There are eight clans in Baekje: the Sha clanYan's, Power (Music Association, xi é), XieTrue surname、Guoshi, the Mu family, and the Tan family (Yin Bo, b ó).BaekjeRuling classThey are Fuyu people, different from their lower class Korean people.Ruling in the southwest of the Korean PeninsulaSillaBe a neighbor.The capital of Weili City (now South KoreaSeoul Special City）Xiong Jincheng (now South KoreaZhongqing South RoadGongju ）、Sabi City (today's KoreaZhongqing South RoadFuyu County）。In 660 AD, the Tang Dynasty andSillaThe allied forces attacked Baiji, and Baiji perished.
The name of Baekje first appeared in Chinese history books《Romance of the Three Kingdoms·Wei Shu · Wu Wan Biography of Xianbei Dongyi wrote "Boji".[2]《Jin Shu》345 years recordedEastern Jin DynastyThe official of the King of Yan Feng Yu wrote that the King of YanMurong"Quli, Baiji, YuwenSegmentPeople of[3]It can be seen that by that time, its country name had been fixed as "Baiji".Established in 414Goguryeo In the stele of Hao Tai Wang, it was written as "Bai Can", which was regarded as Koguryo's contempt for Baiji.[4]
As for the meaning of "Baiji",Korean PeninsulaOfficial history《Samguk sagi 》Is the ancestor of BaekjeKing Wen ZuofromGoguryeo When he went south to establish the country, "with ten officials as the auxiliary wings", so he called it "Shiji". Later, Wen Zuo's brother, Boiliu Bu, came back and changed the name of the country to "Baiji" in the sense of "the people are happy to follow".[5]Chinese《Sui Shu》It is recorded that "at the beginning, hundreds of schools helped the sea, and the number of schools helped the sea".[6]
Whether it is "the people are happy to follow" or "a hundred schools help the sea", it is considered to be absorbed by the modern academic circlesCentral Plains CultureThe product of attaching a literal meaning later, asSillaThe country name of "Deye Rixin" is interpreted as "Deye Rixin", which is not enough to win trust.Scholars have different opinions about its semantics, mainly including the following views:
Scholars during the Korean Japanese OccupationLiang Zhu DongIt is believed that "Baekje" means "City of Light".[7]Democratic People's Republic of KoreaSome scholars think it is "the mountain of light".[8]
Du Shouxi, a Korean scholar, believes that "Baekje" is named after the ancestor "Onco", which is a combination of the translation of the decimal suffix "on" in Fuyu into the Chinese character "Bai" and the transliteration of "co" into the Chinese character "Ji".As for the meaning of "Baiji/Wenzuo", there is the word onco in Manchu, meaning generosity, while Fuyu language is closely related to Manchu, so it may mean "generosity" and "broadness".[9]
It is also believed that the word "Bai" in Baiji is connected with the word "Mo", because Fuyu originated from ancient timesMo people；"Ji" means "city".[7]
In addition, Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms《Samguk Yusa 》Recorded in 538Baiji Holy KingWhen the capital was moved to Sibi, it was renamed "Nanfuyu".[10]However, it is impossible to verify the actual use of the "Nanfuyu" national title by Baekje.《Imperial Rhythm》There are records of Baiji nicknames "Yingzhun" and "Luodou" in the middle of the book, whose meaning is unclear.[11]
Construction history
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The process of nation building
According to《Samguk sagi 》It is recorded that Baiji was founded in 18 BC, and Wenzuo GroupGoguryeo Go south to the Alishui River (i.e. Han River) basin and settle in Weili City (i.e. Seoul).But BaekjeThe Legend of Founding the People's RepublicThere are three versions:
one
The legend centered on Wen Zuo.Wen Zuo is the founder of KoguryoJumong fromBeifuyuEscape toMake up for the rest of the staffLater, he was the son born to the daughter of King Zuben. Later, Zhu Meng found his father in the north and became the crown prince. Wen Zuo went south with his brother Boiliu, settled down in the ceremony, established the country, and received the rest after Boiliu died.[5]
two
Legend centered on boiling flow.Boiling Stream is the King of BeifuyuXie FulouThe Shusun Youtai andZhaosinuAfter the death of Youtai, his son, lived in Zuben Fuyu and Zhu Meng was exiled in Zuben Fuyu. He called Xi Nu to remarry Zhu Meng to help him establish Koguryo. Later, Zhu Meng's eldest son, Tuoli, found his father and became the crown prince. Boil Liu took his mother to call Xi Nu and his brother, Wen Zuo, and led them south to settle in Mizouhu.[5]
three
"Chou Tai" recorded in Chinese history books.Baiji is Qiu Taizai, a descendant of Dongming (Zhu Meng), the ancestor of KoguryoDaifang CountyA country established in the former place, and married Liaodong Prefecture in the late Eastern Han DynastyGongsunduHis daughter is his wife.Later, Baiji built a temple to worship Chou Tai.[6][12]
Baekje Gai bittern kingupperNorthern Wei DynastyIt is also emphasized in the table that "courtiers and Gaoquliyuan come fromFu Yu”[13]Therefore, the Baiji royal family later took "Fuyu" as their surname.Its capital was first located in Hebei Weili City (now South KoreaSeoulNorth Han MountainOne belt), and soon moved to Henan Weili City (now Seoul, South KoreaSongpa-gu Olympic ParkInternalMengcun Tucheng, say Songpo District Fengna Tucheng).[14]
Baiji Monarch Lineage[15]
According to the Chinese《Romance of the Three Kingdoms·According to Wei Shu, Wu Wan, Biography of Xianbei DongyiMalaysia and South Korea54 One country“Boji”。[2]In other words, at first, Baekje was probably just a tribe in the Malaysian Korean tribal alliance, not a state power. The early monarchs of Baekje also belonged to tribal chiefs.The development of Baekje is based on the bronze ware of the Han River basinIron cultureOn this basis, expand agricultural productivity, and make use of the advantages of the Han River to connect land and seageographical positionTo grow up.Since then, Baekje has grown in two directions.One is to strengthen the internal influence of the Malaysia South Korea tribal alliance, which is achieved through the appointment of regional forces to "right auxiliary", "left auxiliary" and other official positions;The other is to resist external pressure and expand territory.At that time, the external forces restricting Baekje's growth wereCentral Plains DynastyThe prefectures and counties set up in the Korean Peninsula and the forces of "Wei Ren" (in the《Samguk sagi 》"Mohe").Baekje has grown in the process of fighting against them.[14]
In 246 AD, due to the problem of dividing the eight "states" of Chen and Han, there was a war between Ma and Han and WeiBanded squareprefectGong ZunHe died in the war, but finally ended in the defeat of the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea, which weakened the position of the main ally of the alliance, the "country" (also known as the "month country").Baekje took advantage of this situation and replaced it with eye support, becoming the new leader of the alliance between Malaysia and South Korea.This period isKing Gulreign.King Gul joined forces with surrounding forces to expand northward to present-day KoreaLichengjiang, expanding eastward to today's South KoreaChunchuan, expanding southward to what is now Ancheng and Chenghuan in South Korea, and reaching the Yellow Sea in the west, laying the foundation for the early territory of Baekje.At the same time, set up "Left General" to control the military power;Set "Zuo Ping", supervisorAristocratic meeting, thus enhancing the monarch's position.It also issued an "injunction" to build an official system based on the official rank of "rate" and the official rank of "virtue", trying to establish a ruling system.So far, Baekje has initially taken on the form of state power.[14]
Seoul era
At the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century, it happened in the Western Jin DynastyRebellion of the Eight Kings, leading tofifth century invasion of China by northern nomadsThe control of the Central Plains Dynasty over the border was greatly weakened.Baiji seizes the opportunity to attackJin dynastyLelang County, but both failed, two monarchs（Responsible and responsible king、Fenxi King）So he was killed.Then,King Xiao GuPrimaryKing BiliuHe succeeded to the throne and worked hard to strengthen the national strength. At the same time, he calmed down the rebellion caused by his younger brother Youfu, and combined with the Zhenshi forces to consolidate the political foundation.[14]
In 344, King Biliu died and passed by the son of King FenxiKing QiThe temporary rule of King BiliuFuyu sentenceSuccession is forKing Geunchogo , he married the princess of Zhen family, and later came toKing Ashen, Baiji monarchs were all married to the Zhen family.During the reign of King Xiao Gu in recent years, the official system was unified, the local administrative organization named "Danglu" was divided and set up, and local officials were dispatched, which was called "Danglu system", thus strengthening thecentralizationHe also ordered the doctor to be happy to compile the Secretary, thereby extending the authority of the royal family and establishing legitimacy.On the basis of consolidating internal affairs, King Xiao Gu began to expand abroad, and extended his influence toJiayaoArea, trade with Japanese;On the other hand, they conquered the remaining tribes of Malaysia and South KoreaRongshan RiverWatershed are included in the map.At this time, Koguryo was heading south to annex Lelang County, renamed asPyongyangIn recent years, King Xiao Gu competed with Koguryo and broke down in Pyongyang in 371The former king of the old countryThe Koguryo Army led by the former king of the former country died in battle, and the northern boundary of Baekje also expanded to Shuigucheng (today's North Road of the Yellow Sea in KoreaXinxi County）。On the other hand, King Xiao and ChinaEastern Jin DynastyGet in touch, pay tribute by Chengchen, get“Zhendong GeneralLinglelang Prefecture ".[14]
The image of Baiji people in the Painting of Tribute Painted by Xiao Yi, Emperor Yuan of Liang Dynasty
In 375, King Xiao Gu died recently,Near Qiu Shouwang(Fuyu must)King of occipital flowSuccession.In 384, Baekje introduced Buddhism from the Eastern Jin Dynasty and later became the national religion of Baekje.In 385, the king died. The prince was young, and his younger brother helped Yuhui to take the throneChensi King, and was awarded the title ofTo hold a knot, Governor, Zhendong General, Baiji King.In 392, King Chensi died, and the crown prince of Zhiliu ascended the throne (one said that he united the Japanese to take back the throne from his uncle), in order toKing Ashen。Due to the internal instability of Baekje, the new king of KoguryoGood Tai WangMaking great efforts to govern, Baekje began to lose the competition with Koguryo, and was unable to suppress the emerging forces in the eastSilla。In 396, 58 cities and 700 villages of Baekje were occupied by Koguryo, and the territory north of the Han River was completely lost. King Ashen was forced to submit to Koguryo and sent his younger brother and ministers to Koguryo as hostages.In 405, King Asin died, and there was a dispute for the throne. The crown prince Fuyu Ying (or Fuyu Gui) was taking hostage in Japan, Wang DiDish giftHe usurped the throne and was killed soon. Fuyu Ying was set up as king forTo thrust out a king。As Xie Zhong made great contributions to the battle for the throne, the Jie family replaced the Zhen family and became the marriage object of the Baiji monarch.Xie established and monopolized the position of "Shangzuo Ping", and held real power.After thatKing Jiuersin、Piyou King(Fu Yupi) For two generations, the national power of Baekje did not improve, while Koguryo moved its capital to Pyongyang in 427, putting great pressure on Baekje.So Baekje reconciled with Silla and formed an alliance in 434 to cope with the pressure of the southward shift of the focus of Koguryo;On the other hand, he strengthened exchanges with the Southern Dynasties, and in 450, he asked Liu Song for a waist crossbow to strengthen armaments.[14]
In 455, when the black dragon appeared in the Han River, King Piyou died immediately, and his son Fu Yuqing ascended the throne forGai bittern king。During the period of King Gai halogen, he recaptured the royal power from the nobility headed by the Xie family, who held the real power, and overhauled the palace and royal tombs to strengthen the authority of the monarch.The Southern Dynasty's one-sided policy was changedforeign policy, send envoysNorthern Wei Dynasty, asked for a crusade against Koguryo, and tried to use the Northern Wei Dynasty to fight against Koguryo.However, King Gai's policy of strengthening the autocratic monarchy triggered resistance from the nobility, and the large-scale construction also exhausted the finance of Baekje. The Northern Wei Dynasty did not help Baekje attack Koguryo.475,Koguryo longevity kingHe led 30000 troops in a crusade against Baekje, occupied the capital of Seoul, and killed King Gai.Baiji was forced to move its capitalXiongjin(Today, South KoreaZhongqing South RoadGongzhou）, entering a new historical stage.[14]
Xiongjin Era
The Baiji Crown Unearthed from the Wuling Mausoleum
Before Koguryo captured Seoul, Moudu, Fuyu, the son of King Gai, was going to Silla to ask for reinforcements. By the time 10000 reinforcements arrived, Seoul had been lost and King Gai was dead.So Mu Du ascended the throne under the assistant minister of Mu Gan Manzhi and Zu Mijie, in order toKing of Wen ZhouAt the same time, the capital was moved to Xiongjin.But Baekje still failed to gain stability. In 477, the military officer Zuo Ping killed King Wen and the young son of King Li WenThree jin KingBu Jiude and his elders calmed down the rebellion of revenge.In 479, King Sanjin died, and the real old man stood inUe-kok Fuyu Mouda (son of Kunzhi, younger brother of King Wenzhou) is the king ofEast City King。The king of the east city married the daughter of Silla, and strengthened the alliance with SillaYan'sThe, 苩苩苩苩 family was introduced into the central government, thus curbing the old nobles such as Zhen, Xie and Mu.Strengthening andNanqiHe was appointed as the envoy of integrity, the governor of all military affairsZhendong Grand General, King Baekje.[14]
In the later period of Dongcheng King, the old and new political forces clashed in the court.In 501, the guard Zoping Yuga sent people to assassinate the king of Dongcheng.Later, the brother of Dongcheng King's different mother (the second son in the History of the Three Kingdoms) helped Yulong to succeed to the throne, in order toKing Wuning。Wang Wuning calmed down the rebellion and stabilized the royal power.At the same time, he ordered the tourists to return to agriculture, actively developed the Jinjiang River basin and Rongshan River basin, improved people's livelihood, and sent the royal children to "Danlu" to strengthen the rule of the local.They attacked Koguryo, paid tribute to Nanliang, and won the title of "Ningdong Grand General".With the efforts of King Wuning, Baekje, which was hit hard by the fall of Seoul, was revived.[14]
In 523, King Wuning died, and Fuyu Mingguo succeeded to the throne as the Holy King (or the Holy King).When he was in office, he planned to move the capital again.Although Xiongjin is able to resist Koguryo, he is too small to be the capital, so he looks at the plain along the Jinjiang River——Sabi (Today, South Chung Ching Road, South KoreaFuyu County）。With the support of the Sibi Haozu Sha family and the old aristocrat Mu family in Seoul, the Saint King established the capital in Sibi, and moved the capital here in 538. The history of Baekje entered againNew stage。[14]
Sibi era
After the capital was moved to Sibi, the Holy King carried out reform, established an official system consisting of 16 ranks and 22 divisions in the central government, and divided the capital into five divisions, each of which hasFive alleys, YesLocal systemReform was also carried out to divide the country into five parts, with counties and cities under it, strengthening the centralization of power.At the same time, Buddhism was greatly promoted and introduced into Japan.At this time, the northern part of Koguryo was under the pressure of Turks, and the national situation was much worse than before. The Holy King joined hands with Silla, attacked and defeated Koguryo in 551, and recovered the lower reaches of the Han River. Silla gained the upper reaches of the Han River.However, Silla looked at Sichuan, tore up its alliance with Baiji, and occupied the lower reaches of the Han River.In 554, Saint King invaded Silla in personWochuan County）Encountered an ambush and was captured. In addition, 4 Zuoping were captured, 30000 soldiers died in battle, and Baekje suffered heavy losses.[14]
The prince Fuyuchang, who went out with the Holy King, regained his life and became kingKing WideHowever, due to the disastrous defeat of Guanshan City, the royal power was limited, and the power was transferred to the "Eight Families" of Sha, Yan, Xie, Zhen, etcControl"Six Zooping Conference".After the death of King Wide, King Hui and King Fa, the powerful nobles came to visitYishanThe declining royal family who made a living by picking potatoesFuyu ZhangTo be king is to be king Wu.During the reign of King Wu, he restored part of his royal power and national strength, and in 624, he occupied Silla Suho City (now South Gyeongsang Road, South KoreaXianyang County）And other 6 cities, and vigorously operated Yishan area, planned to move the capital to Yishan, but failed to do so due to the opposition of the nobility.At the end of the reign of King Wu, he began to indulge his emotions. His trusted followers began to exercise power, and the government became increasingly corrupt.[14]
The demise of the country
Baiji censer
In 641,King of BaekjeDeath,crown princeBenevolenceEnthronement.During his reign, he vigorously strengthened the royal power and exiled more than 40 nobles, including Neizuo Pingqiwei, who opposed his accession to the throne.In 642, he personally invaded Silla, captured more than 40 cities including Macaque City, and sent General Yunzhong to occupy Daye City, an important city in the west of Silla (today's Gyeongsang South Road, South KoreaShanchuan County）And revitalize the national momentum.butKing of CharityAfter more than ten years in office, he gradually became dissolute and corrupt, favored and trusted such villains as Engu, and imprisoned Zuo Ping Chengzhong who was outspoken.On the other hand, King Yici fought with Silla for years and kept close relations with Koguryo and the Japanese state, but gradually alienated from the Tang Dynasty. Silla took the opportunity to pull in the relationship with the Tang Dynasty and asked the Tang Dynasty to send troops to destroy Baiji.After repeatedly persuading Baiji not to attack Silla, the Tang Dynasty ended up in 659Tang GaozongsendSu DingfangLed 130000 troops to the east to Baiji, and Silla also sent 50000 troops to assist in the war.Kindness King SectGyebaek He led 5000 elite soldiers to stop the Silla Army, and fought several bloody battles with the Silla Army in Huangshan, which was eventually defeated.[14]In the face of the overwhelming trend of the Tang and Luo allied forces, the King of Charity and the Crown Prince Fuyu fled to the old capital Xiongjin City in the north,JulyOn the 18th, he was delivered toTang JunThe camp surrendered, and Baekje perished.Nearly 13000 people of the Baiji royal family and officials led by King Yici were captured and sent to the Tang Dynasty to offer victory. The former place of Baiji was divided into Xiongjin, Mahan, Dongming, JinlianDe'anFivegovernor's office。[16-17]
After the destruction of Baekje by the Tang and Luo allied forces, the soldiers plundered and aroused the resistance of Baekje adherents, soBaekje Restoration MovementRising and sweeping more than 200 cities, the representative leaders are ZhengwuDelayed acceptance、Black Teeth、Ghost Room Fortune Letter, Daochen, etc.Among them, the Ghost Room Fu Xin welcomed the son of the King of Charity from JapanFuyufeng, Yong Li became the king, once so powerful that Tang Luo allied forces could only retreat to several isolated strongholds.But soon, the ghost room Fuxin and Daochen fought with each other. First, the ghost room Fuxin killed Daochen, then Fuyu Feng killed the ghost room Fuxin, which greatly damaged their strength. Tang Jun also killed Daochen in 663Battle of Baekgang China defeated the Japanese army that came to aid Baiji, Fuyu Feng, who occupied Zhou Liucheng, and Chi Shouxin, who occupied Ren Cuncheng, both fled to Koguryo, and a large number of Baiji adherents fled to Japan.In 671, the old place of Baekje was incorporated into Silla.In the year of 900, the local tyrant of SillaZhen XuanestablishPost Baekje, but it has nothing to do with the state of Baekje of the Fuyu family.[14]
territory
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Territorial scope
The birthplace of Baekje is in today's South KoreaHanjiang RiverDownstream, after the formation of state power in the middle of the 3rd century, it began to expand and annex other tribes in Malaysia and South Korea. By the middle of the 4th century, during the reign of King Xiao Gu, it had unified the various ministries of Malaysia and South Korea, and established the basic scope of Baekje territory, that is, from the north toNorth Han Mountain, arriving from the eastXiaobai Mountains, west and south to the sea, including today's South KoreaGyeonggi doMostly, Quanluonan, BeidaoZhongqing South RoadAll andZhongqing North RoadOne.In the late 4th century, it once expanded northward to Shuigucheng (today's KoreaHuanghai North RoadXinxi County）However, it was quickly captured by Koguryo and retreated to the Han River basin.After Koguryo occupied Weili City (Seoul) in 475, the northern boundary of Baekje shrank sharply again, losing the area of Gyeonggi do in South Korea today.The lower reaches of the Han River were recovered in 551, but were captured by Silla two years later.Since then, Baekje and Silla have repeatedly struggled. Baekje has been advancing in the east, and in 642, it occupied Daye City, the western gateway of Silla (today's South Gyeongsang Road, South KoreaShanchuan County）, nibbling todayLuodong RiverMidstream and downstreamQingshang South RoadRegion（JiayaoHowever, the lower reaches of the Han River cannot be recovered in the north.[14]
administrative division
Baekjeadministrative divisionIt started in the middle of the 4th century, during the reign of King Xiao GuAdministrative unitIt is "Tanlu", with a number of about 50. The King of Baekje sent the royal family or nobles to each "Tanlu", replacing the former chiefs of the "countries" of Malaysia and South Korea to rule the place.538 yearsBaiji Holy KingAfter the capital was moved to Sibi, the administrative division of Baiji was transformed into a three-tier system of square county city (county), which divided the country into five parts: east, west, south, north and middle. Fangcheng was set up as the center of one side.The chief of Fang is Fang Ling, who is appointed by a person with high rank, and the deputy is Fang Zuo.The five aspects of Baekje are as follows:
Party name
Fangcheng
position
China
Gusha City
Gufu, Jeollabuk, South Korea
east
De'an City
South Doungjin, Chungching, South Korea
south
I have known for a long time that I will go down to the city
Gwangju, South Korea
occident
Daoxian City
Daxing, Chung Ching South Road, South Korea
north
Xiong Jincheng
Chung Ching nam do kyongju, South Korea
There are 37 counties under Fang, and each county has 3 county generals, who are led by officials.There are about 200-250 small towns and counties under the county, and the officials are called "Taoist envoys".At the end of Baekje, Wufang was renamed Wubu.[14]
Politics
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Political system
BaekjePolitical systemWith the countryDevelopment stageAnd change.In the third century, Baekje gradually formedState powerAt the same time, we set up the Left Auxiliary and the Right Auxiliary, established the five part system, andMalaysia and South KoreaThe chiefs of the "countries" were transformed into central nobles.King GulIt also set up the post of "Zuo Ping" to assist the king, and established the rank of "rate" department and "virtue" department.However, because the King of Baekje could not completely control the power of each department, a dual system of official positions directly under the king and the head of each department was formed.[14]
By the middle of the 4th centuryKing Geunchogo At that time, the dual system was unified, and the king as the apexCentralization。The specific approach is to establish Zuo Ping as the head of a hundred officials similar to the prime minister of China, and divide the official ranks of the "rate" department and the "virtue" department into five, and then add Zuo Jun, Zhenwu, and Keyu.Chen knew that Wang Shishi had set up "Zuo Ping", and the position of Zuo Ping began to split.By the middle of the sixth century, 16 official ranks had been formally formed, namely, Zuo Ping, Da Du, En Du, De Du, Ai Du, Nan Du, Jiang De, Shi De, Gu De, Ji De, Zuo De, Wen Du, Wu Du, Zuo Jun, Zhen Wu, Ke Yu. They were distinguished by their crowns and colors, from first class Zuo Ping to sixth class Nai Du wearing purple clothes, seventh class general De to eleventh class general De wearing black clothes, and twelfth class below wearing blue clothes.The crown of the king is decorated with gold flowers, while those above Nai Li are decorated with silver flowers.At the same time, Baekje has also formed 22 official systems, whose names and functions are as follows:
distinguish
name
function
distinguish
name
function
Internal official
Front interior
The king ordered the cashier and the king's attendants
Foreign officials
Department of Military Affairs
Internal and external soldiers and horses
Valley Department
Management of grain and royal land
Situ Department
Education and etiquette
Meaty part
Manage meat and royal pastures
Air Force Department
Management of civil engineering and service
Internal Capital Department
Manage Royal Warehouse
Sko Department
Penalty and justice
Foreign Capital Department
Manage national warehouse
Point mouth
Management account
Horse Department
Manage the Imperial Horse
Customer department
Responsible for diplomacy
Cutterhead
Managing weapons
Circumcision
Responsible for bureaucratic personnel
Merit Department
Manage Buddhist temples
Silk department
Fabric manufacturing, tribute cashier
Pharmaceutical Department
Royal medicine, pharmacy
Japanese Ministry of Government
Astronomy and astrology
Xylem
Civil engineering and construction
Ministry of Metropolitan Affairs
Market, transaction and capital management
Board of Justice
Responsible for etiquette and royal management
-
-
Harem
Manage the King's harem
-
-
Twenty two departments are composed of twelve internal officials andForeign officialsTen components,chiefIt is called Chang Shi or Zhai Guan Chang, and it is replaced every three years. Each ministry has "divisions" under it.In addition, there areDoctor Wujing, Dr. Wa, Dr. Lupan, etc., as well as the positions of Long Shi, Sima, and joining the army, which mainly appear in the diplomacy with China.Baekje also has kings, marquises, generals and other titles, such as King Achor, Lord ForsyouConsul General、Champion General、Auxiliary generalandZuo Xian Wang、Youxian KingHowever, the specific system of Baekje's knighthood is unknown due to the lack of historical records.[14]
Political operation
The political operation of Baekje has always taken the form of aristocratic collegiate, which is determined byTribal allianceThe chieftain meeting of the period developed.In the middle of the third century, after Baekje formed the state power, it was a meeting of leaders, with Zuo Ping as the Speaker and the nobility as the members, to decide the national affairs.In the middle of the 4th century, it was changed into a meeting of ministers, and in the middle of the 6th century, the system of six Zuoping meetings was established. The six Zuoping meetings are:
Neichen Zuoping: Responsible for Wang Ming's cashier;
Inner head zoping: Responsible for finance;
Nefazopine: Responsible for diplomacy and etiquette;
Guard Zoping: Responsible for the palace guards;
Zuo Ping of the Imperial Court: Responsible for the prison;
Military officer Zuo Ping: Responsible for internal and external troops.[14]
Economics
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At the beginning of Baekje's founding, it began to use iron farm tools and civil engineering tools. With the development of agricultural productivity, private ownership also made progress.The collective ownership of cultivated land died out, gradually forming a private ownership of land.
In terms of the type of land control, the land controlled by the upper privileged class includes the land directly under the state, the royal family, the land granted to the nobility, and the temple land.In addition, there are food towns given to the great nobles.The hunting land, Xihai Big Island (Jianghua Island), Hengyue, etc. were directly under the king.
The monastery became a large landowner under the patronage of the royal family and nobility.In addition to their own land, the nobles were granted land leases or food estates for special contributions, or owned large land by reclaiming new land.
On the other hand, the land controlled by farmers has small-scale cultivated land owned by farmers alone.Improve soil quality and reduce labor force through cattle farming.As a result, the agricultural management mode also presents the agricultural management trend of taking small farmers as the center from the collective mode that consumes a lot of labor.Individual farmers developed into agricultural management units, which promoted the land ownership of individual farmers and led to the differentiation of farmers into different levels.
However, these farmers' cultivated land has become the target of various plunder and occupation by the aristocratic class.In addition, farmers who lost their land due to frequent war mobilization either became slaves or cultivated other people's farmland (servants).Land cultivation is mainly carried out by free farmers with small-scale farmland, and it is estimated that slave labor is also involved.
Land use is related to the improvement of productivity.In order to increase production capacity, Baiji encourages the use of iron farm tools, promotes cattle farming, and further improves water conservancy and irrigation facilities.It can be seen from the excavation of the Bronze Age reservoir in Zhutian, Andong that the water conservancy irrigation facilities were built from the Bronze Age.Therefore, the water conservancy facilities seen in the early records of the Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms can be said to be small-scale levees.Baiji officially began to build water levees, which can be said to start from the Golden Dike and Bigu Dike built around the first half of the 4th century.In the 6th century, King Wuning overhauled the national water levees to expand the economic base.The masonry of water lifting can not only supply water to many paddy fields, but also supply water in dry season, bringing a breakthrough in productivity improvement.[14]
