Belarusian

Official language of Belarus

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white Russian yes Belarus Of official language 。 The grammar and vocabulary of Belarusian are similar Ukrainian 。 The oldest literature can be found in the 13th to 14th centuries. stay Grand Duchy of Lithuania Belarusian was once the official language of the country during the rule period, but it was banned as an official language in 1696. In the 19th century, literary works based on the spoken language of the masses laid a foundation for the standardization of the Belarusian language. October Revolution After that, he gained official status. Belarusian Southwest dialect And Northeast dialect, standard speech In the center of southwest dialect Sublingual (near Minsk), a total of 39 Phoneme , including 5 vowels and 34 consonants. The grammar is mostly similar to Ukrainian.

Chinese name: Belarusian
Foreign name: беларуская мова
User population: About 10 million

Using countries and regions: Belarus, Poland, etc
Language family: Indo European
As an official language: Belarus

catalog

six vocabulary
▪ example
▪ compare
seven noun
eight pronoun

nine works and expressions for everyday use
ten text
eleven Family address terms

Language Introduction

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Belarus English is spoken by more than 10 million people worldwide, belonging to the Indo European language family Slavic languages East Slavic languages 。 Belarusian and Ukrainian And Russian are close relatives, both belong to the East Slavic branch of the Slavic language family. White Russian is closer to Ukrainian than Russian. Since the 14th century, Belarusian has been divided from ancient Russian, and before the 16th century Grand Duchy of Lithuania Of official language However, due to the long-term influence of Poland and Russian Culture The words are not unified; With latin alphabet follow Polish Spelling Yes, it's also useful Cyrillic alphabet According to the Russian spelling, there are even Arabic alphabet Spelled Belarusian (used by the Tatars in the territory, still popular). In 1917, the Cyrillic alphabet was used uniformly in the rear area, with a total of 32 letters. 10 of them vowel , 21 Consonant letter , and a Mute Letters Soft tone Symbol.

Phonetic Features

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In the first syllable before the stress, the sounds of (e), o (μ) and a are pronounced as a (writing a, ∨); the soft stops' tan 'and' д 'evolve into soft stops Fricative ц'、дэ'； Trill P Forever front palatal sound ； The masculine form of the hard sound п in the past tense of the verb and many others Closed syllable Medium becomes short. Grammatically, the gender, number, case of nouns and adjectives, and the aspect, tense, and person of verbs are basically the same as those in Russian. Some nouns, except for six, still have vocative 。 Infinitive Suffix Yes - ф, - ф i, - чы, first Displacement method singular third person The end of the word loses - т. The basis of vocabulary is primitive Slavic words. In addition, there are many Belarus The words that came into being when Polish became an independent language, and the words borrowed from other Slavic languages such as Polish. Based on Cyrillic alphabet, there are 32 characters, which are basically the same as Russian, but there is no "I", "Chen" and "Gu" in Russian, but there is "I" (short y) apostrophe (') Instead of the diacritical mark "\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\".

Writing system

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Belarus Language can not only be used Cyrillic alphabet For writing, you can also use Ł acinka (лафнка-“ latin alphabet ”）, and Arabica Arabic alphabet ）。 The Arabic alphabet is no longer used today; Although only Cyrillic characters are officially used, a small number of people still use Ł acinka to write.

Cyrillic alphabet

Belarusian Cyrillic Alphabet
А	а	Б	б	В	в	Г	г	Д	д	Е	е	Ё	ё	Ж	ж	З	з	І	і	Й	й	К	к	Л	л	М	м	Н	н
О	о	П	п	Р	р	С	с	Т	т	У	у	Ў	ў	Ф	ф	Х	х	Ц	ц	Ч	ч	Ш	ш	Ы	ы	Ь	ь	Э	э
Ю	ю	Я	я	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

In addition, apostrophe It is used between consonants and soft vowels (е, , ∨, ∨) to indicate that the orthogonalization occurs before the consonant, and then the vowel sounds as if it were at the beginning of a word. stay Belarus language latin alphabet (Ł acinka), this mark is taken by j. For example Сжм 'ж and Siamja.

Before 1933, Belarus language alphabet In addition to Гг, it also includes Internet. At present, some Belarusians advocate the restoration of this letter, but this issue has not been officially considered by the Belarusian authorities.

Latin alphabet

Belarusian Latin Letter (Ł acinka) Table
A	a	B	b	C	c	Ć	ć	Č	č	D	d	Dz	dz	Dź	dź	Dž	dž	E	e	F	f	G	g	H	h	Ch	ch	I	i
J	j	K	k	L	l	Ł	ł	M	m	N	n	Ń	ń	O	o	P	p	R	r	S	s	Ś	ś	Š	š	T	t	U	u
Ŭ	ŭ	V	v	Y	y	Z	z	Ź	ź	Ž	ž	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Translation

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Place name translation

Minsk City

In 2000, Belarus Officially released latin alphabet Rules for place name translation.

main features

Г/г → H/h and Γ/х → Ch/ch

Ее, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

After consonants: i е, i о, iu, i а (palatalization)

At the beginning of a word or in a vowel or Separation number After: J е j е, J о j о, Juju, J а j а (soft vowelization).

→ Uu superscript circumflex (Û/Û)

Чч→Čč、Шш→Šš、Жж→Žž

Ьь→'

Ыы→Yy

Ээ→Ее

This translation is similar to Belarus language latin alphabet It is very similar, but there is still a little difference. Compare: Mogilev -Mahilo ŭ (Belarusian Latin alphabet) Mahilio not (new style).

grammar

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Phonetic Features

Belarus The most obvious features of language are

Aka ń nie (аканжне) – usually before "o" and "e" sound unrounded vowels The sound of "a".

Chernigov used

Dzieka ń nie (дбеканене) - pronounced turbid gums Fricative dz '(d ź);

Cieka ń nie (феканжне) – pronounced as clear gingival affricate ts' (ć);

śśśźźźźśśśźźźźźźśśśśź378.

international phonetic alphabet

Lacinka Letter	Cyrillic alphabet	international phonetic alphabet	Definition of International Phonetic Alphabet	Approximate Pronunciation in English	illustrative word
c	ц	[ts]	Clear gingival plug fricative	pi zz a	cehła (цэгла) – Bricks
ć	ць	[tɕ]	Gingival clearing jaw plug fricative	wha t's y our	ćvik (цьвік) – Nails
č	ч	[ʈʂ]	Postgingival stop	ki tch en	čas (час) – Time
dz	дз	[dz]	-	ki ds	-
dź	дзь	[dʑ]	Voiced gingivopalatine affricate	woul d y ou	dźmuć (дзьмуць) – Blowing
dž	дж	[ɖʐ]	Voiced retrogingival affrication	j am	uradžaj (ураджай) – Harvest
h	г	[ɣ]	Voiced soft jaw fricative	h ockey	huś (гусь) – Goose
ł	л	[l]	-	L ondon	-
l	ль	[ʎ]	-	Bi gli eto	-
ń	нь	[ɲ]	Hard palate nasality	el Ni ñ o	koń (конь) – Horse
r	р	[r]	Alveolar trill	rolled (vibrating) r as in a rr iba	krok (крок) – Steps
ś	сь	[ɕ]	Gingival and palatal fricative	between s ee and sh eer	śnieh (сьнег) – Snow
š	ш	[ʂ]	Fricative after gingival clearance	sh eer	špalery (шпалеры) – Wallpapers
ŭ	ў	[u̯]	Semivowel	windo w	daŭ (даў) – Give (past tense)
y	ы	[ɯ]	Near-close near-front unrounded vowel	t i ck	akacyja (акацыя) – acacia
ź	зь	[ʑ]	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	where' s y our	źmiena (зьмена) – Change
ž	ж	[ʐ]	Turbid retrogingival fricative	trea s ure	žach (жах) -Terror

vocabulary

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It can be seen from the vocabulary Belarus Language is similar to Ukrainian language, followed by Polish Comparatively similar, and then similar to Russian.

example

вта ∨ (vitaju) – Hello
∨к (jak) – How to
якмаесься？ (jakmaje ś sia?) – How about it?
добрайран
дабранач（dabranač）– good night
дзяку (dziakuj) – Thank you
калеска (kali ł aska) – Please, you're welcome
спадар/спадарыня (spadar/spadarynia) – Mr./Miss
добра (dobra) – OK
кепска/дронна (kiepska/drenna) – bad
выдатна (vydatna) – very good
фудона (cudo ŭ na) – very good
дбе (dzie) – Where?
адкулж (adkul) – Where does it come from?
чаму (č amu) – Why?
рабуме (razumieju) – I understand.
нлоганерабуме (ni č ohanierazumieju) – I don't understand at all.

compare

compare
Belarusian (Беларускаямова)	Bulgarian （Български език）	Russian	Polish	English
Вітаю/Vitaju	Здравейте/Zdraveite	Здравствуйте/Zdravstvuyte	Witam	Hello
Прывітаньне/Pryvitańnie	Здрасти/Zdrasti	Привет/Privet	Cześć	Hi
Так/Tak - Не/Nie	Да/Da - Не/Ne	Да/Da - Нет/Net	Tak - Nie	Yes / No
Дзякую вам/Dziakuju vam	Благодаря ви/Blagodarya vi	Спасибо/Spasibo	Dziękuję	Thank you
Спадар/Spadar Спадарыня/Spadarynia Спадарычна/Spadaryčna	Господин/Gospodin Госпожа/Gozpozha Госпожица/Gospozhitsa	Сударь/Sudar Сударыня/Sudarynya	Pan Pani	Mister / Missis / Miss
Выдатна/Vydatna; файна/fajna	Отлично/Otlichno	Отлично/Otlichno	Fajnie	Excellent; fine

noun

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Vilnius is also more popular

Belarus The noun of language (Belarusian: nazo ŭ nik) has six cases:

nominative (Belarusian: nazo ŭ ny)
Genitive (Belarusian: rodny)
Duggar (Belarusian: davalny)
Binge (Belarusian: vinavalny)
instrumental case （ Belarus Language: tvorny)
locative case (Belarusian: miesny)
In addition, there is the seventh grid, vocative (Belarusian: klichny), mainly used in calling or command, but the use of this case is relatively rare in modern Belarusian.

In addition, the changes of nouns can be divided into the following categories according to their roots:

I - Radical nouns ending in a hard consonant, soft consonant
A-root words – mostly feminine nouns (divided into hard root words, guttural root words, soft root words, hardened root words)
O - word root – masculine noun (divided into heavy root and light root) and neuter (e.g.: в ∨сло "pulp", мора "sea")
Consonant root words – mostly neutral nouns (for example:
Irregular nouns (e.g.: вока "eye", вуха "ear")

pronoun

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Belarus The Chinese language has eight pronouns (Belarusian:

Pronouns of affiliation (Belarusian: прыналежныя): мой (my, mine); твой（ your （s）familiar）； яго，ягоны（his）； яе，ейны（her）； наш，наскі（our（s））； ваш（your（s））； іх，іхны（their（s）），свой（（one's） own ）；

Variant table of generic pronouns (1)
-	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.
nominative	мой	маё	мая́	мае́	твой	тваё	твая́	твае́	свой	сваё	свая́	свае́
Genitive	майго́	майго́	маёй	маі́х	твайго́	твайго́	тваёй	тваі́х	свайго́	свайго́	сваёй	сваі́х
dative	майму́	майму́	маёй	маі́м	твайму́	твайму́	тваёй	тваиі́м	свайму́	свайму́	сваёй	сваі́м
Binge	Nominative or genitive	маё	маю́	Nominative or genitive	Nominative or genitive	тваё	тваю́	Nominative or genitive	Nominative or genitive	сваё	сваю́	Nominative or genitive
instrumental case	маі́м	маі́м	маёй	маі́мі	тваі́м	тваі́м	тваёй	тваі́мі	сваі́м	сваі́м	сваёй	сваі́мі
Prepositional case	аб маі́м	аб маі́м	аб маёй	аб маі́х	аб тваі́м	аб тваім	аб тваёй	аб тваі́х	аб сваі́м	аб сваі́м	аб сваёй	аб сваі́х

Variant Table of Subordinate Pronouns (2)
-	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.
nominative	наш	на́ша	на́ша	на́шы	ваш	ва́ша	ва́ша	ва́шы
Genitive	на́шага	на́шага	на́шай (нашае)	на́шых	ва́шага	ва́шага	ва́шай (вашае)	ва́шых
dative	на́шаму	на́шаму	на́шай	на́шым	ва́шаму	ва́шаму	ва́шай	ва́шым
Binge	Nominative or genitive	на́ша	на́шу	Nominative or genitive	Nominative or genitive	ва́ше	ва́шу	Nominative or genitive
instrumental case	на́шым	на́шым	на́шай	на́шымі	ва́шым	ва́шым	ва́шай	ва́шымі
Prepositional case	аб на́шым	аб на́шым	аб на́шай	аб на́шых	аб ва́шым	аб ва́шым	аб ва́шай	аб ва́шых

Variant Table of Subordinate Pronouns (3)
-	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.
nominative	яго́ны	яго́нае	яго́ная	яго́ныя	е́йны	е́йнае	е́йная	е́йныя	і́хні	і́хняе	і́хняя	і́хнія
Genitive	яго́нага	яго́нага	яго́най (ягонае)	яго́ных	е́йнага	е́йнага	е́йнай (ейнае)	е́йных	і́хняга	і́хняга	і́хняй (іхняе)	і́хніх
dative	яго́наму	яго́наму	яго́най	яго́ным	е́йнаму	е́йнаму	е́йнай	е́йны́м	і́хняму	і́хняму	і́хняй	і́хнім
Binge	Nominative or genitive	яго́нае	яго́ную	Nominative or genitive	Nominative or genitive	е́йнае	е́йную	Nominative or genitive	Nominative or genitive	і́хняе	і́хнюю	Nominative or genitive
instrumental case	яго́ным	яго́ным	яго́най	яго́нымі	е́йным	е́йны́м	е́йнай	е́йнымі	і́хнім	і́хнім	і́хняй	і́хнімі
Prepositional case	аб яго́ным	аб яго́ным	аб яго́най	аб яго́ных	аб е́йным	аб е́йным	аб е́йнай	аб е́йных	аб і́хнім	аб і́хнім	аб і́хняй	аб і́хніх

Personal pronoun (Belarusian: асабовыя):

Personal pronoun Variable lattice ：

Belarusian personal pronoun inflection table
-	first person singular	second person singular	Third person singular (masculine)	Third person singular (negative)	Third person singular (neutral)	First Person Plural	Second Person Plural	third person plural
nominative	я	ты	ён	яна́	яно́	мы	вы	яны́
Genitive	мяне́	цябе́	яго́	яе́	яго́	нас	вас	іх
dative	мне	табе́	яму́	ёй	яму́	нам	вам	ім
Binge	мяне́	цябе́	яго́	яе́	яго́	нас	вас	іх
instrumental case	мной (мно́ю)	табо́й (табо́ю)	ім	ёю	ім	на́мі	ва́мі	і́мі
Prepositional case	мне	табе́	ім	ёй	ім	нас	вас	іх

negative pronoun （ Belarus Language: адмоныя): нехто (nobody), нето (nothing), нелый (nobody's), нееке (notofanykind), невод но, неводны (none);

Definitive pronouns (Belarusian: азначалжныя): сам (- self); самы（“th every ”，-self）、увесь（all，whole）、усё（all，everything）、усе（all、every、everybody）、усякі、усялякі（every，any）、кожны（each）、іншы（ other ）；

Indefinite pronoun （ Belarus Language:; некалькі（a few 、some、 several ）； хтось，хтосьці（somebody）； штось，штосьці（something）； чыйсьці（somebody's）； якісьці，які-кольвек（some，a，kind of，something like）；хто-небудзь，хто-кольвек（anybody）； што-небудзь，што-кольвек（anything）； чый-небудзь（someone's）； абы-што（smth.dickey）； абы-чый（a，somebody's（negative））； абы-які（dickey）。

Interrogative comparative pronoun（ Belarus Language: пыталеныя): хто (who), ш то (what), жке (which), каторы (which), чый (whose), колек (how many);

Interrogative pronoun variant
-	хто	што
nominative	хто	што
Genitive	каго́	чаго́
dative	каму́	чаму́
Binge	каго́	што
instrumental case	кім	чым
Prepositional case	кім	чым

Demonstrative pronouns (Belarusian: укабаленыя): г рты (this), той (that), гоны (this/that);

Demonstrative pronoun inflection
-	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.
nominative	гэ́ты	гэ́та	гэ́тая	гэ́тыя	той	то́е	та́я	ты́я
Genitive	гэ́тага	гэ́тага	гэ́тай (гэтае)	гэ́тых	тага́	таго́	той	тых
dative	гэ́таму	гэ́таму	гэ́тай	гэ́тым	таму́	таму́	той	тым
Binge	Nominative or genitive	гэ́та	гэ́тую	Nominative or genitive	Nominative or genitive	то́е	ту́ю	Nominative or genitive
instrumental case	гэ́тым	гэ́тым	гэ́тай	гэ́тымі	тым	тым	тою	ты́мі
Prepositional case	аб гэ́тым	аб гэ́тым	аб гэ́тай	аб гэ́тых	аб тым	аб тым	аб той	аб тых

Reflexive pronouns (Belarusian: бваротны): сябе (someone himself).

Reflexive pronoun variant table
nominative	nothing
Genitive	сябе́
dative	сабе́
Binge	сябе́
instrumental case	сабо́й
Prepositional case	сабе́

works and expressions for everyday use

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English	Belarusian
Welcome	Вiтаем
Hello	Вітаю
How are you? I'm fine, thanks.	Як справы?
How are you? I'm fine, thanks.	Добра, дзякуй
What's your name? My name is ...	Як цябе клічуць?
What's your name? My name is ...	Мяне клічуць ...
Pleased to meet you	Прыемна пазнаёміцца(
Good morning	Добрай раніцы
Good evening	Добры вечар
Good night	Дабранач
Goodbye	Да пабачэньня Убачымся
Cheers/Good health!	За здароў'е
Bon appetit	Смачна есьці!
Bon voyage	Добрай дарогi!
I don't understand	Не разумею
Please speak more slowly	Калi ласка, размаўляйце павольней!
Do you speak Belarusian? Yes	Ці размаўляеце па-беларуску?
Do you speak Belarusian? Yes	Так
Excuse me	Даруйце
How much is this?	Колькі?
Sorry	Прабачце
Thank you Response	Дзякуй
Thank you Response	Няма за што
Where's the toilet?	Дзе туалет?
I love you	Я цябе кахаю
Help!	Дапамога
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year	З Божым нараджэннем
Happy Easter	Са Святам Вялікадня Сапраўды ўваскрос
Happy Birthday	З днём нараджэння

text

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(From Section I of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)^[1]

Cyrillic alphabet

Усе людз i нараджаюцца свабоднымi i роўнымi ў сваёй годнасцi i правах. Яны надзелены розумам i сумленнем i павiнны ставiцца адзiн да аднаго ў духу брацтва

Family address terms

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English	Belarusian (Latin alphabet in parentheses)
family	сям'я (siam'ja)
parents	бацькі (bats'ki)
father	бацька (baćka)
children	дзеці (dzieci)
son	сын (syn)
daughter	дачка (dačka)
husband	муж (muž)
wife	жонка (žonka)
brother	брат (brat)
sister	сястра (siastra)
uncle	дзядзька (dziadźka)
aunt	цётка (ciotka)
cousin	стрыечны брат (stryječny brat)
nephew	пляменнік (pliamiennik)
niece	пляменніца (pliamiennica)
grandparents	дзядулі і бабулі (dziaduli i babuli)
grandfather	дзядулі (dziaduli)
grandmother	бабулі (babuli)
grandchildren	унукаў (unukaŭ)
grandson	унук (unuk)
granddaughter	унучка (unučka)
great grandfather	прадзед (pradzied)
great grandmother	прабабуля (prababulia)
father-in-law	свёкар (sviokar)
mother-in-law	свякроў (sviakroŭ)
brother-in-law	швагер (švahier)
sister-in-law	сваячкі (svajački)

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А	а	Б	б	В	в	Г	г	Д	д	Е	е	Ё	ё	Ж	ж	З	з	І	і	Й	й	К	к	Л	л	М	м	Н	н
О	о	П	п	Р	р	С	с	Т	т	У	у	Ў	ў	Ф	ф	Х	х	Ц	ц	Ч	ч	Ш	ш	Ы	ы	Ь	ь	Э	э
Ю	ю	Я	я	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

A	a	B	b	C	c	Ć	ć	Č	č	D	d	Dz	dz	Dź	dź	Dž	dž	E	e	F	f	G	g	H	h	Ch	ch	I	i
J	j	K	k	L	l	Ł	ł	M	m	N	n	Ń	ń	O	o	P	p	R	r	S	s	Ś	ś	Š	š	T	t	U	u
Ŭ	ŭ	V	v	Y	y	Z	z	Ź	ź	Ž	ž	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

А	а	Б	б	В	в	Г	г	Д	д	Е	е	Ё	ё	Ж	ж	З	з	І	і	Й	й	К	к	Л	л	М	м	Н	н
О	о	П	п	Р	р	С	с	Т	т	У	у	Ў	ў	Ф	ф	Х	х	Ц	ц	Ч	ч	Ш	ш	Ы	ы	Ь	ь	Э	э
Ю	ю	Я	я	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

A	a	B	b	C	c	Ć	ć	Č	č	D	d	Dz	dz	Dź	dź	Dž	dž	E	e	F	f	G	g	H	h	Ch	ch	I	i
J	j	K	k	L	l	Ł	ł	M	m	N	n	Ń	ń	O	o	P	p	R	r	S	s	Ś	ś	Š	š	T	t	U	u
Ŭ	ŭ	V	v	Y	y	Z	z	Ź	ź	Ž	ž	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

А	а	Б	б	В	в	Г	г	Д	д	Е	е	Ё	ё	Ж	ж	З	з	І	і	Й	й	К	к	Л	л	М	м	Н	н
О	о	П	п	Р	р	С	с	Т	т	У	у	Ў	ў	Ф	ф	Х	х	Ц	ц	Ч	ч	Ш	ш	Ы	ы	Ь	ь	Э	э
Ю	ю	Я	я	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

A	a	B	b	C	c	Ć	ć	Č	č	D	d	Dz	dz	Dź	dź	Dž	dž	E	e	F	f	G	g	H	h	Ch	ch	I	i
J	j	K	k	L	l	Ł	ł	M	m	N	n	Ń	ń	O	o	P	p	R	r	S	s	Ś	ś	Š	š	T	t	U	u
Ŭ	ŭ	V	v	Y	y	Z	z	Ź	ź	Ž	ž	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-