Republic of Belarus（Belarusian：Рэспубліка Беларусь，Russian：Республика Беларусь[23], English: Republic of Belarus), referred to as Belarus, located inEastern European PlainWest, eastRussia, north, northwest andLatviaandLithuaniaJunction, west andpolandAdjacent to, south toUkraineBordering, with a land area of 207600 square kilometers.Belarus is divided into six states, Minsk, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomeli, Grodno and Mogilev, and one municipality (Minsk, the capital).As of December 2023, Belarus has a population of 9.45 million.[1][27]
In March 1918, the executive committee of the pro German Belarusian plenary meeting was announced to be established in the German occupied areaPeople's Republic of Belarus。
On July 27, 1990, the White Supreme Soviet adopted the declaration of national sovereignty.
On September 19, 1991, it was renamed the Republic of Belarus, or Belarus for short. On December 8, it joined the CIS as a founding country.
geographical environment
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Regional location
Map of Belarus
Belarus, located in the center of Europe, is aLandlocked country, the countries bordering it areRussia、Latvia、poland、Lithuaniaas well asUkraine。Belarus has a total land area of 207600 square kilometers, 560 kilometers from north to south and 650 kilometers from east to west.The territory area ranks 13th in Europe.[4]
topographic features
Belarus is located inEastern European PlainThe territory is low and flat with many wetlands, with an average altitude of 160m, and the highest peak is Dzerzhinskaya,altitude345m.
Climatic characteristics
Belarusian climatetemperate continental climate The territory is mild and humid, with an annual precipitation of 550mm~700mm.The average temperature in January is - 6 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 18 ℃.[4]
Belarus has 10000 lakes, with a total area of 2000 square kilometers, and the largest Lake Naraki covers an area of 79.6 square kilometers, enjoying the reputation of "the country of ten thousand lakes".There are also more than 130 reservoirs.[4]
natural resources
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Mineral and energy resources
As of 2014, more than 10000 kinds of minerals have been identified in Belarus, of which the most important ones are oil, associated natural gas, peat, lignite and combustible slate, potash, rock salt, various building materials (construction stone, facing stone, materials for production of cement and lime, sand for construction and glass making, gravel, various clays, fresh water, mineral water).In addition, there are iron ores, gypsum, precious metals, apatite and aluminum ores).
water resource
Belarus is rich in water resources, with more than 20000 large and small rivers and more than 10000 lakes, and has the reputation of "the country of ten thousand lakes".
Forest resources
Belarus has nearly 8 million hectares of forests, with a coverage rate of 39%, ranking second only to Russia in the Commonwealth of Independent States.The coniferous forest is the main species, and the pine is the main species, followed by spruce, birch, oak, etc.Belovige Natural Forest Reserve, covering an area of 1165 square kilometers, enjoys a high reputation in Europe.The timber reserve is about 1.093 billion cubic meters, and the annual export of various timbers is about 5 million tons.
administrative division
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Zoning
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Belarus is divided into six states, Minsk, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomeli, Grodno and Mogilev, and one municipality (Minsk, the capital).[1]It has 118 districts, 106 cities, 25 municipal districts, 106 towns and 1456 villages.
capital
Minsk, the capital
MinskLocated in the central part of Belarus, it was established as a state in 1938, and its capital is Minsk. It is the capital of Belarus, with a population of 2020600 (as of June 2022). It is the political, economic and cultural center of the country.Almost razed to the ground in the Second World War, it was rebuilt and became an important industrial center in Belarus after the war.Minsk has many institutions of higher learning, including the Belarusian National University, in addition to the famous circus, opera house and ballet.Minsk also has Victory Square, Tear IslandNational Museum of the Great Patriotic War History、Holy Spirit Cathedral、Beloway National Forest Park、Hill of GloryAnd many other scenic spots.Named after MinskAircraft carrier Minsk。
National symbol
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national flag
Flag of Belarus
Flag of Belarus It is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is 2:1.The upper half of the flag is red wide stripes, the lower half is green narrow stripes, and the left side of the flag is red and white vertical stripes with national characteristics.The red represents the flag of the Belarusian Legion that defeated the invaders, symbolizing the glorious past.Green represents forests and fields, symbolizes the thriving land and the hope of the future.The pattern on the left represents the continuation of the traditional culture and spirit of the nation, as well as the unity of the people.
national emblem
National Emblem of Belarus
National Emblem of BelarusAt the very center of is the territory of Belarus, superimposed on the golden and radial sunlight.The source of the beam is a pattern of the sun, but half of it is obscured by a larger pattern of the earth.This earth pattern is also only half, and the part of Eurasia continent and waters are shown in purple and blue respectively on the entrance surface.The left and right sides of the national emblem are surrounded by wheat straw that sets off flowers. The flowers on the left are clover plants;On the right is flax flower.The wheat straw on both sides is surrounded by a long ribbon, which is as red and green as the national flag of Belarus;The middle part of the ribbon is written with "Republic of Belarus" in Belarusian script, and the font is golden yellow.Just above the top of the national emblem is a red five pointed star.The national emblem symbolizes the ancient faith of Belarus in its hard work and construction, the victory of justice and the confidence to stand proudly among the nations of the world.
On January 7, 2021 local time, the Belarusian national law website issued Decree No. 83-3, which revised the previous decree on the "National Emblem of the Republic of Belarus" and issued a new version of the national emblem.In the new version of the national emblem, the outline of the Belarusian country has become gold instead of green.The pentagram above the national emblem has also changed, and the previous pentagram has obvious edges.In addition, the pattern of the earth on the new national emblem has also changed. The longitude and latitude lines have been adjusted, and the direction and color of the earth have also been modified. The European region shows more patterns than before.[5]
Main idea of lyrics: The free wind sings the song of freedom for your name, the green forest calls for you with a kind voice, the sun praises your reputation with fire, and the stars pour their faith into the scattered power.In the face of storms, difficulties and power, you sprouted and bloomed and waited. When you launched a flood of life on the sacred land, you faced an unrelenting flood.You suffer from flooding, and the glorious legend of life crosses the fields, forests and mountains, and the native flowers and trees weave a glorious crown, shining like the feathers of swans.The poet's voice echoes for you. With the rise and growth of thousands of years, today's leap is unstoppable, and you will be more brave in the face of the mysterious future.How conspicuous you are in the sun, lovely sparks, calmly weave the dream of the future, golden dress;Even though being strong is your concern, you are afraid that no one is near you and there are no thorns on the road.The breeze of rejuvenation has blown all over the corner. With infinite spirit, a better and happier day has come for the motherland!
population
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As of January 2023, Belarus has a population of 9.2 million.[1]
Belarus is a multi-ethnic country, with more than 100 ethnic groups in the territory, of which the Belarusian nationality accounts for 84.9%;The Russian nationality is the second largest nationality in Belarus, accounting for 7.5%. It is spread all over the states of Belarus, mainly in the east and middle. The Polish nationality is the third largest nationality in Belarus, distributed in Brest and Grodno, bordering Poland, accounting for 3.1%, the Ukrainian nationality 1.7%, the Jewish nationality 0.1%, and other nationalities 2.7%.[1][4]
Politics
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regime
The presidential system began in 1994, and Lukashenka was elected the first president in July of the same year.In November 1996, Bai held a referendum to extend the term of office of President Lew to 2001.In September 2001, Lu was re elected in the presidential election.In October 2004, Bai held a referendum and parliamentary elections, canceling the constitutional provision that the term of office of the president should not exceed two terms.Lukashenko was re elected President in March 2006, December 2010, October 2015 and August 2020.Political parties have limited influence in the political life of the White House, and there is no fixed parliamentary party group in the White House.The new parliamentary elections will be held in November 2019.In February 2022, Bai held a referendum on constitutional amendment and passed the constitutional amendment with 65.16% of the support rate, stipulating that the president elected after the implementation of the new constitution should not be re elected for more than two terms.[1]
constitution
The constitutional amendment proposed by the President was passed by referendum on November 24, 1996, and came into force on November 27.On October 17, 2004, the national referendum decided to cancel the restriction in Article 81 of the Constitution that the term of office of the president should not exceed two consecutive terms.The Constitution stipulates that the presidential system andSeparation of powers；The President is the Head of State andarmed forcesThe Commander in Chief shall be directly elected by the voters for a term of five years, and shall not be re elected for more than two consecutive terms;The President has the right to determine the referendum, dissolve the parliament, determine the election of parliament at all levels, appoint the Prime Minister of the government (subject to the approval of the lower house of the parliament), appoint and remove all government members below the Deputy Prime Minister, and appoint and remove allJudiciary, the leaders of the Central Election and Referendum Commission, and the decision to resign the government;When the President becomes vacant or unable to perform his duties, the Prime Minister shall temporarily exercise the functions and powers of the President.
On December 27, 2021, the draft amendment to the Constitution of Belarus was published.[13]
On February 27, 2022, Belarus held a referendum on amending the Constitution.The referendum began at 8:00 a.m. local time on February 27 and will last until 20:00.The question of the referendum vote is "Do you accept the amendments and supplements to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus?" According to the law, citizens of Belarus who have reached the age of 18 can participate in the vote, which is held by secret ballot.The referendum is considered valid if the voting rate exceeds 50%.
The new draft constitution clarifies that the National People's Congress of Belarus is the highest representative organ of the Belarusian people's power, and has the power to determine the basic direction of internal and foreign affairs, approve the national economic development plan, review the legitimacy of elections, recall the President, implement a state of emergency and martial law, and propose amendments to the Constitution and hold a referendum.In addition, the draft also deleted the "nuclear free" and "neutral" clauses.[14-15]
According to the presidential decree, early voting for the constitutional referendum was held in Belarus from the 22nd to the 26th.According to the Central Election and Referendum Commission of Belarus, the voting rate has reached 42.93% after early voting.
On February 28, 2022, the Central Election Commission of Belarus announced the results of the referendum on amending the Constitution.The results showed that 65.16% of the citizens voted in favour of the decision, which was adopted.Lithuanian state radio and television pointed out in the report that the adoption of the decision also means that Russian President Putin will be able to deploy nuclear weapons on the territory of Belarus.[16]
parliament
The Belarusian Parliament, known as the National Assembly, consists of the House of the Republic (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house), with a term of five years.The Eighth National Congress was established in 2024.There are 64 representatives in the House of the Republic, 56 of whom are elected by the local councils of six states and one city (Minsk) by secret ballot, 8 of whom are appointed by the President.Natalia Kochanova, the current president, was elected as the president of the seventh House of the Republic in December 2019.The elections for the House of the Republic of the Eighth National Assembly will be held in April 2024.The House of Representatives is composed of 110 representatives, who are directly elected by universal suffrage by secret ballot.Igor Sergeyenko (ИгореСергееенко), the chairman of the 8th House of Representatives, was elected in March 2024.[1][27]
government
The current government was formed in August 2020.Prime Minister Roman Golovchenko (РоманГоловченко).The main government officials are: Foreign Minister Sergei Alenik,Сергей Алейник），Victor Khrenin, Викторжренин, Minister of Defense, Yury Chebotar,Юрий Чеботарь）。[1][27]
judicial
There are Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Economic Court and General Procuratorate.
President of the Constitutional Court
Peter Petrovich Mikrasevich (П\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\.
Lord President
Valenjing Olegwich Sukaluo (ВалентинОлеговичСукало) took office in January 1997.
President of the Supreme Economic Court
Viktor Sergeyevich Kamenkov (ВикторСергееевичКаменков) took office in October 2001.
Attorney General
Alexander Vladimirovich Konuk (АлександрВладимировичКонк) took office in September 2011.
party
There is no ruling party in Belarus.The number of seats in the election of the National Assembly is allocated according to the principle of electoral districts rather than parties, so there is no fixed parliamentary party group in the White Council.Political parties have limited influence in social and political life.
By the end of 2013, there were 15 legal political parties, 37 legal trade unions and 2402 legal social groups (including 230 international groups).The larger of the 15 political parties are:
It is established by members of the Communist Party of Belarus who support the President, and now has about 6000 members.The party announced that it was the successor of the Belarusian Communist Party during the Soviet Communist period. Its basic program was to restore the socialist system through legal means, establish a just classless society, and rebuild a unified country on the basis of the voluntariness of the people of the former Soviet Union.The party supports the policy pursued by President Lukashenka and holds 8 seats in the lower house of parliament.In March 2005, the chemist Tadziana Gennadiyevna Golubeva (ТатженаГенаджевнаГолубева) was elected as the first secretary of the CPC Central Committee, and was re elected in December 2007.
Communist Party of Belarus
December 7, 1991
There are about 4000 members.Its basic program is to adhere to the socialist and Soviet system and establish a new alliance of the former Soviet Union countries on a voluntary basis.Since 1996, the party has formed an anti Lukashenka presidential coalition with the right-wing forces and become the opposition of the current regime.In August 2007, the White Supreme Court announced the suspension of the party's activities for half a year.In January 2008, the Ministry of Justice of Bai appealed to the Supreme People's Court for a proposal to ban the party, and then withdrew the lawsuit.The first secretary of the Party Central Committee is Sergei Ivanovich Kaliakin (СергейИвановичКалякин).
In October 1999, the Belarusian People's Front Party split due to the internal power struggle.Former President Pozniak led some members to establish a new party, the Belarusian People's Front Christian Conservative Party.The Belarusian People's Front was renamed the Belarusian People's Front Party, and now has more than 1300 members.The party is one of the main right-wing parties in Belarus, claiming to be the "uncompromising opposition" of the current regime.Leonid Petrovich Borshevsky, the chairman, was elected in December 2007.
presidentAlexander Grigorievich Lukashenko。Born on August 30, 1954 in Kopes Village, Orchansky District, Vitebsk State, Belarus, Belarusian nationality.He graduated from Mogilev Normal College and Bai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, majoring in history and economics.From 1975 to 1977, he served in the former Soviet border defense army and joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1979.He once served as secretary of the Youth League Committee, secretary of the Party Committee of the collective farm and head of the state-owned farm in Shiklov District, Mogilev Prefecture.In 1990, he was elected as the Supreme Soviet Representative of the Republic.In 1993, he served as the Chairman of the Provisional Anti Corruption Committee of the White Supreme Soviet.He became the first President of the Republic of Belarus on July 10, 1994.He was re elected three times in September 2001, March 2006 and December 2010.As President, he visited China four times in January 1995, April 1997, April 2001 and December 2005.In August 2008, he went to China to attend the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games, and in October 2010, he attended the Belarusian National Pavilion Day at the Shanghai World Expo.Like ice hockey, skiing and other sports.Married, with three children.
prime ministerAndrei Vladimirovich Kobiakov.He took office as Premier in December 2014.
President of the House of the Republic of the National AssemblyAnatoly Nikolayevich Rubinov.Born in 1939 in Mogilev, Belarus.He graduated from Lenin State University in Belarus in 1961.In 1961, he began to work in the Institute of Physics of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences for more than 40 years.During this period, he served as the deputy director of the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus in charge of scientific research, secretary of the physics academician, mathematical researcher and informatics researcher.In 1991, he was elected as an academician of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences and a member of the presidium of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences.From 2002 to 2006, he was the chairman of the Belarusian Accreditation Committee and has been a member of the Committee since 2009.From 2006 to 2008, he served as the first deputy director of the General Office of the President of Belarus.In October 2008, he was elected as a member of the House of the Republic of the National Assembly of Belarus, and vice chairman of the House of the Republic in the same month.On May 24, 2010, he was elected President of the House of the Republic of the Fourth National Assembly, and on October 19, 2012, he was elected President of the House of the Republic of the Fifth National Assembly.
President of the National AssemblyVladimir Pavlovic Andrechenko.Born in 1949 in Vitebsk State.He graduated from the Velikoluksky Agricultural College of Russia in 1977 and Minsk Senior Party School in 1988.Bai Gongxun is an agricultural worker.From 1968 to 1970, he served in the Soviet Army.In 1970, he began to work in the Communist Youth League, party affairs and economy in Leoznyski District.From 1981 to 1991, he successively served as the Director of the District Agriculture Bureau, the Chairman of the District Executive Committee, and the First Secretary of the Upper Dwina District Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus.From 1991 to 1994, he successively served as the first vice chairman and chairman of the Agriculture and Residents' Food Security Committee of the Executive Committee of Vitebsk Prefecture.In November 1994, he became the chairman of the executive committee of Vitebsk State.In 1996, 2000 and 2004, he was elected to the upper house of the White House for three times.In September 2008, he was elected as a member of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly, in October, he was elected as the President of the 4th House of Representatives of the National Assembly, and on October 18, 2012, he was elected as the President of the 5th House of Representatives of the National Assembly.
Economics
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overview
50000 Belarusian ruble banknote front
The foundation of white industry and agriculture is good.Machinery manufacturing, electronics, optical instruments, metallurgy, petroleum processing, wood processing and food industry are relatively advanced;Agriculture and animal husbandry are relatively developed, and the output of potatoes, beets and flax is in the forefront of CIS countries.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the white economy was once in crisis.Since 1996, the white economy has begun to recover.In March 2002, Lukashenko put forward the "Belarusian development model" to implement gradual reform, abandon overall privatization and shock therapy, establish a controllable market economy system, and strengthen social security.In 2011, under the combined effect of many internal and external factors, a serious economic and financial crisis broke out.In 2023, the gross domestic product of Belarus will be 216.1 billion white rubles (about 68.7 billion US dollars), up 3.9% year on year.[1][27]
In 2009, the industrial output value was 123.23 trillion white rubles (43.421 billion US dollars), a negative increase of 2.8% compared with 2008.The main industrial sectors include machinery manufacturing, metal processing, chemical industry, electronics, optical instruments, petroleum processing, wood processing, light industry, food processing, etc.There are 1.06 million industrial employees.
Industrial product output
category
2007
2008
2009
Power generation (100 million kWh)
thirty-one point eight
thirty-five point one
thirty point four
Primary oil processing (10000 tons)
two thousand one hundred and thirty-four
two thousand one hundred and thirty-one
two thousand one hundred and sixty-three
Heavy truck (10000 units)
two point five five
two point six three
one point one five
Bus
two thousand one hundred and sixty
two thousand one hundred and ninety-six
one thousand five hundred and fourteen
Automobile tires (10000)
four hundred and seventy-nine point two
five hundred and six point eight
five hundred and seven point three
Tractors (10000 units)
five point nine six
six point five one
four point five three
Metal cutting machine tool (set)
four thousand and six hundred
four thousand and seven hundred
two thousand and five hundred
Cement (10000 tons)
three hundred and eighty-two
four hundred and twenty-one point nine
four hundred and thirty-five
Fertilizer (10000 tons)
five hundred and eighty-eight
five hundred and eighty-seven
three hundred and thirty-nine
Paper (10000 tons)
five point seven
five point six
seven
Agriculture
Characteristics of agricultural development
1. The agricultural productivity is at the leading level in the former Soviet Union
Before independence, Belarus produced 5.9% of its agricultural products with 1.12% of its agricultural land, ranking fifth in the country.The agricultural labor population accounts for 24.5% of the total labor population in China, and the agricultural output value accounts for 22.9% of the GDP.The agricultural labor productivity is 28% higher than the average level of the whole Soviet Union, 8% higher than that of Russia and Ukraine, ranking fourth only after the three Baltic countries.
2. Agricultural output value ranks 4th in CIS
Belarus is the main producer of grain, meat, milk, potatoes, flax and other agricultural products in the former Soviet Union. Among them, flax and potatoes are the two famous traditional crops in the whole Soviet Union.Before independence, the main agricultural products were self-sufficient and could be provided to other countries.The output of flax and potato in Belarus accounted for 26.6% and 13% of the total output of the whole Soviet Union respectively, ranking first and second;The output of milk and meat accounted for 7% and 6% of the total output of Jiangsu, ranking third and fourth;The grain output accounts for 3.4% of the total, ranking sixth.
3. The output value of animal husbandry exceeds that of planting
The agricultural production structure of Belarus is characterized by animal husbandry, followed by planting and breeding.In 1996, the agricultural output value was 7.24 billion Belarusian rubles, accounting for 40.3% of the GDP, of which the livestock industry accounted for 51% of the agricultural output value, and the planting industry accounted for 49%.
Agricultural production structure and foreign trade
1. Planting
In 2012, the output value of planting industry was 30.47 trillion white rubles, about 3.655 billion US dollars (calculated based on the annual average exchange rate of 1 US dollar: 8335.86 white rubles), accounting for 51.7% of the total agricultural output value.The planting industry mainly produces grains, flax, potatoes, beets, vegetables, etc.Cereals mainly include wheat, rye, barley, oats and corn.The main cash crops are flax, sugar beet and rape.Flax and potato are two famous traditional crops in Belarus.[7]
2. Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the main agricultural industry, but its output value is lower than that of planting.The agricultural production structure of Belarus is characterized by a high proportion of animal husbandry, which is also a key development area in Belarus. However, according to the data released by the government of Belarus from 2005 to 2011, the output value of planting industry has always been higher than that of animal husbandry.For example, in 2011, the agricultural output value was 55.64 trillion white rubles, accounting for 18.7% of the GDP, of which the livestock industry accounted for 47.4% of the agricultural output value, and the planting industry accounted for 52.6%.A considerable part of grains and beans in the planting industry are used as feed for animal husbandry to support the production of white meat, eggs, milk and other products.[7]
3. Fisheries and special aquaculture
It mainly includes freshwater fish farming, animal farming (brown fox, mink and rat), beekeeping, etc.The output of freshwater fish products is 5100 tons.
4. Agricultural foreign trade
The agricultural foreign trade import and export commodities of Belarus after independence are mainly potash fertilizer, tractors, agricultural trucks and other inputs, and flax, meat and dairy products and other traditional competitive products.For example, in 1993, it exported 285800 tons of potash fertilizer, 2251900 tons of potash fertilizer, 73100 tractors and 7700 trucks, 2412100 and 143300 heavy trucks to the Commonwealth of Independent States and other countries, respectively.The agricultural products imported are mainly cotton, sugar, vegetable oil and other products. For example, in 1993, 32200 tons of cotton, 16100 tons of sugar and 13500 tons of vegetable oil were imported from CIS countries.
finance
By the end of 2009, the total amount of white foreign debt was 7.89 billion US dollars, accounting for 16.5% of GDP;The total domestic debt is 7.8 trillion rubles, accounting for 5.8% of GDP.
As the central bank, the National Bank of Belarus is responsible for formulating relevant credit policies and assisting the government in credit regulation on macroeconomic operation.There are 31 state-owned and commercial banks in Belarus, of which 8 are wholly foreign-owned banks and 25 have foreign shares.Among them, there are 20 banks with foreign capital accounting for more than 50%.The proportion of foreign capital in White Bank is 17.11%.The total capital of white commercial banks is 8.697 trillion rubles.Larger banks in Belarus include the Bank of Belarus, the Belarusian Agricultural and Industrial Bank, the Belarusian Industrial Construction Bank, the Belarusian Foreign Economic Bank and the Belarusian Investment Bank.
foreign trade
Export commodity structure: mineral products (37.9% of the total export volume), machinery equipment and transportation vehicles (15.7%), chemical products and rubber (18.2%), ferrous metals and products (6.9%), food and agricultural by-products (10.8%), others (10.5%).
Import commodity structure: mineral products (40.3% of total imports), mechanical equipment and transportation tools (22.6%), ferrous metals and products (8.8%), chemical products and rubber (12.4%), food and agricultural and sideline products (8.2%), others (7.7%).
foreign capital
In 2003, China introduced 1.3 billion US dollars of foreign capital, an increase of more than 80% over the previous year.As of January 1, 2004, including the investment of CIS countries, the white accumulated foreign capital stock reached 1.4 billion US dollars, an increase of 33.8% over January 1, 2003, of which the direct investment was 737.3 million US dollars, accounting for 50.9% of the total accumulated foreign capital stock.In 2009, White attracted 9.303 billion US dollars of foreign investment, up 1.4 times year on year.
Culture
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language
Belarusian and Russian are the official languages of Belarus.English is the main foreign language, but the proportion of Belarusian government officials and ordinary people who can speak English is not high.
Religion
It mainly believes in Eastern Orthodox Church (more than 70%), and some areas in the northwest believe in Catholicism and the combination of Greek Orthodox Church and Catholicism.[4]
festival
The main holidays are: New Year (January 1);Orthodox Christmas (January 7);National Defenders and Armed Forces Day (February 23);Women's Day (March 8);Constitution Day (March 15);National Unity Day (April 2);Chernobyl Nuclear Accident Memorial Day (April 26);All Souls' Day (the 9th day after Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church);Labor Day (May 1);Victory Memorial Day of the Patriotic War (May 9);National Flag and National Emblem Day (the second Sunday in May);Memorial Day for the Victims of the Patriotic War (June 22);Independence Day (National Day, July 3);Midsummer Festival (July 6-7);October Revolution Memorial Day (November 7);Catholic Christmas (December 25).
Five days a week, Saturday and Sunday off.[21]
Art
Belarusian Bailu Song and Dance Troupe
Belarusian Bailu Dance Troupe is the representative of Belarusian dance art.Bailu Song and Dance Troupe was established in 1987 in Grodno, Belarus.Founder of the Song and Dance Ensemble - Meritorious Cultural Worker of the Republic of Belarus EA. Shtopo invited ballet dancers, musicians and singers from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Estonia and other countries to form the original Bailu Dance Troupe.
The troupe has participated in cultural programs of the World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland, and Belarusian cultural festivals held in Moscow, Belgrade, Krasnodar, Switzerland, Germany, France and China.
Belarusian Bailu Song and Dance Troupe
Although Bailu Song and Dance Troupe is not a national song and dance troupe, it cherishes national traditions very much.They believe that national tradition is a source of vitality, which nourishes creative groups and encourages them to find new directions.They use their unique dance style to describe and interpret the dances of their parents, bringing a new modern atmosphere to the national dance.
Belarusian traditional dress was initially influenced by the dress style of Kiev Ross period, and then mainly influenced bypoland、Lithuania、Latvia、RussiaAnd other European countries.
military
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Military system
On September 23, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Belarus adopted a decision to establish its own defense system and army in accordance with the "sufficiency principle".On January 11, 1992, Bai announced that he would take over all the conventional forces of the former Soviet army in his territory.On March 20, the White Supreme Soviet passed the Law on Armed Forces and decided to form its own army on the basis of the former Soviet troops it took over from now on.In 1994, the White Supreme Soviet decided to inherit the tradition of the former Soviet army and designated February 23 (the former Soviet Army Day) as the Belarusian National Defender and Armed Forces Day (that is, the Army Day).[2]
On December 6, 1992, Bai passed the first Military Doctrine after independence.In October 2001, Bai revised the Military Doctrine and adopted the second Military Doctrine on this basis.
According to the new Military Doctrine, Bai still pursues a defensive military strategy and does not regard any country in the world as a potential enemy.The main goal of the security guarantee of the Belarusian military is to prevent the military threat against Belarus, control it within a local scope and finally eliminate it.According to the New Military Doctrine, Bai will not participate in military conflicts between other countries, and will only use military force when he is subjected to aggression or armed invasion and all means to contain aggression are ineffective.The task of safeguarding national military security will be accomplished jointly by the armed forces and other troops and military units listed in the national military organization.
While emphasizing the maintenance of national military security through political and military means, Belarus has decided to establish a regional collective security system within the framework of the Russia Belarus alliance, aiming at completing common defense tasks.At the same time, we are committed to achieving nuclear free status, advocate stable conventional arms reduction and bilateral and multilateral disarmament dialogue, and cooperate with other countries on the basis of multilateral or bilateral international treaties and agreements.
The basic direction of the white military policy is formulated under the leadership of the President, approved by the lower house of the National Assembly, and implemented by the Security Council and the Council of Ministers.According to the White Constitution, the President is the Commander in Chief of the armed forces and leads the security conference.The security meeting uniformly coordinates and leads powerful departments such as the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the National Security Commission and the National Border Guard Commission.The President shall preside over the Security Council.The current Secretary of State of the Security Council is Gennady Nikolayevich NeviglassLieutenant GeneralThe Minister of Defense is General Leonid Semonovich Maltsev, and the Chief of the General Staff is Lieutenant General Sergei Petrovich Gurulev.[2]
military strength
At the end of 2001, the Belarusian armed forces began to downsize and reorganize on a large scale. They are composed of the army and the air defense army. In 2009, they had 50600 troops.The Army and the Air Defense Forces have respectively set up Service Headquarters, which are directly under the leadership of the Ministry of National Defense and the General Staff;The army has two campaign headquarters;The border defense forces and the internal affairs forces are under the jurisdiction of the State Border Defense Administration and the Ministry of Internal Affairs respectively.Bai implements a military service system that combines the universal compulsory military service system with the contract military service system. The service period of conscripts without higher education is 18 months, and that of conscripts with higher education is 12 months.[2]
land force
The total number of Belarusian army troops is 43500.It is composed of the troops directly under the Ministry of National Defense and three corps.The troops directly under the Ministry of National Defense have 1 infantry division, 3 independent mobile brigades, 1 artillery division, 2 campaign tactical missile brigades, 1 anti tank brigade and 1 special forces brigade.Three armies: one army governs three independent mechanized brigades, one surface to air missile brigade, one artillery regiment, one rocket artillery regiment, and one tank regiment;One army governs one ground to air missile brigade, one artillery regiment, one anti tank regiment and one rocket artillery regiment.
Main battle tanks: 1724 (another 238), including 60 T-55, 1569 T-72 and 95 T-80.
Armored transport vehicles: 918 vehicles (another 306 vehicles are stored), including 188 BTP-60 vehicles, 445 BTP-70 vehicles, 193 BTP-80 vehicles, 22 BTP male vehicles and 70 MT-JIB vehicles.
1465 guns of all types (another 153 stored), including 428 towed guns (122 mm 178 guns, 152 mm 250 guns), 572 self-propelled guns (122 mm 235 guns, 152 mm 301 guns, 203 mm 36 guns), 54 curved linear dual-use guns, 334 rocket guns (122 mm 209 guns, 130 mm 1 gun, 220 mm 84 guns, 300 mm 40 guns), and 77 mortars.
480 AT-5, AT-6, AT-7 anti tank missile launchers, 96 campaign tactical missile launchers (60 "Scud" launchers, 36 "Frog"/SS-21 launchers).ground-to-air missile.There are 350 SA-8/- 11/-- 12/- 13/models.
air force
22500 people (including 10200 air defense forces), 230 combat aircraft and 60 combat helicopters.
Fighter bombers: 116, including 36 Su-24 and 80 Su-25.
Fighters: 108, including 35 MiG-23, 50 MiG-29 and 23 Su-27.
Reconnaissance aircraft: 6.
60 combat helicopters, including 55 Mi-24, 4 Mi-24R and 1 Mi-24K.
Transport helicopters: 186.
Conveyors: 27.
Several AA-7, AA-8, AA-10 and AA-11 air-to-air missiles.
Several air to ground missiles, such as AS-10, AS-7 and AS-14.
There are about 10000 air defense troops and 175 SA-3/- 5/l10 ground to air missile launchers.
Military expenditure
In 2009, the national defense final accounts were 1586.7 billion rubles, about 560 million US dollars, an increase of 10% over 2008, accounting forgross domestic product1.16%。BelarusRussia、KazakhstanThe three countries established a unified air defense system at the beginning of the 21st century. In addition to the customs union, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia will continue to accelerate the process of integration, and eventually establish a 'Eurasian Union' centered on these three countries.
traffic
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Railway
The total length of Belarusian railway is 5474.1 km, of which 1268.5 km is electrified railway, and the railway network density is 2.6 km/100 square kilometers.In 2020, the railway freight volume will be 125 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 14.1%, accounting for 31.4% of the total freight volume;The railway passenger volume reached 60 million person times, a year-on-year decrease of 24.7%, accounting for 3.7% of the total passenger volume.
Belarusian railway is responsible for the intermodal transport work with national railway transport agencies in the Asia Pacific region.The Brest Minsk Orsha Russia border double track electrified railway has a total length of 612 km, with a running speed of 90 km/h for freight cars and 160 km/h for passenger cars.
There is a regular container train "Mongolia Victor" between Brest, Belarus, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Hohhot, China. The total investment of Belarus Railway Corporation in 2012 exceeded 730 million dollars.In recent years, Belarus has been committed to railway electrification.The electrification transformation of Osipovich Riluobin Gomeli railway has made positive progress with the participation of Chinese companies. The existing 107 km Osipovich Riluobin railway in Phase I was opened in September 2013, and the 86 km Riluobin Gomeli railway in Phase II was also completed and opened.[21]
highway
The total length of the Belarusian highway network is 102400 kilometers, of which 89000 kilometers are hardened roads, accounting for 87% of the total length of the highway. The density of hardened roads is 42 kilometers/100 square kilometers.The total length of expressway is 1532km, accounting for 1.5% of the total mileage of highway.In 2020, the road freight volume will be 160 million tons, down 1.2% year on year, accounting for 40.1% of the total freight volume;The highway passenger traffic volume was 990 million person times, down 16.3% year on year, accounting for 61% of the total passenger traffic volume.
There are five European international highways in Belarus, with a total length of 1841 kilometers.Among them, two are the most important. One is the E30 highway (Europe's No. 2 traffic corridor, known as M1 highway in Belarus), which connects seven countries, including Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Russia, and passes through Cork, Waterford, Newport, London, The Hague, Hanover, Berlin, Hivibojin, Warsaw, Brest, MinskOrsha, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Omsk and other important cities;The other is E95 highway (Europe No. 9 traffic corridor, known as M8 highway in Belarus), which connects nine countries, including Finland, Russia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and passes through Helsinki, St. Petersburg, Pskov, Vilnius, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Gomeli, KievOdessa, Chisinau, Bucharest, Plovdiv, Alexandropolis, Saronica, Athens and other important cities.
According to resolution 555 of the Belarusian government, in order to optimize and improve the efficiency of Belarusian highway management, Belarusian Highway Holding Company was officially established on July 2, 2013.The shares of nine joint-stock companies, including Belarusian Highway Transportation Company, Highway Technology Company, Highway Construction Industry Company and Highway Construction Company No. 3 Bureau, will be transferred to the state-owned unitary enterprise "Belarusian Highway", Minsk Central Highway Company, Brest Highway Company, Vitebsk Highway Company, Gomeli Highway Company, Grodno Highway Company12 state-owned enterprises including Mogilev Highway Company will also be merged into the company.BelToll, the Belarusian highway electronic payment system, has been put into operation since August 1, 2013.The total length of toll roads is 815km, including 609km of M1/E30 highway Brest Minsk Russia border.[21]
air transport
There are 7 international airports in Belarus: Minsk International Airport, Minsk No.1 Airport, Gomeli Airport, Grodno Airport, Brest Airport, Mogilev Airport and Vitebsk Airport.These airports are not only responsible for the transportation of domestic routes, but also international scheduled flights to countries and charter flights.Minsk International Airport can take off and land any type of aircraft. Air China has opened direct flights from Beijing to Minsk.
There are mainly three airlines in Belarus: Belarusian Airlines, Gomel Airlines and air transport export companies.Among them, the first two companies are mainly engaged in passenger air transport, and the third company occupies a leading position in the freight air transport market.
In 2020, the air cargo volume of Belarus will be 30000 tons, basically the same as that of the previous year;The air passenger volume reached 1.7 million person times, a year-on-year decrease of 58.5%.[21]
water transport
The Belarusian inland water transport network is about 2000 kilometers long, and passengers and goods are transported to residential areas and goods processing points along the river through 10 river ports.These 10 river ports are located in the basins of Pripyat River, Dnieper River, Sori River, Berezina River, Neman River and West Dwina River.The water system of Buge River - Dnierbugg Canal - Pripyaty River - Dnieper River - Black Sea outlet in the European water system flows through Belarus, and Belarus exports potash fertilizer along this waterway transportation trunk line.The river ports of Gomeli, Bobruisk and Moziri all have special railway lines and are suitable for sorting out goods that need combined transportation.The port is equipped with efficient gantry crane ships and mechanized freight lines for fast marshalling ships.In 2020, the freight volume of Belarus's inland rivers will be 2.7 million tons, up 22.7% year on year.
Belarus is a landlocked country with no sea port. Goods exported from Belarus to countries outside the Commonwealth of Independent States are mainly transported through the port of Klaipeda in Lithuania.[21]
Sociology
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education
Education in Belarus is relatively developed among CIS countries.The current education law is the "Education Law of the Republic of Belarus" promulgated on January 13, 2011.Ordinary schools implement 11 year free compulsory education, while institutions of higher learning have 4-5 years of schooling, which can be divided into two forms: public fees and self payment.Belarus has about 10000 educational institutions, more than 2 million students of all kinds, and education funds are no less than 5% of GDP.There are 3799 pre-school education institutions (about 424000 children in school), 3009 general secondary education institutions (about 1.058 million students in school), 223 secondary professional schools (110400 students in school), 176 higher vocational colleges (60800 students in school), and 50 higher education institutions (263000 students in school).At present, there are 451000 people working in the field of education, including 20300 people working in colleges and universities.Famous universities include: Belarusian State University, Belarusian State Technical University, Belarusian State Normal University, Belarusian State Economic University, Belarusian State Agricultural University, Minsk State Linguistic University, etc.In 2000, China and Belarus signed an agreement on mutual recognition of degree certificates.According to the data released by the Belarusian Bureau of Statistics, 1016 Chinese students will be enrolled in 2020-2021.[21]
science and technology
Belarus is one of the CIS countries with strong scientific and technological strength. As early as the former Soviet Union, Belarus was an important base for the development of Soviet military industry and heavy industry.After the independence of Belarus in 1991, the government attached great importance to the development of science and technology, and regarded science and technology as an important productive force in the country's political, economic and social development.Especially in recent years, the Belarusian government has gradually increased its investment in scientific and technological research and development. While maintaining the development of its traditional advantageous industries, it also pays attention to the research and development of the world's latest science and technology.Belarusian industries with advantages mainly include: machinery manufacturing, chemical and petrochemical industries, electronic industry, radio technology, optics and information technology.In November 2020, the third meeting of the Scientific and Technological Cooperation Sub committee of the China Belarus Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee was held via video.[21]
medical care
The medical and health level of Belarus is in the forefront of CIS countries.The Belarusian Constitution provides for the implementation of a free medical system, and medical and health services are mainly supported by national finance.Belarus has 13 medical and pharmaceutical research institutes, 4 central research laboratories, 4 medical schools and 4 medical training colleges.Belarus has 59100 expert doctors and 127200 general medical personnel.
According to the statistics of the Ministry of Finance of Belarus, in 2020, Belarusian health care expenditure will be 1.274 billion white rubles, accounting for 5% of the financial expenditure.According to the data released by the Statistical Commission of Belarus, in 2019, the average life expectancy was 74.5 years, 69.3 years for men and 79.4 years for women.Affected by the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine in 1986, some regions of Belarus still suffer from nuclear radiation hazards, especially in the southeast.[21]
media
There are about 1627 publications in Belarus, including 722 newspapers, 864 magazines and 41 others. About 73% of the publishers are private. The publications are mainly in Belarusian and Russian, with a small number of English, Polish, Ukrainian and German editions.
The main newspapers and periodicals include: Belarus Today, which was founded in 1927 and is the organ newspaper of the General Office of the President. It is published in Russian and white languages, with an annual circulation of about 400000 copies. It is the newspaper with the largest circulation and influence in Belarus;Republic Daily, founded in 1991, is a government organ newspaper, published in Russian and white languages, with an annual circulation of about 94000;People's Daily, founded in 1990, is a parliamentary organ newspaper, published in Russian and white languages, with an annual circulation of about 28000 copies;For the Honor of the Motherland, an organ newspaper of the Ministry of National Defense, was published in Russian and white, with an annual circulation of about 17000 copies;The Youth Banner, the organ newspaper of the National Youth Affairs Commission and the Belarusian Youth Patriotic Union, is published in both Russian and white languages, with an annual circulation of about 19000 copies;Belarusian Fields, a government agricultural newspaper, is published in Russian and white languages, with an annual circulation of about 35000 copies;Belarusian Industrial Daily, an independent newspaper, is published in Russian, with an annual circulation of about 11000 copies;People's Will, an opposition newspaper, is published in Russian and white languages, with an annual circulation of about 28000 copies.
Belarusian State News Agency (Belarusian News Agency), formerly the Belarusian branch of the Russian News Agency established in January 1921, officially changed its name to Belarusian News Agency in March 1931, is now under the General Office of the President, providing Belarusian, Russian and English news to 220 news units in Belarus and other CIS countries.The weekly Seven Days was published with an annual circulation of 40000 copies;Belarus Economy, a Russian English bilingual quarterly magazine, has an annual circulation of 4200;The monthly magazine Belarusian Think Tank has an annual circulation of 6000 copies.In addition to CIS countries, Belarus has also established business contacts with news agencies in China, Iran, Malaysia, Cuba and other countries.
Interfax - Western News Agency, affiliated to the Russian International Media Group "Interfax", was established in 1994.
The independent news agency "Belapan", established in 1993, has about 70 staff members.
Belarusian State Radio and Television Company: directly under the jurisdiction of the President, the President and Vice President of the Company are appointed and removed by the President.The company has news departments, television stations, radio stations, radio technology centers and commercial advertising departments under its jurisdiction. It has branches in various states, and its radio and television services cover the whole country.
There are 98 television stations in Belarus, 54 of which are private.Larger TV stations include Belarusian State TV 1, Belarusian State TV 2, Belarusian State TV 3, international satellite channel Belarusian TB, public TV, Capital TV, etc.Belarusian cable TV has been popularized rapidly. Through cable TV, more than 130 programs, including "European News", "BBC", "European Sports", can be watched.
There are 167 radio stations in Belarus, 27 of which are private.The larger one is Belarusian Radio, which was founded in November 1925 and now has 420 professionals.Four programs are broadcast in mono and stereo on two radio bands: the first program is broadcast 19 hours a day.The second program is broadcast for 16 hours every day.Radio Capital broadcasts 12 hours a day.The above three programs are broadcast in Russian and white languages, and can be heard in Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, neighboring regions of Latvia and Belarus, and regions west of the Urals in Russia.Belarusian International Radio broadcasts four hours a day to the United States, Canada, Australia and more than 20 European and African countries in Belarusian, Russian, German and English.
The network media in Belarus has developed rapidly in recent years. In February 2010, the President of Belarus signed the decree on improving the use of the national Internet. In the same year, a national telephone exchange center was established under the State Telecom Corporation to manage the use of network resources in a unified way.All Belarus is hereThere are about 134500 domain names registered under BY, more than 90000 websites, 3.24 million fixed broadband (ADSL) users, 6.95 million mobile Internet users, and 7.4 million Internet users (79.1% of the total population).[21]
Sports
On May 19, 2017, the International Hockey Federation approved the decision to jointly host the 2021 World Hockey Championships in Riga, the capital of Latvia, and Minsk, the capital of Belarus, by 55 votes in favor and 52 votes against.The two cities won the right to host the event after defeating Tampere and Helsinki in Finland.The tournament is expected to be held from May 7 to 23, 2021.[8]
People's life
In 2004, the life of Bai people continued to improve.Social security expenditure accounts for 9% of GDP.The wage level continued to increase, with the per capita wage of nearly $200.The per capita consumption of meat is 57 kg, dairy products 257 kg, eggs 219 kg, potatoes 172 kg, vegetables and melons 107 kg, sugar 35.8 kg, bread and other flour products 105 kg.There are 4408 ordinary schools, 204 secondary professional schools and 59 colleges and universities in China.Both urban and rural residents enjoy free medical care, retirement security and other rights.[4]
International Relations
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foreign policy
Pursue a multi-dimensional foreign policy focusing on Russia.Fully develop relations with the Commonwealth of Independent States and neighboring countries, and actively participate in the regional integration process of the Commonwealth of Independent States.Develop strategic alliance relations with Russia and actively participate in the construction of the Eurasian Economic Union led by Russia.We should attach importance to and develop friendly and cooperative relations with China, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Asian and African countries, the Middle East and Latin American countries, strive for diplomatic space and expand international influence.
Belarus joined the United Nations on October 24, 1945 and became one of its member States.[2]
In 1992, Belarus ratified and entered into force the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.
April 2024President Lukashenko of Belarus agreed to submit a draft law on the suspension of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe to the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of Belarus (the lower house of Parliament).The draft law stipulates that Belarus suspends the implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, but it does not mean that Belarus withdraws from the Treaty, nor does it mean that the Belarusian armed forces stop performing the internal procedures related to the implementation of the Treaty.[26]
external relations
Relations with China
The diplomatic relationship was established on January 20, 1992.Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, bilateral relations have developed smoothly and high-level visits have been frequent.As of 2014, there were 12 pairs of cities, provinces and prefectures between the two countries.
China Belarus economic and trade relations have developed smoothly.China is the second largest trading partner of Belarus and the largest trading partner of Belarus in Asia.In 2023, the trade volume between China and Belarus will be US $8.44 billion, up 67.3% year on year.Among them, China's exports reached 5.84 billion US dollars, up 79.9% year on year, and its imports reached 2.6 billion US dollars, up 44.5% year on year.[28]
In 2014, China and Belarus established an intergovernmental cooperation committee, which meets every two years. At present, there are six sub committees and secretariats of economy and trade, science and technology, security, education, culture, and customs inspection and quarantine.Up to now, the Committee has held five meetings in September 2014, August 2016, November 2018, December 2020 and July 2023.
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, the two countries have carried out people to people and cultural exchanges and cooperation.In 1996, the China Belarus Intergovernmental Committee for Scientific and Technological Cooperation was established and has held 10 regular meetings.Belarus has held "Belarusian Science and Technology Day" activities in China for many times.Since 1999, the two countries have held cultural days with each other.As of 2012, China has held six "Chinese Culture Days" in Belarus and seven "Belarusian Culture Days" in China.In October 2009, the Belarusian language website "International Online" of China Radio International was officially launched.In October 2010, the White Ministry of Culture sent several art groups to China to attend the Shanghai World Expo and the White Culture Day.In January 2007, the Confucius Institute at the Belarusian State University was officially launched.In September 2011, the Confucius Institute of Minsk National Language and Culture University was officially inaugurated.In 2012, the two countries celebrated the 20th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations and carried out a variety of activities.Both sides held a celebration reception and issued commemorative envelopes.The scale of exchange of international students between the two countries has further expanded.
September 15, 2022, PresidentXi JinpingMeeting with the President of Belarus at Samarkand State GuesthouseLukashenko。The two heads of state decided to elevate the positioning of bilateral relations to all-weatherComprehensive strategic partnership[20]。
Relations with Russia
The two countries established diplomatic relations on June 25, 1992.In 1997, the Russia Belarus Alliance Treaty was signed, and in 1999, the Treaty on the Establishment of Russia Belarus Alliance Countries was signed.The Treaty entered into force in 2000.Belarus supports Russia in promoting the integration process of the Commonwealth of Independent States, establishing a three country customs union with Russia and Kazakhstan, jointly promoting the construction of the integration mechanism of the unified economic space, the Eurasian Economic Community and the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and actively responding to Russia's idea of establishing a "Eurasian Union".Russia opposes the interference of the United States and the West in the internal affairs of Belarus and the expansion of sanctions.In January 2012, White President Lukashenko held a meeting with then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Sochi.In February, the President of Russia and Belarus issued a joint statement condemning the US and Europe sanctions against Belarus.In May, after Putin was re elected as President of Russia, his first visit was arranged in Belarus, and the two heads of state signed a joint statement.In June, the Chairman of the Russian Federation Council Matviyenko and the Chairman of the State Duma Nareshkin visited Belarus respectively.In July, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev and White Prime Minister Miyasinikovych held a ministerial meeting of the alliance countries in Minsk.In September, White President Lukashenko went to Sochi for vacation and held bilateral meetings at the invitation of Russian President Putin.In September, White Foreign Minister Maki visited Russia and held talks with Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov.In October, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Rogozin visited Belarus to attend the working group meeting on cooperation between Russia and Belarus military industrial enterprises, and met with President Lukashenka of Belarus.[2]
In November 2021, the Supreme State Council of the Russian and Belarusian Union held a video conference on the 4th, during which the decree aimed at implementing the national integration of the Union was signed.Russian President Putin and Belarusian President Lukashenka attended the meeting.According to the news released on the Russian President's website on the 4th, this decree covers 28 industrial integration plans, defines the basic direction of implementing the national treaty establishing the Russia Belarus alliance from 2021 to 2023, aims to coordinate macroeconomic strategies, introduce unified tax principles, implement common policies in financial credit and banking, industry and agricultureThe electricity and transportation service markets should be coordinated.[11]
On March 14, 2022 local time, Belarusian Prime Minister Kolovchenko said that Belarus and Russia would abandon the use of dollars in energy transactions.The two sides will set a more favorable price for Russian oil purchased by Belarus.Russia has promised to cancel epidemic prevention restrictions in border areas as soon as possible, and Russia's import restrictions on Belarusian products are also being lifted.[17]
On March 15, 2022 local time, the Belarusian Parliament approved the treaty on cooperation with Russia in the military field.[18]
On June 16, 2023, Russian President Putin delivered a speech at the plenary meeting of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, confirming that the first batch of deployments to Belarus have been madeNuclear warhead。[24]
On January 29, 2024, the Supreme State Council of the Russian and Belarusian Union held a meeting in St. Petersburg, Russia, during which a new three-year decree aimed at implementing the national integration of the Union was signed.[25]
On May 23, 2024 local time, Russian President's press secretary Peskov said that Russian President Putin would leave for Belarus on the evening of the same day for a two-day official visit and hold talks with Belarusian President Lukashenko.[29]
Relations with CIS countries
Relations with CIS countries are one of the priorities of Belarus' diplomacy.In 2012, Belarus continued to develop friendly relations with CIS countries, and actively participated in multilateral activities within the framework of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Customs Union, etc.In January, White Premier Miyasinikovic visited Turkmenistan.In March, White President Lukashenka went to Russia to attend the summit of the Eurasian Economic Community.In April, President Berdymukhamedov of Turkmenistan visited Belarus.In May, President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan visited Belarus.In May, Lukashenka attended the CSTO Summit and the CIS Leaders' Informal Summit held in Moscow.In May, the 21st meeting of the Mixed Committee for Economic and Trade Cooperation of Belarus (Ukraine) was held in Minsk.In May, White Premier Miyasinikovic paid a working visit to Turkmenistan and attended the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States.In June, White Premier Miyasinikovych attended the meeting of the prime ministers of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan held in St. Petersburg.In August, the meeting of the Bai'a (Sabaijiang) Intergovernmental Economic and Trade Mixed Committee was held in Minsk.In August, President Aliyev of Afghanistan paid an official visit to Belarus.In September, White Premier Miyasinikovic attended the summit of heads of government of CIS countries held in Yalta.[2]
On June 13, 2024, due to the intensification of tensions between Armenia and Belarus, the two countries recalled their ambassadors to each other's countries.[33]
Relations with Western countries
Belarus and the United States established diplomatic relations on December 28, 1991.After the White referendum in November 1996, the western countries led by the United States did not recognize the legitimate status of the White National Assembly on the grounds of violating "democracy" and "human rights", nor did they recognize the election results of Lukashenko's re-election as president in 2001, and constantly exerted economic pressure on the White opposition.In 2002, relations between Belarus and the United States continued to be frosty.Beauty continues to blame BaiPolitical systemHe was undemocratic and put forward a draft resolution on the situation of white people's rights at the United Nations Conference on Human Rights in Geneva in March 2003.The United States also accused White of expelling the OSCE representative in White and selling weapons to "evil" countries.White withstood the pressure from the United States, opposed the United States to interfere in White's internal affairs through human rights issues, and criticized the United States military presence in the CIS region, Bush's "axis of evil" theory and unilateralism.In November 2002, due toCzech RepublicRefused to grant entry visas to the White delegation attending the Prague Summit of the Euro Atlantic Partnership Commission, and then the 14 EU countries banned the entry of White political dignitariesNATORelations with the EU were tense for a time.However, by the end of 2002, efforts to improve relations between Belarus and Western Europe had yielded results, and bilateral relations had eased.Belarus and the OSCE agreed to set up an office in Belarus, and the OSCE has restored the legitimate seat of Belarus that has been vacant for a long time.
In October 2004, White held a referendum on whether President Lukashenka could participate in the next presidential election and cancel the constitutional provisions on limiting the term of office of the president. Both the United States and OSCE organizations accused the White referendum and parliamentary elections of violating democratic principles and international standards.beautifulHouse of RepresentativesThe 2004 Democratic Act of Belarus was adopted.Lukashenko delivered a long speech, criticizing the US for its gross interference in the internal affairs of Belarus.The Coordinating Committee of Leaders of Political Parties and Social Organizations of the Republic of Belarus issued an appeal to citizens and the international community, pointing out that the 2004 Democratic Act of Belarus issued by the United States Government is a breach of the stability of Belarus, and Belarus deeply regrets that.Belarusian people supportLukashenkoThe President pursues the policy of consolidating and revitalizing the country.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus issued a statement pointing out that the evaluation of the referendum by the OSCE Observation Mission on Democracy and Human Rights is obviously not objective and biased.
In 2009, relations between Belarus and the United States loosened, and the improvement of relations between Belarus and Europe made progress.In March, Rospar, the head of news media of US President Obama's campaign team, visited White House and had online communication with white people.In May, the United States decided to extend the suspension of sanctions against white "Polotsk Fiberglass Company" and a paint and pigment manufacturer.In June, Carl King, chairman of the Helsinki Committee of the US Congress, visited Belarus.
In February 2009, EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Solana visited Belarus.In March, the OSCE Parliamentary President Sores visited Belarus.In April, Czech Foreign Minister Schwarzenberg, the EU rotating presidency, visited Belarus.In the same month, White President Lukashenko visited Italy and the Vatican, and met with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and Pope Benedict XVI.In May, the First Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus Shimashko and Foreign Minister Martinov jointly attended the Prague Summit of the EU "Oriental Partnership Program", signed a joint statement and participated in the program as equals with Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.In June, EU Foreign Relations Commissioner Waldner visited Belarus.In September, White President Lukashenko visited Lithuania.In November, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi visited Belarus.In addition, White Foreign Minister Martinov visited the EU headquarters for three times, and visited Germany, Italy, etc.In view of the fact that Belarus was greatly affected by the financial crisis, the European Union provided assistance to Belarus and actively supported the International Monetary Fund to lend US $3.5 billion to Belarus.The EU continues to suspend entry restrictions on senior white officials and set up the European Commission Information Center in Minsk.White has officially granted the diplomatic office of the European Commission in White House treatment.
On November 16, 2021, the refugee crisis on the border between Belarus and the EU is still fermenting, which affects the EU, the United States, Russia and other important international forces.After the meeting, EU foreign ministers reached an agreement and announced a new round of sanctions against Belarus.The scope of this sanction is broader, and the scope of attack is not limited to government officials, but extended to airlines that help refugees move.The United States also announced that it is preparingLukashenkoThe government implements a new round of sanctions[12]。
Relations with other countries
Bai attaches importance toLithuania, Poland and other neighboring countries.In 2003, the trade between Belarus and Lithuania increased significantly, with a year-on-year increase of 14% to 420 million US dollars;The trade volume with Poland increased significantly, up 59% year on year, reaching 783 million US dollars;But white and Estonian andLatviaThe trade volume has decreased to varying degrees, reaching US $68 million and US $389 million respectively.
In 2009, Belarus continued to develop relations with the Baltic States and Poland.In January, Latvian Prime Minister Godmanis visited Belarus.In June, the Secretary of the Security Conference of Belarus, Ukraine and Poland reached the "Kiev Initiative" in Kiev.In September, White Premier Sidolski paid a working visit to Poland.In October, Estonian Foreign Minister Payte visited Belarus and attended the opening ceremony of the Estonian Embassy in Belarus.In November, Latvia's Foreign Minister Rijekszinsh visited Belarus.In December, Belarus held inter ministerial consultations with Lithuania.[2]
On December 23, 2022, the Ukrainian government approved to withdraw from the aviation agreement with Belarus.[22]
According to the news of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia on June 1, 2024, Belarusian President Lukashenka, who is paying a state visit to Mongolia, has flown to the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, which is the first time that Belarusian President has visited Mongolia.During his visit to Mongolia, Lukashenko will hold formal talks with Mongolian President Huril Sukh.The two sides also plan to hold the Mong Bai Business Forum.[31]
Relations with Armenia
On June 13, 2024 local time, due to the intensification of tensions between Armenia and Belarus, the two countries recalled their ambassadors in each other's countries.[32]
List of unfriendly countries
On April 8, 2022, the Belarusian government passed a resolution approving a list of countries that have taken unfriendly actions against Minsk, including EU countries, as well as Australia, Canada, Liechtenstein, Norway, New Zealand, Albania, Iceland, the Republic of North Macedonia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Montenegro and Switzerland.[19]
specialty
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Belarusian staple food is mainly bread, and non-staple food includes pork, cattle, sheep, fish, shrimp, poultry and other meat, as well as cabbage, cucumber, tomato, carrots, potatoes and other vegetables.In particular, potatoes are both staple food and non-staple food. They can make hundreds of dishes with potatoes, and there are stores dedicated to potato food.They have a strong taste and pay attention to crispness and crispness.
Traditional foods include brown bread, rye paste, and pancakes made of flour and potatoes.They like meat, but also like yogurt, milk dregs, cheese;He loves soup. He often drinks cold mixed sweet soup, cabbage soup and sour creamBorschEtc.[9]
Travel?
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Belarus is a landlocked country located in the plains of Europe and Eastern Europe, with Minsk as its capital.Belarus is a country with beautiful natural scenery, clean air and hospitable people. It is famous for lakes, rivers and dense forests. It is cool in summer, golden leaves in autumn and white snow in winter.
The places of interest in Belarus include: Victory Square, which is located in the center of Minsk and was completed in 1947. It is 225 meters long and 175 meters wide. On the square stands the monument to the martyrs who died in the Great Patriotic War, which is 40 meters high. The bottom of the monument is inlaid with large metal relief groups, representing the fighting process of the soldiers and people of Belarus who bravely fought against the enemy;The National Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War, located on the left side of the Republic Palace in Minsk, is the largest and most collected museum of the Patriotic War in Belarus.
Mill Castle
Beloway Jungle National Park(Covering an area of 87000 hectares) is one of the oldest national protected areas, built in 1990.Belovige Jungle National Park is located in Grodno and Brest states in the southwest of Belarus, 340 kilometers away from Minsk.There are 59 kinds of mammals (including 6 kinds of national protected animals) and 253 kinds of birds in the National Reserve, including 75 kinds listed in the Red Book.About 300 European bison are the most precious animals in the National Reserve.Belovige Forest is unique and the largest ancient forest on the Central European Plain.The average age of the forest here is more than 100 years, and the age of trees in some areas is more than 250 to 350 years old.There are more than 1000 kinds of towering trees in Belovige jungle: 400 to 600 years old oak trees, 250 to 350 years old ash trees and pine trees, 200 to 250 years old fir trees.In terms of the diversity of animal and plant species, Belovige jungle is unique in Europe.In 1992, Belovige Jungle was listed on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List.In 1993, the National Reserve was renamed as the Biosphere Reserve. In 1997, the Belovige Forest was awarded a certificate of merit by the European Commission.
Braslav Lake District National ParkFounded in 1995, it is located in the administrative region of Braslav at the border with Lithuania and Latvia.The total area of the park is 69100 hectares.About 200 ponds are "treasures" in the park.The total area of the lakes in Braslav is 114 square kilometers.
Pripyat National ParkFounded in 1996, it is located in Gomeli State.The park covers an area of 188485 hectares.The park is famous for its rare animals and plants.
Naroch National ParkIt was built in 1999.The Narodge Lake in the park is called the "Pearl of the Nation".Naroch Lake is the largest lake in Belarus. The beautiful lake and amusement facilities always attract many tourists.The park also has the country's largest Narodge nursing home and a holiday camp.Visitors can enjoy a comfortable holiday here for 240 days a year, and can swim here for about 100 days a year.In addition, Naroch Lake is also famous for its mineral water.
