Aedes albopictus is an insect of Aedes diptera family,[10]It is also called black and white mosquito, flower mosquito, etc.[11]The female mosquito is medium and black;The midthorax shield has a white longitudinal strip, which is usually gradually tapered at the rear and bifurcates in front of the small shield;There is a cluster of broad white scales on both sides of the shield in front of the wing base, and the shield horn has no scale cluster;The scales on the anterior and posterior segments of the thorax and the anterior and upper segments of the wing are not connected into a vertical line, and the scales on the ventral and lateral plates of the midthorax are obviously separated from those on the posterior segments;The tarsal segment of the foot has a white ring at the base, and the tarsal segment 5 is completely or mostly white;Scutellum 3-lobed with white scales;Abdominal segments 2-6, dorsal plate with basal leucorrhea.The dorsal plate of male mosquito ventral segment 9 is in the shape of a mountain, with a protuberance in the center.[10]
Aedes albopictus originated in Southeast Asia and has spread to tropical, subtropical and temperate regions around the world.It is widely distributed in China and found in most areas south of Liaoning and east of Shaanxi.[12]Female mosquitoes feed on vertebrate blood, plant juice and nectar.Male mosquitoes only feed on plant juice and nectar.Larvae are saprophagous.[11]Under laboratory conditions (28 ℃), it only takes about a week for eggs to hatch into adults.[13]
Aedes albopictus is the secondary vector of dengue fever and chikungunya disease in Southeast Asia and one of the main vectors of dengue fever in China.Japanese encephalitis virus was isolated from this mosquito in China, which may be one of the transmission vectors of Japanese encephalitis in some areas.The experimental infection carried out abroad in China has proved that it can also spread yellow fever, West equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and other viral diseases.Therefore, Aedes albopictus is one of the key control targets in the world.[13]
Chinese name
Aedes albopictus
Latin name
Aedes albopictus
Alias
Asian tiger mosquito, piebald mosquito, piebald mosquito
Aedes albopictus originated in Asia and then spread to more than 70 countries around the world.[3]
Europe:The earliest record of Aedes albopictus in Europe was in 1979AlbaniaAedes albopictus was found for the first time, and then in most European countries, including France, Germany, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, Spain, the Netherlands, Greece, etc.Research in 2012 showed that Aedes albopictus was found in Russia for the first time.As of 2013, Austria and Portugal are European countries where Aedes albopictus has not been found.[3]
Americas:On August 2, 1985, Aedes albopictus was found in the Harris mosquito control area in Houston, Texas, the United States. This is the first time that this mosquito species was found in the United States, and also the first time that Aedes albopictus was found in the entire Americas.Since then, the mosquito has rapidly expanded to the eastern part of the United States.By 1999, 25 states in the United States had confirmed the population of Aedes albopictus.On the contrary, the expansion of Aedes albopictus to the west and north of the United States is relatively slow. On the one hand, the cold climate in the north is not suitable for the survival of Aedes albopictus;On the other hand, because the climate in the western United States is dry, it is not suitable for the mosquito to live.By 2012, Aedes albopictus had spread from its origin in southern Texas to New Jersey and Chicago, Illinois, about 14 ° across the latitude.[3]
Africa:Africa in South Africa in 1991Cape DownA live larva of Aedes albopictus was found for the first time, which was found in old tires imported from Japan. It is speculated that Aedes albopictus may already exist in many parts of Africa but has not been found.In the same year, a yellow fever pandemic occurred in Delta State, Nigeria. It was found in the investigation of related disease vectors that Aedes albopictus had propagated in Africa.In November 2001, the habitat of Aedes albopictus was found in artificial utensils on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, West Africa.In March 2007, a malaria transmission survey showed that Aedes albopictusGabonIt was found in Libreville and Estuaire provinces.[3]
morphological character
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Identification characteristics:Aedes albopictusadultThe shield has a silvery white longitudinal strip in the center, and a silvery white wide scale cluster in front of the wing base.larvaCtenoid base with fringe;Incomplete tail saddle;Abdominal hairs 1 - Ⅶ usually have four branches, and 2 - Ⅶ usually have a single branch.[8]
adult
Female mosquito
Aedes albopictus - morphological characteristics of each part
Small to Mediummosquito。The head scales are typical.The beak is slightly longer than the front thigh, dark brown.The tentacles are about 1/5 of the beak length, black, and the end is silvery white on the back.Both the front and back of the chest have silver white broad scales, and the top of the back has brown narrow scales.There is a central longitudinal strip formed by a silver white narrow scale on the midthoracic shield, the front end of which extends backward and is slightly finely cut, and forks in front of the small shield. Some break off before the bifurcation. There is a pair of white sub short midlines on both sides of the bifurcation.There are some white narrow scales on the wing base, the small scutellum is covered with silver wide scales, and the end of the middle leaf has black wide scales.The lateral part is flat covered with white and wide scales.There are subvalvular scales, no posterior and infravalvular scales.The wing scales are uniformly dark brown, and there is only a white spot at the base of the front vein.The nodules of the balance bar have black scales.The feet are dark brown to black, and each thigh joint has obvious white spots on the knee. The ventral surface and the back of the front and middle thigh have white areas of varying degrees. Three quarters of the front base of the rear thigh has wide white longitudinal strips, and the more toward the base, the wider the white area is. The white area behind is shorter, usually accounting for about half of the base of the whole joint.The tarsal segment 1-4 of the hind foot has a white base ring, and the tarsal segment 5 is completely white or mostly white.There are light longitudinal strips on the ventral surface of the anterior tibia;The middle shin is covered with pale scales.There are basal white rings or white spots in 1-2 anterior tarsal segments;The posterior tarsal segment 1-4 has a wide white ring, and segment 5 is completely white.Back panel black, section ILateral dorsumFlakes covered with white scales;There are basal leucorrhea and lateral leukoplakia in nodes Ⅱ - Ⅶ. Both ends of the basal band are widened, but they are not connected with the lateral spots.All or most of the webs of section II - III are white;Section VI - V web is black and has wide base white band;Section VI web has subunit leucorrhea;The web of Section VII is black with only a few white scales on its sides.[8]
TentacleIt is slightly longer than the beak, and 2-5 nodes have basic white rings or white spots.The dorsal plates of ventral segment II and VII have only lateral spots and no basal leucorrhea. Some of the dorsal plates of segment II have white scales in the center of the basal part, and most of the ventral plates of segment VIII are white.The dorsal plate of ventral segment Ⅸ is mountain like, with a central protuberance of varying degrees, and the lateral leaves are far away, each with 4-8 bristles;The web of Section IX is long and wide, bow shaped, without special bristles.The length of the clasp base is about 2.5 times the width, and there is a piece of more than 10 bristles in the inner region of the dorsal base.The end segment of the clasp is slightly shorter than the base segment, the end is slightly expanded, and there are a few fine bristles;Finger claw is at the end.The small clasp is developed, with many bristles on the swollen part, the width of the ventral surface, the longest end angle, and the curved end.[8]
antennaLess than 1/2 length of the end;Position 1-A is near the center.Head hairs 1-C finely curved, 4-C small and branched, 5-C usually single, occasionally branched;6-C single branch or branched far from the base, occasionally 3-branched;7-C is divided into 2-3 branches;These hairs usually have thin lateral awns.[8]
The degree of development of chest hair and belly hair, including branches and length, has a large individual variation, and some bristles are thick and nearly star shaped.Abdominal hairs 1 - Ⅶ usually have 3-4 branches, not more than 2.5 times the length of 5 - Ⅶ;2 - Ⅶ usually single (1-3) branch.Pectin toothThere are only 6-10 slits at the base, arranged in a neat single line.The respiratory tube has no basal process, the index is 2.0-2.5, the length is 2.2-2.6 times of the basal width, and 2.8-3.3 times of the length of the caudal saddle;There are 5-16 comb teeth, usually 8-12, most of which have 2 lateral teeth;The 1-S position is near the center of the tube, with 2-4 branches.Incomplete tail saddle;Abdominal hairs 1-X have 2-3 branches, with fine pinnate lateral branches;2-X has two branches, one of which is slightly shorter;3-X single branch;4-X8 strains, all located in the grid area.The anal gill is significantly longer than the caudal saddle, sausage shaped.[8]
Habitat environment
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As a semi domestic mosquito species, Aedes albopictus can breed in a variety of habitats, mainly in artificial and plant containers, as well as stone caves, mortar, stone trough and cement land where rainwater accumulates.Artificial containers include household goods or wastes inside and outside the house and around the house, such as jars, cans, pots, pickle beds, flower vases, broken bottles, cans, waste tires, etc.Plant containers mainly refer to accumulated water in bamboo tubes, leaf axils, tree holes, coconut shells, etc.In some areas of southern China, water accumulated in bamboo tubes in bamboo forests is a common egg laying place for Aedes albopictus.[2]
Aedes albopictus usually inhabits around breeding grounds.They often like to live in dark and sheltered areas, such as indoor bedrooms, living rooms, kitchen pools, cupboards and clothes hung with sweat stains, grass, bamboo forests, grape stands, tank walls and pig pens around houses, air raid shelters, tree holes, bushes and grass in the wild, pools and sinks near the water surface, dark storage and other places;In bamboo forests, tree holes and other wild breeding places, Aedes albopictus mostly lives under nearby grass and plant leaves.The temperature, humidity, light and other conditions in these places are more suitable for Aedes albopictus to complete the reproductive nutrition cycle after blood feeding.[5]
Ecological habits
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Aedes albopictusComplete metamorphosisThe life cycle of these insects includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult.Eggs, larvae and pupae all grow in water, and adults live on land.[4]
Vampire habit
Aedes albopictus - life history
Female mosquitoes tend to suck human blood, mostly attacking people outdoors, but also biting blood suckers indoors.[6]
Aedes albopictus has blood sucking phenomenon throughout the day, and the peak activity usually occurs 1-2 hours before sunrise and 2-3 hours before sunset in the morning. Usually, the peak in the latter period is more obvious than that in the previous period.In addition, this mosquito also has the characteristic of multiple blood sucking, and the rate of multiple blood sucking increases with time. This biological characteristic has important epidemiological significance for the transmission of dengue virus.[5]
The United States has studied the blood sucking habits of Aedes albopictus. The results show that this mosquito mainly feeds on the blood of mammals and birds, and its host animals are wide;The identification of blood source of mosquitoes captured in the field shows that 64.0% of them are mammalian blood, 16.9% of them are bird blood, 15.7% of them are rabbit blood, and only 5.2% of them are human blood. However, some studies also believe that the blood sucking habits of Aedes albopictus to animals are related to the host supply.All this shows that dengue virus is completely possible to spread between people and these animals.[4]
Seasonal fluctuation
The seasonal fluctuation of the larvae and adults of Aedes albopictus is closely related to the temperature and rainfall in various regions.Due to the difference in temperature and rainfall between north and south China, the emergence time and seasonal fluctuation of this mosquito in early spring are different:
In Beijing, larvae appear in the first ten days of May and adults appear in the middle ten days of May;
Larvae were found in March and adults in late April in Chengdu and Shanghai of the Yangtze River Basin;
The larvae of Fujian Province in subtropical regions can breed all year round, and adults appear in late March;
In tropical Hainan Island, adults and larvae can breed or reproduce all year round.[5]
It can be seen that with the increase of latitude and the decrease of temperature, the emergence of larvae and adults of Aedes albopictus will be postponed.[5]
Overwintering habits
China spans four climatic zones, and the temperature difference between north and south is great. Therefore, Aedes albopictus winters differently in different regions due to climate differences.[5]
According to the survival of larvae:
The area north of 30 ° N and south of 22 ° N winters as eggs, and the area at the junction of subtropical and tropical areas winters as eggs and larvae;
In tropical areas, Aedes albopictus can breed and develop all year round without diapause eggs overwintering.[5]
Divided by latitude:
In the south of 25 ° N, there is no overwintering area, only the reproductive nutrition ring of adults and the development period of larvae are slightly longer;
The semi wintering area is 26 ° - 30 ° north latitude, and its reproductive nutrition ring is unbalanced;
To the north of 32 ° N is the whole wintering area, which is in the state of reproductive nutrition ring decomposition.[5]
Distribution range
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World distribution
Aedes albopictus is mainly distributed inOriental Realm, extended to distributed toPalaearctic, Austria and Africa.The distribution boundary is from the Hawaiian Islands in the east, Australia in the south, Somaliland and Madagascar in the west, and Northeast China and Japan in the north.The distribution route is from Tokyo, Japan, through Korea, Liaoning in northeast China, to Bhutan and Nepal, to India and Pakistan in the west, to Somaliland in the northeast corner of Africa, to Madagascar and Mauritius in the south, to the east, to Australia, to the northeast, to New Guinea, and finally tohawaiian islands。[2]
Note: The darker the color, the denser the distribution of Aedes albopictus.[3]
In May 2022, the Parisian reported that the tiger mosquito, also known as Aedes albopictus, originated in Southeast Asia and landed in France in 2004. Now it is more and more adapted to the French climate.According to the report of the French National Food, Environment and Labor Health Administration, tiger mosquitoes have been found in 67 provinces of France, and they are spreading as the temperature rises.Elsa Quellery, coordinator of the organization, said that tiger mosquitoes have been spreading to northern France and are increasingly concentrated around Paris, the Rhone Valley and the Atlantic coast.[9]
Distribution in China
Aedes albopictus is distributed in most parts of China from Shenyang and Dalian in the north, Longxian County and Baoji in the west, Tibet in the southwest and east.The distribution trend is from Shenyang to the southwest, to Xuanhua in Hebei Province, through Shanxi, Hancheng, Tongchuan, Longxian, Baoji and Yangpingguan in Shaanxi Province, to Ya'an, Jiulong and Yanbian in Sichuan Province, to Chayu and Motuo in Tibet in the west, and directly to Bhutan and Nepal.[2]
Among them, the suitable habitat of Aedes albopictus is mainly concentrated in southern China, and the most suitable distribution area isnorth latitudeTo the south of 30 °, namely Hainan, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Yunnan and other provinces;The northwest boundary extends to the southeast of Sichuan, the south of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and Liaoning provinces, as well as parts of Gansu and Tibet.[2]
Reproductive methods
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Aedes albopictus generally likes to lay eggs in black and brown containers, rough surfaces and containers at lower positions.Among them, spawning is mainly in the daytime, and light has a certain impact on spawning.In addition, the temperature also affects the oviposition of Aedes albopictus. The study found that the larvae of Aedes albopictus peaked in June and September, and then the number gradually decreased, indicating that temperature has an important impact on oviposition.[5]
The number of eggs laid by female mosquitoes ranges from several to 300-400.The egg period is 1-4 days.
Aedes albopictus - mating
Species hazards
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Aedes albopictus is not only an aggressive mosquito, but also an important viral vector, which can spread many pathogens.Aedes albopictus is the second largest vector of dengue fever, second only to Aedes aegypti. Experiments have proved that Aedes albopictus can transmit 7 kinds of A viruses (such as East equine encephalitis and Ross River virus) and 8 kinds of Bunia viruses (such as Cross encephalitis virus and Rift Valley fever virus).It can also transmit three kinds of yellow virus to people (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile andyellow fever）And can transmit dengue fever and the above three kinds of yellow viruses through eggs.[2]
When female Aedes albopictus bites a patient with viremia and monkeys, the virus multiplies in the mosquito and spreads to healthy people after an incubation period of 8-10 days. Aedes albopictus is asymptomatic after infection, but canlifetimeIt carries and spreads virus and can be transmitted to offspring through mosquito eggs.Although male Aedes albopictus does not suck blood, it can transmit dengue virus to female Aedes albopictus by mating with female Aedes albopictus.Female Aedes albopictus absorbs human blood, and is a very active and ferocious blood eater, so it is not only an important vector of dengue fever, but also a very annoying blood eater.[1]
Prevention and control methods
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The integrated management methods of mosquitoes include environmental management, biological control, chemical control, regulatory control and genetic control.For the prevention and control of Aedes albopictus, the environmental prevention and control mainly focuses on breeding ground management. When dengue fever outbreaks, chemical prevention and environmental control measures are taken.[1]
Environmental governance:Environmental management is mainly to remove mosquito breeding grounds. It not only reduces the mosquito spawning environment and controls the adult mosquito density, but also has many advantages such as environmental protection and no drug resistance.[1]
Chemical prevention:Chemical control has played a good role in direct spraying of adult mosquitoes of Aedes albopictus through the administration of drugs to breeding sites, but it has caused environmental pollution to varying degrees while investing more manpower, material resources and financial resources. The application of chemical drugs also makes mosquitoes resistant to drugs.The application of mosquito control gate only needs one-time investment, which can benefit for a long time. It saves manpower, material resources and financial resources while protecting the environment, and plays a conceptual change in mosquito control.With the rapid development of economy, people's health awareness has gradually improved. The government should increase investment in infrastructure to promote the sustainable development of mosquito control.[1]
