proved.[2]
On April 15, 2018, PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield held a press conference in Dunhuang, announcing that after more than 1000 scientific and technological workers spent 10 years breaking through the restricted area of geological knowledge, major breakthroughs were made in oil and gas geological theory and exploration technology, major discoveries were made in oil and gas exploration, and the amount of oil and gas resources increased from 4.65 billion tons to 7.03 billion tons.Five hundred million ton oil and gas fields have been discovered in succession, with 460 million tons of newly proved oil and gas reserves.Oil and gas production increased from 4.19 million tons to 7.38 million tons.[13]
be situatedSichuan Basin With a history of 60 years, 12 oil fields have been discovered.Four gas fields are established in the south, southwest, northwest and east of the basin.The production of natural gas accounts for nearly half of the national total, and it is the largest gas field in China.[2]
At the end of 2017, the natural gas resource in the basin was 7.2 trillion cubic meters, which is the largest natural gas industrial base in China and the first natural gas production area in China that exceeded 10 billion yuan.[10]
It is an important comprehensive oil base in central and southern China.Oilfields are mainly distributed inHubei provinceDomesticQianjiang River、JingshaWait for 7 cities and counties and ShandongShouguang City、Guangrao CountyAnd in Hunan ProvinceHengyang City。24 oil and gas fields have been discovered successively, with 139.6 square kilometers of proven oil and 71.04 square kilometers of gas bearing area. The cumulative production of oil is 21.1873 million tons and 954 million cubic meters of natural gas.[2]
The third national resource assessment predicts that the oil resources in this area are 93.56 million tons. As of 2015, the cumulative proven reserves have been 19.2385 million tons, and the resource proven rate is only 20.6%.[14]
Generation reason
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Biooil generation theory (Romonosov hypothesis)
petroleum
Research shows that the generation of oil takes at least 2 million years, and the oldest oil reservoir found today is 500 million years.But some oil isjurassic periodBuild.During the long history of the earth's continuous evolution, there are some "special" periods, such asthe paleozoic eraAnd Mesozoic, a large number of plants and animals diedOrganic matterIt is continuously decomposed and mixed with sediment or carbonate sedimentSedimentary layer。As the sediment continuously accumulates and thickens, resulting in the rise of temperature and pressure, the sedimentary layer becomessedimentary rockTo formsedimentary basin This provides a basic geological environment for the generation of oil.Most geologists believe that oil, like coal and natural gas, was gradually formed by ancient organic matter after a long period of compression and heating.According to this theory, oil is composed of prehistoric marine animals andalgaeCarcass changes (land plants generally form coal).After a long period ofGeologic AgeIt is mixed with silt and buried under thick sedimentary rock.Under the high temperature and pressure underground, they gradually transform into wax likeoil shale, later degenerated intoliquid stateandGaseousOfhydrocarbon。Because these hydrocarbons are lighter than the nearby rocks, they penetrate into the nearbyrock stratumUntil it penetrates into the tight and impermeable rock stratum with many holes.The oil thus gathered together forms an oil field.adoptwell drillingAnd pumping people fromoil fieldChina to obtain oil.Geologists call the temperature range of oil formation "oil window".If the temperature is too low, oil cannot form, but if the temperature is too high, oil will formnatural gas。[2]
Abiotic oil formation theory
AbioticTheoretical astronomer of oil generationThomas Gold It is developed on the basis of the theory of Russian petroleum geologist Nikolai Kudryavtsev.This theory believes that there is already a lot of carbon in the crust, and some carbon naturally exists in the form of hydrocarbons.Hydrocarbons are lighter than the water in the rock pores, so they penetrate upward along the rock pores.PetroleumbiomarkersIt is formed by people who live in rocks and love heatmicroorganismCaused by.It has nothing to do with oil itself.Only a few geologists support this theory.Generally, it is used to explain the inexplicable oil inflow in some oilfields, but this phenomenon rarely occurs.[2]
Oil drilling
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Oil exploration in sea area
In various tasks of oil exploration and oilfield development, drilling plays a very important role, such as finding and confirming oil and gas bearing structures, obtaining industrial oil flow, proving the oil and gas bearing area and reserves of the confirmed oil (gas) bearing structures, obtaining geological data and development data of relevant oilfields, and finally taking oil from underground to surface, etc,None of them is not completed by drilling.Drilling is an important link in the exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas resources and an important means of oil exploration and development.[15]
Drilling is to apply a certain pressure on the bit and drive the bit to rotate to break formation rock. Rock cuttings generated after the bottom hole rock is broken are carried to the ground through circulating drilling fluid.[15]
Generally, a well should be spud in several times during the drilling process. The spud in times are different for different well depths and formation conditions.[15]
The first spud in (first spud in): drill a larger borehole from the surface and run the surface casing after reaching a certain design depth.[15]
The second spud in (second spud in): continue drilling from the surface casing with a smaller bit. If the formation is not complex, it can be directly drilled to the target layer and then run into the reservoir casing for completion.If the formation is complex and difficult to control with drilling fluid, technical casing shall be run.[15]
The third spud in (third spud in): drill down from the technical casing with a smaller bit.According to the situation, it can drill to the predetermined well depth or run the second and third layers of technical casing.After the fourth and fifth spud in, until the target layer depth is reached, run the oil layer casing, and perform cementing and completion operations.[15]
Cementing is the process of setting casing in the drilled hole, and then injecting cement slurry into the annular space between the casing and the borehole wall (in the lower section of the casing or all the annular space) to consolidate the casing and the formation together. It can prevent complex situations to ensure safe drilling of the next section of the borehole (for surface and technical casing)Or to ensure the smooth exploitation of oil and gas in the production layer (for oil layer casing), the upper part of the casing string is fixed with the casing head on the ground.[15]
The well structure design is the basis of the whole drilling design, and also the premise to ensure the smooth drilling of a well. A reasonable well structure can ensure the smooth drilling of a well to the predetermined well depth, ensure the safety of the drilling process, prevent the production layer pollution during drilling, and cost the least.[15]
Cementing is an important link in the process of oil and gas well construction.Cementing engineering includes two production processes: casing running and cementing.Casing running is to run a casing string with a certain diameter and composed of some or several different steel grades and wall thicknesses into the drilled hole according to the specified depth.Cementing is the process of injecting cement slurry into the annular space between the wellbore and the casing string on the ground through the casing string.The cement slurry casing string is firmly consolidated with the wall rock, which can seal the oil, gas, water and complex layers for further drilling or production.[15]
Petroleum exploitation
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Mining method
Long, long ago, people used the simplest way to extract oil, just like lifting water in a well with a bucket, they used a winch to extract oil from the well.However, this method is only applicable to oil wells with very shallow reservoir, low pressure and low production.For example, in 1907, Well Yan 1 of China Yanchang Oil Mine was 81 meters deep and produced 1~1.5 tons of oil per day.Well Yan 2 was drilled in 1911, with a depth of 157m and a daily oil production of 100kg.At that time, the rotary table winch was used to pull oil from the oil well.[16]
With the development of the petroleum industry, more and more oil fields with high production and deep oil layers have been found. The original manual lifting method can not be used in these oil wells, so it has gradually been eliminated. Automatic injection oil production and various artificial lift oil production methods have emerged as the times require.[16]
After an oil well is drilled and connected to the oil layer with a steel pipe, oil will be automatically ejected to the ground along the steel pipe of the oil well like a fountain.The greater the pressure in the reservoir, the faster and more oil will be ejected.This ability to lift oil to the ground by the energy of the oil layer itself is called flowing oil. Oil production by this method is called flowing oil production, which often occurs in the early stage of oil well development.[16]
With the continuous development of the oil field, the formation energy is gradually consumed, and the oil well will eventually stop flowing.Due to the geological characteristics of the formation, some oil wells cannot flow automatically at the beginning.For the above oil wells that cannot flow automatically, artificial lift must be used to supplement energy for oil flow to recover the oil at the bottom of the well.The methods of lifting oil from bottom hole to surface by artificial lift can be divided into gas lift method and oil pumping method.[16]
Gas lift method: gas lift method refers to the artificial lift oil production method in which there is still some energy in the formation that can drive oil and gas to the bottom of the well, but the energy supplied by the formation is not enough to lift oil from the bottom of the well to the ground, and gas needs to be artificially injected into the bottom of the well to lift oil out of the ground.Its lifting principle is similar to that of a flowing well. It injects high-pressure gas into the oil casing annulus, and allows some gas to burst into the tubing through multiple groups of gas lift valves on the tubing at different pressures and different well sections, so as to reduce the density of liquid in the wellbore and drain the liquid out of the wellhead under the effect of bottomhole flow pressure.At the same time, the volume of the injected high-pressure gas increases gradually during the process of the wellbore rising, and the expansion work of the gas also carries the liquid.Gas lift is suitable for oil wells with strong liquid supply capacity and high formation permeability.Gas lift can be used for offshore oil production, deep wells, deviated wells, sand wells, gas wells and oil wells with corrosive components that are not suitable for other artificial lift oil production methods.The advantages of gas lift oil production are that the wellhead and downhole equipment are relatively simple, and the management and adjustment are relatively convenient;The disadvantages are complex ground equipment system, large investment, and low utilization rate of gas energy.[16]
Oil pumping method: oil pumping method is mainly deep well pumping oil production, which can be divided into two categories: rod pumping oil production and non rod pumping oil production.[16]
① Rod pump production:
Sucker rod pump oil production refers to the artificial lift oil production method in which the pumping unit drives the piston of the downhole sucker rod pump to move up and down through the sucker rod lowered into the well to pump oil to the ground.This method is the most widely used, accounting for 80%~90% of the total number of artificial lift wells in the world.[16]
② Rod less pump production:
Rod less pump oil production means that the downhole pump is driven by electric motor and high-pressure liquid instead of pumping rod to transmit power, that is, special oil well pumps such as electric submersible centrifugal pump, screw pump, jet pump and hydraulic piston pump are used to exploit oil.They are electric submersible pump, screw pump, jet pump and hydraulic piston pump.[16]
When the motor goes down to an oil well hundreds of meters or even kilometers away, a special cable is connected to the submersible motor from the wellhead.When the power is supplied by the cable, the submersible motor rotates to drive the multistage impeller of the submersible centrifugal pump to rotate.Each stage of impeller adds a certain amount of energy to the oil at the bottom of the well, just as the water pump increases the pressure of water supply.When the oil is rotated by the multistage impeller, the pressure will rise very high, so the oil will be lifted from the bottom of the well to the wellhead.The submersible motor directly drives the submersible centrifugal pump, saving unnecessary power consumption.Therefore, its power is much higher than that of the pumping unit, which can save electricity.It can be used in very deep high production wells, and it is also convenient to realize oilfield production automation.For example, in addition to electric submersible pump, there are screw pump, jet pump, hydraulic piston pump and other artificial lift oil production methods.[16]
Mining characteristics
Compared with general solid mineral deposits, it has three significant characteristics:
① All measures must be taken to deal with the continuous flow of mining objects and the changing reservoir conditions throughout the mining process. Therefore,Oil and gas fieldsThe whole process of mining is a process of continuous understanding and improvement;[16]
② In general, the miner will notore depositDirect contact.Oil and gas exploitationOil and gas reservoirTo understand the situation in and take various measures to influence oil and gas reservoirs, specialloggingTo carry out;[16]
③ Some characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs must be recognized in the production process, even after there are many wells. Therefore, exploration and production stages are often intertwined for a period of time.[16]
To develop oil and gas reservoirs well, we must have a comprehensive understanding of them, drill a certain number of edge wells, and cooperate withGeophysical explorationData to determine various boundaries of oil and gas reservoirs（Oil-water boundary , oil and gas boundary, segmentation fault, pinch out line, etc.);A certain number of appraisal wells should be drilled to understandHydrocarbon reservoirThe nature ofcore）, including changes in reservoir thicknessphysical property, reservoir fluid and its properties, reservoir temperature, pressure distribution and other characteristics, to conduct a comprehensive study to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of oil and gas reservoirs.stayOil and gas reservoirThe study should not only study the oil and gas reservoir itself, but also study the adjacentAquiferAnd their connectivity (seeReservoir physics）。[16]
In the process of exploitation, it is also necessary to exploit, observe and control oil and gas reservoirs through production wells, injection wells and observation wells.The flow of oil and gas has three interconnected processes: ① oil and gas flow from the reservoir to the bottom of the well; ②Raise from the bottom to the wellhead; ③It flows into the oil gathering station from the wellhead, flows into the general oil and gas transmission station after separation and dehydration treatment, and is transferred to the mining area (seeReservoir engineering）。[16]
Drilling engineering plays a very important role in the development of oil and gas fieldsIn oil and gas field，drilling engineering It often accounts for more than 50% of the total investment.The development of an oil and gas field often involves drilling hundreds or even thousands of wells or more.There are different technical requirements for wells used for different purposes such as production wells, injection wells, observation wells, and inspection wells specially designed to check the effect of water oil washing.The drilled well pair shall be ensuredHydrocarbon reservoirIs the least polluted,CementingHigh quality, capable of withstanding various mining conditions for decadesDownhole operationImpact.improvementwell drillingThe key to reducing drilling cost is to improve drilling speed through technology and management (seeDrilling method，Drilling technology，well completion）。[16]
Oil production engineering is the whole process of lifting oil and gas from the bottom of the well to the wellheadProcess technology。The rise of oil and gas can depend on the spontaneous injection of formation energy orOil well pump、gas liftAnd so on.Various effective workover measures can eliminate the frequent occurrence ofWaxing, water outletSandingSo as to ensure the normal production of the oil well.waterpowerfractureOr acidizing and other stimulation measures can improvepermeability Too low, or pollution or damage due to improper drilling technical measuresHydrocarbon reservoirAnd reduced production capacity.For injection wells, it is to improve injection capacity (seeOil production method，Gas production process，Slice mining technology，Oil and gas well stimulation technology）。[16]
Oil and gas gathering and transmission project is a process technology to build complete oil and gas collection, separation, treatment, metering, storage and transmission in the oilfield.The oil, gas, water and other mixed fluids produced in the well shall be separated and preliminarily treated in the field to obtain as many oil and gas products as possible.Water can be reinjected or utilized to prevent environmental pollution.Reduce invalid losses (seeOil and gas gathering and transportation in oilfield）。[16]
Petroleum refining
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Refining method
There are many basic methods for petroleum refining, and only a few main refining methods are introduced here.[6]
1. Distillation: use the principle of gasification and condensation to separate oil into various components with different boiling points. This process is called petroleum distillation.Distillation is generally divided into atmospheric distillation and vacuum distillation.Distillation under normal pressure is called atmospheric distillation, and distillation under reduced pressure is called vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation can reduce the boiling point of hydrocarbons to prevent heavy components from cracking under high temperature.[6]
2. Cracking: under certain conditions, the process of changing the molecular structure of heavy oil to increase the proportion of light components is called cracking.
Cracking is generally divided into thermal cracking, visbreaking, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, etc.[6]
3. Reforming: The process of changing the structure of hydrocarbon molecules in light fraction by heating or catalysis is called reforming.It can be divided into thermal reforming and catalytic reforming. Catalytic reforming can be divided into platinum reforming, platinum rhenium reforming, and polymetallic reforming due to different catalysts.[6]
4. Isomerization: it is an important means to improve the octane number of gasoline.That is, pentane and hexane in straight run gasoline and gas gasoline are converted into isoparaffins.It can also convert n-butane into isobutane and use it as alkylation raw material.[6]
After the basic method of petroleum refining, only the distillate of the product oil can be obtained. Only by adding additives and improving its performance through refining and blending and other procedures, can the final product oil be obtained and delivered for use.[6]
Refining characteristics
(1)oil refiningProduction is the production of unit process. Oil flows through each unit along the process sequencepressure、flowUnder the condition of time, it is decomposed into different fractions to complete various stages of product production.A set of devices can produce several different products at the same time, and the same product can be produced by different devices, with many varieties of products.Therefore, in order to make full use of resources, it is necessary to adopt advanced organization and management methods in management and properly arrange the production of different devices.[17]
(2) Oil refining unit is generallylinkageThe device, whose processing object is liquid or gas, needs to be transported in a closed pipeline, with strong continuity in the production process and tight connection between processes.In terms of management, it is required to maintain smooth and continuous operation and balanced production.[17]
(3) The oil refining production is characterized by high temperature, high pressure, flammability, explosion, toxicity, corrosion, etc. The safety requirements are particularly strict.In terms of management, it is necessary to prevent oil and gas leakage, maintain good ventilation, strictly control ignition sources and ensure safe production.[17]
Petroleum refining
(4) The refining production process is basicallyairtightIt is not intuitive, and different raw materials have different processing requirements and process conditions.In terms of management, it is necessary to correctly determine the product processing plan and optimize the process conditions and processes.[17]
(5) The process of refining and producing oil by heating at high temperatureseparate, viacoolingAfter blending to different oil products or further processing to other products.In terms of management, it is necessary to maintain the material balance of the entire production process, mix production according to the specified proportion of the process, and organize the heat balance of the enterprise to constantly reduce energy consumption.[17]
(6) The possibility of deep processing of refined oil products is large, the benefits are high, and the range of raw material substitution is wide.In terms of management, we should adopt modern management methods, strengthen comprehensive planning and scientific management, and constantly improve the comprehensive economic benefits of oil refining production.[17]
(7) DifferentRefineryThe product varieties they produce may be different, but their production process characteristics are the same or similar, and their economic relationship flows are the same.Therefore, unified methods and models can be used to analyze the overall production and operation status of the refinery, formulate the comprehensive development plan of the enterprise, and guide the production of the enterprise.[17]
Modern petrochemical industry
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The South China Sea is rich in oil and gas resources
Modern petroleum history began in 1846, when Abraham Dysna, who lived in the Atlantic Province of Canada, invented the extraction of oilkeroseneMethod.In 1852, the Polish Lgnacy Ukasiewicz invented theOil extractionKerosene method.The following year, southern PolandClosThe first modern oil mine was opened near Nuo.These inventions soon spread all over the world.In 1861BakuThe world's first oil refinery was established.At that time, Baku produced 90% of the world's oil.laterBattle of StalingradIt was launched to seize Baku Oilfield.[4]
The oil industry developed slowly in the 19th century, and the refined oil was mainly used as fuel for oil lamps.At the beginning of the 20th centuryinternal-combustion engineBy far, petroleum is the most important fuel for internal combustion engines.Especially in the United StatesTexas、OklahomaandCaliforniaThe discovery of oil field of“Gold rush”General situation.[4]
In Canada in 1910 (especially inAlberta）, Dutch East India, PersiaPeruNew oil fields have been discovered in Venezuela and Mexico.These oilfields are allindustrializationdevelopment.[4]
Offshore oil drilling platforms and onshore oil depots in Vietnam
Until the mid-1950s,coalIt is still the most important fuel in the world, but the consumption of oil is growing rapidly.1973energy crisisAnd after the energy crisis broke out in 1979, the media began to pay attention to the extent of oil supply.This also makes people realize that oil is a limited raw material and will eventually be exhausted.However, so far all attempts to predict that oil will soon run out have not been realized, so some people also expressed disapproval of this discussion.The future of oil is still uncertain.Some people believe that because the total amount of oil is limited, the depletion predicted in the 1970s did not happen, but it was only delayed.Others believe that with the development of technology, people can always find enough cheap hydrocarbon sources.There are still a lot ofTar sand, asphalt andOil shaleSuch oil reserves are enough to provide future oil sources.CanadianTar sandAnd AmericanOil shaleIt contains oil equivalent to all known oil fields.[4]
90% of transportation energy is obtained by oil.Convenient oil transportationenergy density High, so it is the most important transport driving energy.In addition, it is the raw material of many industrial chemical products, so it is one of the most important commodities in the world.In many military conflicts (includingthe Second World WarandPersian Gulf War）Medium, occupiedoil resources Is an important factor.[4]
petroleum products
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Petroleum products have a very wide range of roles and functions in social and economic development. The refined products have penetrated into all aspects of people's lives, and have an inseparable relationship.[6]
Petroleum is a mixture of different hydrocarbon compounds. Through one-time processing, the simple physical methods of atmospheric and vacuum distillation are mainly used to cut petroleum into a variety of petroleum fractions with different boiling points and densities.The secondary processing of petroleum mainly uses chemical methods or chemistry.Physical methods - catalytic cracking (catalytic reforming, coking, viscosity reduction, hydrocracking, solvent deasphalting, etc.) to improve the yield of certain products, increase product varieties, and improve product quality.Many chemical products are produced through the third processing of chemical process.In general, petroleum products can be divided into petroleum fuelsPetroleum solventChemical raw materials, lubricants, paraffinPetroleum asphalt, petroleum coke, etc.Among them, all kinds of fuels are close to 90% of the total output;The variety of lubricants is the largest, accounting for about 5% of the output.All kinds of petroleum products obtained by processing petroleum have a wide range of different uses in different fields.[6]
After oil processing and refining, the products can be roughly divided into four categories:
Fuel
The most widely used power fuels in various petroleum products are gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil of various brands, which are widely used in various types of automobiles, tractors, ships, warships, tanks, aircraft, rockets, boilers, trains, bulldozers, drills and other power machinery. They consume the largest amount of petroleum products, so petroleum is known as the blood of industry.[4]
Petroleum fuel is the most used oil product.According to its use and scope of use, it can be divided into the following five categories:
Lubricating oil can reduce the wear of various sliding, rotating and rolling machines and instruments, ensure the speed, and play the role of lubrication, heat dissipation, sealing, insulation, etc.
Lubricating oilandgreaseIt is used to reduce friction between parts, protect parts to extend their service life and save power.Their quantity only accounts for about 5% of the total petroleum products, but there are many kinds of them.[4]
asphalt
Asphalt has good adhesion, water resistance and corrosion resistance, and is widely used for pavement, anti-corrosion and waterproof coating, and making felt and carbon materials.[4]
They are further processed from the production of fuels and lubricants, and their output is about several percent of the processed oil.[4]
solvent
Solvent gasoline is the solvent required by rubber, paint, leather, oilcloth and other industries and can be used to wash machines and parts.It is an important basic raw material and intermediate of organic synthesis industry.[4]
market
The nature of oil and the history of the oil market have really played its great power.As British scholar Susan Strange said, the important historical milestone is not the establishment of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, but 10 years laterOPECEffective intervention in the market.During this period, the international oil market experienced large-scale turbulence: in 1971, President Nixon of the United States announced the decoupling of the dollar from gold;In 1973, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the international monetary system, became an important reason for the rise of oil prices;Two oil crises broke out in 1973 and 1979;In 1985, oil prices reached a low point.OPECAfter its establishment, oil producing countries gradually nationalized their oil assets and thus controlled the global oil market.The oil price is dominated by the official price of OPEC, and the pricing method is "FOB Persian Gulf plus freight from the Persian Gulf to the delivery place".Arab light oil has become the benchmark oil instead of West Texas medium oil.During the same period, the trading volume of the spot market continued to expand.The oil supply interruption from 1973 to 1974 forced many consumers to buy oil from the spot market, and spot trading also appeared.At first, spot trading only accounted for a small proportion of global oil trade, but by the mid-1980s, it had accounted for nearly half of global oil trade.The price of spot transactions was initially just a reference for OPEC pricing, and later completely replaced the official price of OPEC.In the 1980s, high oil prices led to a substantial reduction in oil demand and excess production capacity. Oil exporting countries (including OPEC and non OPEC, OPEC) fought for their market share in the world.Saudi Arabia abandoned its role as a "balanced producer" and increased production significantly in order to compete for its due market share, which led to a sharp decline in oil prices.In 1986, the oil price in the Middle East once fell to US $6 per barrel, causing the third crisis in the oil market. This time, it was not consumers but producers who suffered the most.With the popularity of cars in developed countries, another feature of the 1980s is that transportation has become the main oil consumption industry.The driving season in holidays and the heating season in winter lead to a significant seasonal difference in oil demand, which makes oil consumption more closely related to economic growth and weather conditions.In terms of market operation mode, OPEC's administrative pricing is gradually replaced by market prices.It is worth noting that oil futures, an oil derivative instrument aimed at avoiding risks, appeared in this period.In 1978, heating oil futures contracts were launched on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), becoming the earliest oil futures.[18]
In 1981, NYMEX introduced gasoline futures trading, and in 1983, it introduced WTI futures trading.The oil futures price has become the guide and reference standard of spot transaction price, and has linked the oil market with the financial market.[18]
Development trend of oil industry
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Price
The oil price is closely related to the global macroeconomic situation, so the oil price is a key price.Some economists say that high oil prices have a negative impact on global economic growth.Although the high oil price is generally believed to be caused by economic growth, it shows that the relationship between the two is very unstable.[18]
Since the oil price reflects the pricing power of the country where the spot and futures markets are located, the meaning of the oil price varies in different periods.For example, the oil price statistics used by BP were the average price of the United States from 1861 to 1944, the Arab light oil standard price from 1945 to 1983, and the Brent spot price from 1983 to 2008.We refer to the fluctuation of oil price mainly based on the forward price changes in New York and London futures markets.During the war, oil was often used as a "weapon".For example, during World War II, the United States imposed an embargo on Japan.Yamamoto 56 planned to attack Pearl Harbor of the United States in order to destroy the US Navy in the Pacific Ocean, so as to protect Japan's oil supply and transportation lines from Southeast Asia.During the oil crisis, OPEC used oil as a weapon to fight back against western countries, which led to the oil crisis and became the trigger for western countries' economic stagnation.After the end of the Cold War, the era of globalization has come.Oil returns to its commodity nature.In short, under the general environment of peace and development, the political attribute of oil has weakened, the economic attribute has become normal, and the financial attribute has become more and more obvious. Oil price fluctuations have become a financial phenomenon.It should be noted that the "oil price" we usually hear is the real-time price of the futures market in New York and London, and the oil price used for post statistics and research is generally the transaction price of the spot market.[18]
trend
In 2014, the international oil price fell sharply, and the world oil and gas industry entered a recession cycle. "Four low" (low price, low return, low investment and low cost) will become the new characteristics of the oil and gas industry in the new era.[19]
1. Global oil supply and demand will remain relaxed until 2020
By 2020, global oil supply and demand will remain relaxed, and the world economy will still be in the recovery period after the crisis. The growth rate will not reach the level of the boom period. In particular, the growth of emerging economies will slow down, and oil demand will hardly rebound significantly.The Economic and Technical Research Institute of CNPC predicts that the average annual growth rate of global oil demand will be 1.1% by 2020, and the demand will reach 99 million barrels per day by 2020;The average annual growth rate of global oil supply capacity is 1.4%. In 2020, the supply will reach 105 million barrels/day, and the supply capacity will be 6 million barrels/day higher than the demand.The main source of supply growth is the recovery of oil production in Libya, the rapid growth of oil production in Iraq, and the rapid growth of domestic production after the United States liberalized oil exports.Continued low oil prices will severely hit the exploration and development of high cost unconventional resources such as shale oil and oil sands, but the impact on oil production may be delayed for 2-3 years.On the whole, it will take some time for the world oil supply and demand to reach a new balance. Before that, the situation of supply and demand easing is difficult to change.[19]
2. Before 2020, the international oil price will run at a relatively low level, and the overall trend will be low in the front and high in the back. The supply and demand fundamentals will be loose, and the dollar will enter the appreciation channel, which will directly suppress the international oil price.According to the calculation results of the international oil price prediction model of the Economic and Technical Research Institute of CNPC, the international oil price will be relatively low before 2020, and the overall level will be difficult to return to more than $100/barrel, with the operating range of $40 to $90/barrel.The low price consolidation in the early stage, and the supply growth rate will fall back as the low oil price affects the investment of high cost projects in the later stage. In addition, the low oil price will stimulate the demand, and the loose supply and demand will be reversed. The international oil price will stabilize and recover, and will reach about 90 dollars/barrel in 2020.[19]
3. In the future, the price difference between light oil and heavy oil will continue to narrow. Affected by the unconventional oil and gas revolution in North America, the global supply of light oil is growing rapidly. However, the mismatch of the refinery's device structure has resulted in an excess of light oil, and the price of light oil is under great downward pressure.At the same time, the demand for heavy oil still maintained a certain growth, but the supply growth was slow, and the market supply and demand were relatively tight, supporting the price of heavy oil.On the whole, in the coming years, the price difference between light oil and heavy oil will continue to narrow, and the price of heavy oil may even be higher than that of light oil.[19]
4. The Asian market will become the focus of competition among oil producing countries. Asian oil demand will continue to grow rapidly. As an important force in the growth of world oil demand, China will play an increasingly important role in the global demand pattern.Under the situation of loose world supply, declining dependence on foreign countries and oil exports, more and more oil producing countries have to turn their eyes to Asia, thus accelerating the shift of the focus of world oil trade to the east.In order to compete for market share, competition between traditional oil producing countries, non OPEC countries and OPEC countries will intensify.[19]
From February 1, 2023 local time, Russia officially prohibits the supply of Russian oil to foreign legal persons and individuals who directly or indirectly use the price ceiling mechanism in the contract.[20]
