Saponin is a kind of component with complex structure, which consists of saponin, sugarUronic acidOr other organic acids.Saponin is widely distributed in plant kingdom, both monocotyledon and dicotyledon.There are more and more reports about saponin poisoning.For example, kidney beans, also known as green beans, are a common food in China. Improper consumption of kidney beans can often cause poisoning, which is related to the fact that kidney beans contain a variety of anti nutrients. Saponin isAntinutrientsone of.[1]
According to the known molecular structure of sapogenin, saponins can be divided into two categories, one isSteroidSaponins, the other is triterpene saponins.Saponins are mostly white or milky whiteAmorphousPowder, a few of which are crystals, tastes bitter and spicy, and is irritating to mucous membrane.Saponins are generally soluble in water, methanol and dilute ethanol,SolubleIn hot water, hot methanol and hot ethanol, insoluble inEtherChloroform and benzene.saponinIs very strongsurface active agent , even if highly diluted, soap liquid can be formed.Saponins can stimulate the heart;It's also very stronghemolysisAgent.Often exists inFoxglove、Cotton jujubeAnd some legumes.
quality standard
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Index name
Superior products
Qualified products
Appearance White acicular crystalline powder
Melting point/C ≥ 198 ≥ 195
Moisture/% ≤ 0.5 ≤ 2
stink
No greasy smell
No greasy smell
purity
No more than slight turbidity
No more than slight turbidity
Alcohol insoluble matter/% ≤ 015 ≤0.25
purpose
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This product is mainly used as pharmaceutical raw material and is manufacturedCortisone、Testosterone，progesteroneandOral contraceptivesAnd more than 20 kinds of steroid hormones.It can also be used to make detergents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, preservatives, etc.
Preparation method
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After soaking the raw materials such as Sichuan Dilong and Huangjiang in waterDioscinDissolve the solution and pressurize it in the presence of sulfuric acidhydrolysis, neutralized, washed and dried.The product is extracted with 120 # gasoline, and then crystallized, centrifuged, filtered and dried to get the finished product.
technological process
The traditional production process of extracting saponins from Dioscorea zingiberensis is direct acid hydrolysis, which has been used for more than 30 years. The main problems are as follows:
1) When the raw material zingiber officinale is directly hydrolyzed, it is not completely hydrolyzed. The existence of a large amount of cellulose and starch interferes with the hydrolysis. The yield of saponin is low due to the low content of saponin in the dried semi-finished product;
2) The raw materials are directly washed with water for many times after hydrolysis, which leads to large water consumption, especially the loss of semi-finished products during washing;
3) Volatilization during drying of finished productsSolvent gasolineDirect emptying is unsafe and wasteful;
4) Wastewater discharge is large, a large number of by-products have not been utilized, environmental pollution is serious, and it is difficult to treat by conventional methods.Therefore, saponin production plants in Shaanxi Province, Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province, Hunan Province and Guizhou Province were forced to shut down.[2]
Security
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This product is non-toxic.With plastic bag liningCarton packaging。Store in a dry and ventilated place, heat proof, sun proof and moisture-proof.It shall be stored and transported as general chemical products.
application
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Soil leaching technology has become a research hotspot of contaminated soil remediation because of its stable treatment effect and strong operability.CBiosurfactantBecause of its low toxicity, easy biodegradation and other advantages, it is selected as a leaching agent and widely used in soil organic matter, heavy metals andRadionuclideRemoval of.The existing research results show that saponin has a good removal effect on a variety of metal ions.Li Zhenzhen et al. studied the leaching effect of saponins on rare earth elements in contaminated soil. The results showed that when the concentration of saponins was 25g/L, pH=5.5, the ratio of soil to liquid was 1:40 (the ratio of dry weight (g) of soil to the volume of leaching liquid (mL), the same below), and the leaching time was 6hLa、CeThe elution rates of K and Y were 58.05%, 57.78% and 64.43%, respectively.Zhang Zhongwen et al.: Taking tea saponin with concentration of 5% and pH=5.0 as eluent, the removal rates of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in brown soil were 7.88%, 40.09%, 46.92% and 4.17% respectively under the condition of 1:5 soil liquid ratio.
Saponin leaching radioactive Th in soil
1) Saponin as eluent has good removal effect on Th in contaminated soil.When the concentration of saponin is 2%, pH=5, and the ratio of soil to liquid is 1:40, shaking for 6 h, the removal effect of Th in contaminated soil tends to be stable, and the removal rate is 37.24%.Saponin has strong complexing ability to Th.
2) Quasi second order dynamic equation can better describe the leaching dynamic characteristics of saponin to Th. The order of the dynamic equation describing the leaching dynamic characteristics of saponin to Th in soil is quasi second order dynamic equation>Elovich equation>double constant equation quasi>parabolic equation>quasi first order dynamic equation.
3) Saponin has a great influence on the chemical form of Th in soil, and the form proportion of Th has little change after leaching;The contents of acid extractable state, oxidized bound state and organic bound state of thorium are greatly reduced, and the residual state content changes little.[3]
Commercial saponin
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It is white and amorphousGlucoside, has an unpleasant smell
Molecular structure of diosgenin
Irritating smell and taste, soluble in water.saponinIt can be used as emulsifierEmulsified grease。Soap and detergent can be made.It can be used as foam generating agent for fire extinguishers.Textile industry cleaner.Can also be used forsteroidSex hormone research.
Saponin
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Chemically synthesized saponin
The polycyclic compounds existing in the plant kingdom areLigandsOfGlycosideThe general name of.The ligand is calledSaponin ligand, sugar is usually composed ofD-glucose，D-galactose，L-arabinose, but also with methyl pentose andfurfuralServing as a component of sugar.majoritySaponinyesAmorphousPowder, soluble in water, methanol, hot dilute ethanol, insoluble in other organic substancesmenstruum。The aqueous solution has the property of continuous foaming and shows protectioncolloidThe nature of.It can be used as detergent, emulsifier and foaming agent.Although not easy to penetrate, it can improve the permeability of other substances to cell membranealcohols, alcoholsPhenolsCan formInsoluble compounds。Display as a common propertyhemolysiseffect.This is due to the fact thatred blood cellThe reason of cholesterol binding in.It also has mucous membrane irritation, and some also have diuretic effect,TriterpeneSaponins are widely distributed.beautifulhigh aspirationRoot, polygala rootChinese bellflowerRoots, rhizomes of liquorice, bark of Quillaja, etcSaponinIt is famous.Other knownSteroidThe systematic distribution of saponins is limited to Liliaceae, Potato Taro Family and Scrophulariaceae.Saponins from the roots of Smilax china LiliaceaeDigitalis leafInDigitalis saponinKeep himsaponinAnd various saponins, etc.
Its medicinal value should be in accordance with the doctor's advice
