Natural stone according tophysical chemistryCharacteristic quality is divided intoslateAnd granite.Artificial stone is divided intoTerrazzoandSynthetic stone。Terrazzo is made of cement, concrete and other raw materialsforging and pressingBecome;Synthetic stone is based onNatural stoneOf crushed stone as raw material, plusadhesiveIt is made by pressing and polishing.The latter two are made manually, so the strength is notNatural stoneHigh value.Stone is architectureDecorative materialsThe natural stone is generally divided into granite, slateSandstone, limestonelavaWith the continuous development and progress of science and technology, the artificial stone products are also constantly changing, and the quality and beauty are no less than natural stone.With the development of architectural design, stone has already become one of the important raw materials for building, decoration, road and bridge construction.
Chinese name
Stone
Foreign name
Stone
Purpose
Architecture
Main categories
Natural stone and artificial stone
the way to distinguish
Observe the surface structure, measure the size and specifications, listen to the sound of knocking, etc
Inspection method
Test methods for bulk density, true density, true porosity, water absorption, etc
Interpretation
one kindBuilding decoration materialsApplied to indoor and outdoor decoration design, curtain wall decoration and public facilities construction
Due to the use of naturalfacing stone The decoration parts are different, so the selected stone types are also different.When it is used for decoration of outdoor buildings, it needs to withstand long-term wind, rain and sunshine. Granite does not containcarbonateWith small water absorption and strong weathering resistance, it is better to select various types of granite stones;The facing stone used for hall floor decoration shall be physicalChemical propertiesstable,mechanical strengthHigh, granite stone is preferred;be used forDadoAnd the decoration of the bedroom floor. The mechanical strength is slightly poor. Marble with beautiful patterns is used[2]
physical property
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Fire resistance
All kinds of stones are different. Some stones occur under high temperatureChemical decomposition。
(1) Gypsum: decomposes when the temperature is higher than 107 ℃.
(2) Limestone and marble: decompose when the temperature is higher than 910 ℃.
(3) Granite: cracks due to uneven heating of constituent minerals at 600 ℃
Expansion and contraction
SameThermal expansion and cold contractionHowever, if it is heated and cooled again, its shrinkage cannot be restored to its original volume, but part of it must be retained asPermanentExpansion;U.S.AArsenalIt was tested from 0 ℃ to 100 ℃, and then dropped to 0 ℃.
Frost resistance
At minus 20 ℃, freezing occurs, and the water in the pores expands by 1/10 larger than the original volume. If the rock cannot resist the force of this expansion, it will be damaged.Generally, if the water absorption is less than 0.5%, its frost resistance will not be considered.
Durability
The stone has good durability, and the structure built with stone has permanent possibility.Ancient people have long recognized this, so many important buildings and memorial structures are built with stone
compressive strength
The compressive strength of stone will be affected by the mineral composition, crystal size, uniformity of cementation materialLoadThe area, the angle between load and cleavage are different.If other conditions are the same, usually the compact materials with small crystalline particles and bonding with each other have high strength.CompactlavaAfter drying and saturated water, there is no difference in compressive strength（Water absorptionExtremely low), if it is porous and waterproof cemented rock, its dry and wet strength will be significantly different.
Building decoration stones include natural stones andArtificial stoneThere are two categories, mainly natural stone. It is a kind of advanced decorative material, mainly used in projects with high decoration requirements.
type
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Natural stoneIt refers to the general term of materials mined from natural rock mass and processed into blocks or plates.be used forArchitectural decorationThe two most basic types of stone in the industry are natural stone andArtificial stone。Natural stones such as marble, granitelimestoneEtc.The natural stone used for architectural decoration mainly includes granite and marble.Natural stone is one of the oldest civil engineering materials.Natural stone has highcompressive strength, goodAbrasion resistanceandDurabilityThe surface is beautiful after processingDecorative，resource distribution Guang,ReserveAbundant, easy to use local materials,production costsIt is the main material for building city walls, bridges, houses, roads and water conservancy projects in ancient and modern civil engineering.Is the main part of modern civil engineeringDecorative materialsone of.
Natural stones can be roughly divided into three categories.igneous rockThe rock is composed ofmantleOr the rocks of the crust are fused orpartial melting Substances such asMagmaThe granite formed by cooling and consolidation is one kind of igneous rock;sedimentary rockIt is not too deep on the earth's surfaceWeathering productAnd someVolcanic eruption, transported, depositedDiagenesisFormed rock, andSandstoneBelong to this category;Metamorphic rockUnder high temperature, high pressure and mineralMixed actionThe next kind of stone, marble, is naturally transformed from one kind of stone,slate，quartziteJade is metamorphic rock.
Granite is a very hard igneous rock with high density, scratch resistance and corrosion resistance.It is ideal for flooring and countertops.There are hundreds of varieties of granite.
Marble refers to sedimentary or metamorphic carbonate rocks, includingmarble、Dolostone、LimestoneSandstone, shale and slate are derivatives of limestone. Marble is a metamorphic rock that can be polished.Marble is soft and easy to scratch or be scratchedAcidsCorrosion.There are countlessMarble type, recommend new productsWoodgrain jadeblock 。
Limestone is a kind of sedimentary rockcalciteAnd sediment, forming various colors.
Sandstone is also a kind of sedimentary stone, which is mainly composed of looseQuartz sandParticle compositionWith rough texture, there are many varieties of sandstone to choose from.
Slate is a metamorphic rock,ProtolithArgillaceous, silty or neutralTuff, can be peeled into thin pieces along the direction of foliation.The color of slate varies with the impurities it contains, and those containing iron are red or yellow;The carbonaceous ones are black or gray;Calcium containing encounterhydrochloric acidIt will blister, so it is generally classified according to its color, such asGreen Slate 、Black slate、Calcareous slateEtc.artificial stoneIt is made of non natural mixture, such as resin, cementGlass bead, AluminiumStone powderWait, add gravelAdhesive。Artificial stone (also known as“imitation marble"). Artificial stone was introduced in the United States 30 years ago, and China was the first country to use artificial stone products asDecorative materialsIn the mid-1990s, some coastal developed cities became popular a few years later.
Culture stoneIt is a stone mine mined in nature, in which slate, sandstonequartz, processed into aDecorative building materials。Cultural stone is hard, bright in color, rich in texture, and different in style. It has compression resistance, wear resistance, fire resistance, cold resistance, corrosion resistanceWater absorptionLow characteristics.
Marble refers to sedimentary or metamorphic carbonate rocks, including marble, dolomite, limestone, sandstone, shale and slate.Such as the famousWhite marbleIt is dolomite produced in Fangshan, Beijing, and marble produced in YunnanDali CountyMarble, famousDandong GreenIt is serpentinized skarn.Similarly, as various types of stone miningMagmatic rock, such asAndesite、diabase, anorthitegneissIt is also called granite.For example, the white granite in Beijing Baihujian is granite,Jinan Qingyesgabbro, andQingdaoBlack granite is diabase.
Artificial stone is a kind of artificial decorative material.As usedbinderDifferent, it can be divided into organic artificial stone and inorganic artificial stone.PressProduction processDifferent processes can be divided into polyesterimitation marble, composite artificial marbleSilicic acidThere are four types of salt type artificial marble and sintered type artificial marble.
Domestic granite
one
Five Lotus | Haicang White | Shanxi Black | Mongolia Black | Dehong Black | Oriental Black | Pearl White | Colorful Stone | Shidao Red | Royal Pearl | Amethyst Diamond | Royal Brown | Pink Rose | Chrysanthemum Yellow | Maple Leaf Red | Chengde Green | Tianshan Red | Sesame White | Tiger Shell | Fuding Black | Jiangxi Green | Anxi Red | Clove Purple | Jiulongbi | Pearl Flower | Cherry Blossom Red | Shandong White Hemp | Luoyuan Red | JadeStone | Jincaima | Snowflake Green | Emerald Green | Pearl Red | Large White Flower | General Red | Cenxi Red | Sesame Black | Dongshi White | Hongtang White | Bacuo White | Neicuo White | Kangmei Black | Sanbao Red | Guilin Red | Chardonnay Red | Yongding Red | Tong'an White | Peach Red | Glossy Red | Leopard Flower | Qilu Red | Sea Wave Flower | Forest Green | Black and White Flower | Violet | Quanzhou White | Zhangpu Red | Zhangpu Green | LaoshanGrey | Flat White | Wendeng White | Pink Flower | Peony Red | Jilin White | Jinan Green | Laoshan Red | Huidong Red | China Black | China Green | Xilihong | Butterfly Green | Zhangpu Black | Wave White | Five Lotus Red | Ice Flower Blue | Fengzhen Black | Lu Grey | Shouning Red | China Red | Ice Flower Blue | Tianshan Blue Treasure | Pink Hemp | Hebei Black | Evergreen | Phalaenopsis Blue | Violet Red | Golden Hemp | Butterfly Blue | Tiger SkinWhite | Night Rose | Tiger Skin Red | Ink Jade | Shrimp Red | Sanbao Red | Peacock Green | Xinjiang Red | China Brown | Jade Green | Sesame Grey | Blue Diamond | Dandong Green | Bawang Flower | Yingshan Red | Shandong Rust Stone | Yellow Rust Stone | Yanshan Green | Gold Diamond | Jieyang Red | Crystal Green | Crystal Stone | Sapphire | Chrysanthemum Green | Classical Grey | Sorghum Red | Ice Flower | Yellowstone | Zhonglei Red | Balahua | Black Pearl | PinkQuartz | Green Quartz | Siltstone | Marine Green | Garnet Red | Crystal White Jade | Tianbao Red | Wood Grain Green | Fancai Ma | Ice Flower Green | Celestite | Carmine Golden Ma | Mengshanhua | Green Diamond | Sherry Plum|TaishanRed | closed blossom | black and white dot|
Imported Granite
one
Royal Coffee | Brown Diamond | British Brown | Red Diamond | Golden Diamond | Golden Diamond | Black DiamondJinsha|Indian Red | Blue Pearl | Green Star | Mirage Red | Tree hanging Ice Flower | American White Linen | American Grey Linen | Leopard Skin Flower | Golden Linen | Dark Green Linen | White Rose | Small Green Red|KashmirGold | Jinsha Black | Gemstone | Blue Pearl | Magic Green | Green Butterfly | South Africa Red|
Domestic marble
one
Snow White | Dandong Green | Crystal White|White marble|Coffee Net | Nine Dragon Wall | Black and White Root | Tiger Skin Yellow | Agate Red|Guangxi Bai|White Crabapple|Rosin jade|Wood grain yellow | Hangzhou grey | Rosin yellow | beige jade | gold inlaid jade | gold fragrant jade | Guizhou beige | china-made coffee net | agate | butterfly flower | azalea red | Lvbao|
Imported marble
one
White Cave Stone | Black Golden Flower | Spanish Beige | Big Flower Green | Big Flower White | Golden Thread Beige | Light Coffee Web | Jazz White | Deep Coffee Web | Splendor | Snow White|Egypt Cream |Golden Flower Beige|BaishaBeige | Old Beige | Yashi White | Coral Red|KaralaWhite | Century Beige | Coffee Net|Saanna Beige|Carrara white | brown mesh|OmanBeige|Huangdongshi|Beige Cave Stone | Shaana | Silver Beige | Medium White | Sago | Tequila | Middle East Beige | White House Beige | Golden Age|Gold Coast|Golden Century | Altman | Magnolia Magnolia | Cappuccino | beige cave stone | Baisha beige | black wood grain | tropical rainforest | beige cave stone | Italian wood grain
Daily maintenance
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necessity
Whether it is new stone or renovated stone, with the normal use and the passage of time, the wear of stone will become more and more serious and its gloss will become lower and lower.
timeliness
Stones must be maintained in time to reach the required level. IfglossThe decrease exceeds the maintenanceResilience?You will not be able to reach the recovery level.
The correct maintenance method is to adopt the maintenance process in time before the stone glossiness decline does not exceed the recovery ability of the maintenance measures. After the maintenance, the glossiness recovery can basically reach the original level, so that the stone can be kept as new for a long time and in an ideal stateUsage status。
Because of its natural formation characteristics and the reasons associated with a variety of platform forms, stone will undergo pathological changes and weathering damage in its environmentinternal causeCaused by.on the other hand,Use environmentThe deterioration ofacid rain, pollution, moisture, etc. are also the main reasons that lead to and accelerate the occurrence of various problems and pathological changes in stone.The consequences of these problems and lesions are serious.From the natural weathering of ancient stone relics to the presentBuilding stoneThe losses caused by various natural damages and pathological changes are huge.So, how to take effective precautions against this, and to avoid and control the occurrence of these damages and lesions to the maximum extent, is becoming increasingly important.Waxing was once commonBe treated asA method for protecting stone.It is mostly used on the paved stone floor.But its protective effect on stone is limited,WeatherabilityPoor, the antifouling effect is not ideal, and it is easy to collect dust.Nowadays, people also find that waxing can cause some harm to stone, because it is applied on the surface of stone as an airtight cover protection materialPinholeAfter being sealed, the moisture inside and behind cannot be emitted and is stored in the stoneInternal timeA long time has led to stone lesions.There is also a liquid that is usually painted on the interior wallWaxy waterThis is a kind of membrane material, its main disadvantage is that it affects the natural texture of stone.PermeabilityThe appearance of protective products isStone protectionproduct development And research, but the application time in our country is not very long.This kind of product is mostly solvent or water as the medium, which will make some effectiveWaterproof materialTake people inside the stone to form a deep protective barrier to keep water and some liquid pollution out.This permeable protective product not only does not change the natural texture of stone, but also maintains the permeability of stone. Its performance is superior, scientific and reasonable.However, due to the difference of materials used, some products will have different waterproof, antifouling and oil proof effects, but most products have better effects.
For the selection and use of stone protection products, in addition to understandingProduct performanceIn addition, pay attention to the following points:
(1) Compatibility.Select products that have no effect on stone color.If it isWet pastingDuring construction, check whether it will affect the stone and cementCohesion。
(2) In the case of wet pasting construction, the back and side of stones shall be treated well, and the ones with good waterproof effect shall be selectedProtective agent。
(3) GroundStone protective agentIn addition to making good choices on the backWaterproof treatmentIn addition, the front face of the stone should be properly protected according to the use environment.Some special places, such as hospitals, need to choose products with good antifouling performance, and hotels need to choose protective products with good antifouling and anti oil effects.
（4）Dry hanging stoneIt is no longer meaningful to conduct protective treatment on its back.For the front side, corresponding protective products can be selected for treatment according to the use environment and the characteristics of stone materials.
(5) For stones prone to pathological changes, such as gray granite and marbleDown outRust or yellowing. It is important to do a good job of waterproof treatment, and the protective agent should be selected with excellent waterproof effect.
(6) For granite marble with loose material and high water absorptionPublic environmentWhen using, make sure to choose products with good waterproof, antifouling and anti pumping effects, so that once polluted, they can be easily cleaned.
Common cleaning agents
(1) Marble cleaner
It is acid free and neutralStone cleaning agentIt is very suitable for cleaning dirt, wax layer, oil stain, glue stain, paint and other building dirt on marble.It will not damage the surface and luster of marble, nor will it damage the stone quality of marble.
(2) Granite cleaning agent
This cleaning agent can effectively remove dirt, dust, building dirt, glue stainsoil stainsandMottleIt will not damage the surface and luster of granite.
(3) Rust removal of granite
This kind of rust remover can effectively remove the rust and rust spots formed on the stone surface due to internal factors and external rust pollution.It canmetallic oxideRestore to the original metal composition and create a protective barrier to prevent rust from reappearing.
Discoloration
Stone discoloration is mainly caused bychemical stabilityIn terms of poor stone varieties, what is discussed here is the indoor resistanceUltraviolet radiationThe light stone becomes darker in the dry hanging process.The typical case is off whiteTravertine （limeDuring the installation process, the stone wall turned yellow from top to bottom, and the whole wall turned yellow over time.The chemical stability of limestone is poorcarbon dioxide、sulfur dioxide、nitrogen oxide Will be mixed with limeCentral ChinaOfcalcium oxideReact, especially generatedsulfideThe white stone must turn yellow.Again,Construction processThe intermediate coating and binder both contain a large amount ofVolatile matterThese volatile components will also react with the stone, which will have an impact on this kind of stone with poor chemical stability.
Organic matter pollution
Stone is subject toOrganic matterContamination ofColor deepeningIt will not fade for a long time and absorb dust.Organic pollutantsIt mainly comes from oil pollution and animal contact, especially where people often touch with their hands.In fact, it is often in the most conspicuous place, where the decorative stone is the most delicate, and where human contact is the closest.asStair handrailGenerally, special-shaped high-grade marble is used for decoration.The most unsuitable is to use white marble sculpture products as decoration in public places. The situation of this material after being polluted in such an environment can be imagined.
Poor organic caulking glue will also cause dry hanging stonecurtainOn the one hand, the edge of the stone specification plate is contaminated, on the other hand, the dust in the air is adsorbed
a rust stain
The causes of rust spots can generally be divided into two types:
Figure 1 Stone Rust
The first kind of rust is caused by the iron contained in the stone itself.Generally speaking, each kind of stone itself contains more or less iron. When the rainwater contacts the iron in the stone, it will slowly form rust spots, which are difficult to remove and need to take a long time to deal with. You can use the strength of KL608rust removerWith strong permeability, it can penetrate into the pores of the stone surface, ensure the thoroughness of cleaning, effectively remove rust spots andNo harmAvoid using industrial stoneshydrogen peroxide solutionOr other corrosive strong acids, otherwise it will be self defeating.The most important thing is how to prevent the regeneration of rust spots. The most effective method is to conduct protective treatment immediately after rust removal, so as to prevent water from infiltrating into the interior of stone and avoid the regeneration of rust spots.
The second kind of rust spots are foreign, such as those left during processingSteel gritOr ironware during construction, decorative metal parts, etc., this kind of rust spot is easy to remove, so we can use KL308 rust remover.Generally speaking, it is not easy to completely remove the rust spots on the stone.So stone installationPrevious workThe protection treatment is better than the protection treatment after completion. Because the external walls are quite high after completion, the construction is not easy, and the stone installation process may also be exposed to acid rain, so the protection before construction is the best, which can prevent rust and pollution.Stone rustThe phenomenon is shown in Figure 1:
Water seepage
Because the building is located at the pivot, the relative pollution is also particularly serious.Because the stone itself has pores andWater absorption, air pollution, dust andAcid gasThe exhaust gas of the steam locomotive is accumulated on the surface of the stone. When it rains, the acid rain will accelerate the erosion of these pollutants on the stone and absorb them in the pores of the stone, making it difficult to cleanStainEspecially for the stones on the burning surface, these pollutants are formed faster and are not easy to clean. Only using commercially available cleaning agents can not remove these pollutants;IfSmooth surfaceThe luster of these stones will soon be eroded.
Therefore, in order to remove these pollutants, stone cleaning agents can be used. These special stone cleaning agents can completely remove the pollutants that penetrate into the capillary holes without harming the stone.If you want to prevent the stone from being polluted again, you canStone cleaningAfter cleaning, another protective treatment shall be carried out when the stone surface is dry. This permeable protective agent can penetrate into the stone to form aProtective layerIt is waterproof, antifouling, anti alkali, anti rust spot, anti oil stain, anti weathering, anti-aging, acid and alkali resistantTea stain、cola, soy sauce, etcEffective controlThe production of white wattle does not damage the original permeability of the stone, and the effect can be achieved only by wiping with water in ordinary cleaning work, without the use of other cleaning agents.
Precautionary treatment of external wall pollution: Generally speaking, the external wall of stone has a considerable height. Once the pollution is caused, it will be cleaned again, which is very inconvenient for construction.If the protective treatment can be done well in advance, there will be no pollution problem after completion, and the daily cleaning work only needs to be wiped with clean water. Moreover, the cost of protective treatment before construction is low, the construction is easier, and the use of stone materialsProtective agentThis breakthrough has improved the problem of time-consuming and laborious protective treatment in the past. This method has been widely used in stone engineering abroad.
After the stone is completed, it will not dry for a long time, but will always leave traces of moisture on the surface, which is commonly known asWater spot。The causes of water spots are very complicated. Some scholars believe that the water absorption rate of stone is high, and the stone protection is not well done,Atmospheric precipitationOr the building seeps into the interior of the stone, causing the stone to be in waterSaturation stateTo form water spots.The specific problems should be treated specifically. If some parts of the building, such as the toilet orWater chamber, the pipeline leaks orrain pipeThe water spot on the part is consistent with the above point of view.The problem is that water spots generally appear on the walls of buildings or floors of high-rise buildings in a non water rich environment, which cannot be explained by the above views. This requires some means to analyze the composition of the water spots, analyze the source of the ingredients, find the root cause of the water spots, and take targeted treatment.It can be said that water stain is the most common symptom of stone in our stone application and nursing industry, and it is also the most complicated cause, the most difficult governance problem, and the problem that needs to be solved with great efforts in the future.
It can be said that it is very difficult to remove water spots, because the formation of water spots is very complex, including cement, acid rain, white china, poor sand quality, and the pollution of stones sucked from the ground. These pollution causes the deterioration of the stone itself. This kind of deteriorated stone is not easy to clean up, so the method for water spots is prevention.Stone protective agent can be used before construction to prevent the formation of water spots.Before construction, the stone shall be protected to effectively avoid the formation of water spots and achieve good antifouling effect.
Baihua
Baihua is white powder orSlungIt often occurs outdoors or in places with abundant water sources, such as flower beds, outdoor stairs, and places where external walls are caulked.
When stone is installed by wet method, its back is filled withcalcium hydroxideetc.Alkaline substanceIt is dissolved by a large amount of water and permeates into the stone surface or the joints are not solid, and calcium hydroxide is mixed with carbon dioxide in the air or acid rainSO2Sulfuric acid compounds react to formcalcium carbonateorcalcium sulfateWhen the water evaporates, calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate will crystallize to form white flower.
The factors that cause white tiles on stones are similar to those of water spots, with a large amount of moisture and alkalinitymetal ionBoth are the reasons for the formation of white flowers, in which water acts as a belt breaker, dissolving alkaline metal ionsCapillarityPenetrate into the stone surface or fill the joints incorrectly to further form white tiles.Therefore, to prevent moisture and alkaline metal ions from penetrating into the stone surface or filling the joints incorrectly can prevent the occurrence of white wattle.
The measures to prevent white wattle formation are as follows:
one
Before the installation of stones, protective works shall be carried out (front, five or six sides, depending on the project demand) to prevent the stones from absorbing too much water, prevent the water from the front of the stones or the underground water from seeping into the cement mortar under the stones, so as to prevent the alkaline metal ions of the cement mortar from seeping into the stones, causing white flowers.
two
The gap filling materials suitable for stone materials shall be selected and constructed according to the correct construction method.High quality caulking material and correct construction method can prevent white wattle at caulking place.
three
When mixing cement mortar, use low water cement ratio or add water reducer.Reducing excessive moisture can avoid the occurrence of white bloom.
four
Adding waterproof agent in the cement mortar can prevent metal ions from being dissolved by a large amount of water and seeping out of the stone surface to form white flowers.
five
Non polluting bone materials shall be selected, such as avoiding the use of sea sand with more calcium, magnesium and sodium plasma, and avoiding the use of underground water with more minerals as mixing water, so as to reduce the source of metal ions and reduce the occurrence rate of white flowers.
Measures that have formed Baihua:
Figure 2 Whitening of Stone
Professional stone cleaning agent can be selected, KL710Alkaline agentIt is mainly developed according to the characteristics of various whitening on the surface of ceramic tiles and stones, and can be used to clean ceramic tilesFair faced brick, clay products, natural stone andConcrete productsNatural white matter on the surface and white white matter (white matter) formed after unscientific cleaning.
The use of stone protectant after cleaning can prevent the occurrence of white wattle (efflorescence) again.
The white wattle (alkali efflorescence) phenomenon of stone is shown in Figure 2:
the way to distinguish
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choose
The quality of finished finished facing stones can be identified from the following four aspects:
One view, that is, visual observation of thesurface structure 。Generally speaking, uniformFine materialThe structural stone has a delicate texture, which is a good product of stone;Coarse grainandUnequal grain structureThe appearance of stone is poor.In addition, stoneGeological processThere are often some tiny cracks in the stone, and the stone is most likely to crack along these parts, which should be removed.As for the lack of edges and corners, it will affect the appearance, so attention should be paid to the selection.
The second measure is to measure the size and specification of the stone so as not to affect the splicing, or cause the distortion of the patterns, patterns and lines after splicing, which will affect the decoration effect.
Three listening means listening to the knocking sound of stones.Generally speaking, the knocking sound of high-quality stonesCrisp and pleasant；On the contrary, if there are slight cracks in the stone or the contact between particles becomes loose due to weathering, the knocking sound is rough and dumb.[1]
Four tests, that is, using simple test methods to check the quality of stone.Usually, a small particle of ink is dropped on the back of the stone. If the ink is quickly dispersed and leached everywhere, it indicates that the particles inside the stone are loose or there are gaps, and the quality of the stone is poor;On the contrary, if the ink drops in place, it indicates that the stone is of good quality.
proposal
1. Stone hasradioactivityPlease ask the dealer for the certificate of conformity when you purchase.Do not buy the products without certificates. At the same time, it should be noted that Class A products should be selected for home decoration.
2. In the selection of marble and granite, marble should be considered first. Under normal circumstances, the radioactivity of granite is greater than that of marble.
3. Generally, the stones should be considered as black, gray white, flesh red, green and red. From the perspective of radioactivity, the order is red>green>flesh red>gray white>white>black, basically in this order.
3.1 Bulk density and water absorption sample: the sample is 50mm longcubeOr 50mm in diameter and heightcylinder，Dimensional deviation±0.5mm。Five for each group.No crack is allowed on the sample.
3.2 Sample with true density and true porosity: take about 1000g of clean sample and crush it into particles less than 5mm;withQuarteringTo 150g, then use porcelainMortarGrind to pass 63 ° C?mStandard sievePowder.
4 Test steps
4.1 Bulk density and water absorption
4.1.1 Put the sample in a drying oven at 105 ℃± 2 ℃ to dry to constant weight. The difference between two consecutive times of mass is less than 0.02%, and then put it indryerModerately cool to room temperature.Weigh its mass (m0), accurate to 0.02g.
4.1.2 Soak the sample in 20 ℃± 2 ℃ distilled water for 48h and take it outWet towelWipe off the moisture on the sample surface.Immediately weigh its mass (m1) to the nearest 0.02g.
4.1.3 Immediately put the water saturated sample in the basket and immerse the basket and the sample together in 20 ℃± 2 ℃ distilled water, and weigh the sample in water (m2) (note that the bubbles attached to the basket and the sample must be carefully removed before weighing), accurate to 0.02g.
Industrial situation
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Industrial chain
Illustration of stone industry chain
The composition of China's stone industry chain, from mining to block trading to big board processing, can be collectively referred to as big board distribution, followed by processing of special-shaped products, processing of specification boardsOutsourcing procurementAnd then the distribution of engineering stone, which is collectively referred to as engineering stone design and processing, followed by stone installation andstone protection And finally, other related issues.
industrial development
In the past 20 to 30 yearsStone industryIt has developed rapidly.Since 1990, global stoneoutputandTrade volumeThe annual growth rate is 7.3% and 9.2% respectively, higher than that of other industries. The development of the whole stone industry is significantly faster than that of other industriesglobal economy Development of.
stayNew China was foundedBefore, there was no stone industry in China. After the founding of New China, China's stone industry began to start.
The number of stone products produced in China is increasing year by year. In 2007national economyContinuous, steady and rapid growth andRelated industriesDriven by rapid development, stonemarket demandSteady increase.In 2007, China exported 3427 million US dollars and 27.61 million tons of stone, an increase of 19.45% and 86.30% respectively over 2006;The import of stone materials reached 1.259 billion US dollars, 7.23 million tons, up 19.70% and 21.11% respectively compared with 2006.
January 2008-In August, China's building decoration stone mining industry above designated size achieved a cumulative totalTotal industrial output value17741979000 yuan, a year-on-year increase of 51.74%;Realize accumulationProduct sales revenue16725289000 yuan, an increase of 53.70% over the same period last year;Realize accumulationTotal profit1012762000 yuan, up 57.80% year on year.From January to August 2008, China's construction stone processing industry above designated size achieved a total industrial output value of 74116464000 yuan, an increase of 34.45% over the same period of the previous year;The accumulated product sales revenue was 69611911000 yuan, an increase of 34.80% over the same period of the previous year;The total accumulated profit was 4781862000 yuan, an increase of 28.67% over the same period of the previous year.
China's stone production is mainly distributed in Fujian, Guangdong and Shandong, three major stone production provinces, including Fujian and Shandong（Wulian County）Guangdong is a major province in raw material and processing production, while Guangdong is mainly engaged in the processing of imported stone materials. The above three provinces account for 85% of China's stone production, mainly marble and granite products.
The domestic consumption of stone in China is mainly divided into three parts, that is, for interior and exterior decoration of buildingsboard, which is the largest part of stone use;Secondly, building stone, including garden stone and engineering stone;Then there are stone carvings, stone works of art, tombstone products, etc.InsteadBuilding decoration stoneThe usage is the most.
China stone marketThe prosperity of and the increase in demand for stone have made international stone dealersInvest in ChinaThe domestic stone enterprises also integrate resources and actively participate in the competition in the domestic stone market. The Chinese stone market is moving towards the international stone market center.The Chinese stone market has become an indispensable force in the international stone market.In the near future, the world's stone production andTrade CentreWill be transferred from EuropeAsiaChina.
Driven by market demand, the development of China's stone industry grows at a double-digit rate every year.Domestic stone materials in the next few yearsconsumer demandStill thriving,Development speedIt will remain in double digits.After 2010, the development speed of Chinese stone will slow down, but stoneAnnual outputOfgrowth rateIt will still remain around 10%~15%.
market
With the peopleliving standardThe continuous improvement of stone has already entered the homes of ordinary people.It is widely used in floor paving, cabinet and furniture table decoration.centerexpand domestic demandAnd improve urban and rural areasFamily incomeUnder the guidance of the favorable policies ofConsumptionIt is expected to increase significantly and become a new profit growth point of the industry.The substantial growth of stone demand will drive the stone industry into the era of stone brand consumption.
After years of use and natural weathering, combined with improper artificial care, the natural color and brightness of stone will easily disappear, which is unacceptable;Redecoration costs too much and takes too long, andMarble renovationThe process is to use chemical and physical effects in a very short period of time to restore the original brightness through machine grinding and polishing on the original basis. The color is natural, and the brightness is 100%. It is economical and time-saving, and the service life is more than five years.
Price
Stone is made by squareCalculate priceThe prices of different kinds vary greatly.
According to stoneStone curtain wallGenerally, there are three kinds of thickness: 18mm, 25mm and 30mm. Take these three cases as an example to illustrate the process of calculating the material price: 1Stone blockTo be cut and processed into usable shape and thickness, 18mm,Sawn timberIf the joint is 8mm, 1000 ÷ (18+8)=38.46 square meters of raw material can be produced per cubic meter.2、 The price of raw materials is usually 6000 yuan/cubic meter,Large cutConsidering the cutting cost of 80 yuan/m2Cost priceIt is 6000 ÷ 38.46=156 yuan/㎡, and 156+80=236 yuan/㎡ after the cutting fee is added.3、 Stone plates are cut due to different specificationsUtilizationThe cost price is 236 ÷ 90%=262 yuan/㎡ considering the impact of cutting loss4、 Generally, stone manufacturers should consider profits ranging from 15% to 30%. If calculated by 15%, the manufacturer's quotation should be 262 ÷ 85%=308 yuan.5、 Stone freight 18mm stone 8 ～10 yuan/㎡, 25mm stone is 14-16 yuan/㎡, and 30mm stone is 18-23 yuan/㎡, all of which are considered to be loaded and unloaded at one time. The selection of high and low costs mainly depends on the distance between the project site and the processing site.For example, the price of 25mm stone is 1000 ÷ (25+8)=30.30 ㎡;6000 ÷ 30.30=198 yuan/㎡;198+80=278 yuan/㎡;278 ÷ 90%=309 yuan/㎡;309 ÷ 85%=363 yuan/㎡, after considering the freight, 363+14=377 yuan/㎡.For example, the price of 30mm stone is: 1000 ÷ (30+8)=26.31m2;6000 ÷ 26.31=228 yuan/㎡;228+80=308 yuan/㎡;308 ÷ 90%=342 yuan/㎡;342 ÷ 85%=402 yuan/㎡, 402+18=420 yuan/㎡ after considering freight
Mcm stone and tile, paint, flexible tile, stonealuminum composite panelCompared with traditional building materials, the advantages are quite obvious.The main table is as follows:
The second is security advantage.Completely overcomeceramic brick、MosaicAnd other potential safety hazards that are easy to fall off and hurt people.
The third isexpressivenessAdvantages.It can be shaped at will, breaking through the modeling limitations of traditional stones. The product has the integration ability of all building materials at all times and in all countries, and all kinds of natural stones can be quickly cloned!At the same time, it can realistically represent the texture and color of natural decorative materials, such as wood, leather, stone, brick, cloth, metal, etc., and can also create decorative textures and colors with distinctive colors according to the designer's ideas.
The fourth is the construction advantage.Especially when the old wall is reconstructed or the space is renovated, the original old tiles and mosaics can be directlyMCMThe stone is pasted on it.
The sixth is the advantage of environmental protection.The test results show that it can be completely recycled and reprocessed into new products or restored into soil for farming.
The flexibility of MCM stone is an advantage as well as a disadvantage of soft porcelain.Because of its softness, it gives people a safety guarantee. It will not be broken when it is hit or struck, but it will be scratched when it is scratched with a knife.
