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Vaccination

Vaccine preparation inoculation in organism

Vaccination is the technology of inoculating vaccine preparation into human or animal body, so that the recipient can obtain resistance against a specific or vaccine Immunity to similar pathogens immune system Identification of foreign substances, screening and manufacturing of antibodies to produce antibodies against the pathogen or similar pathogens antibody So that the recipient has a strong resistance to the disease.

The common way of vaccination in today's medicine is injection, and the word "vaccination" is derived from vaccination technology. Its original meaning is different from its usage, and there is also a slight gap in the application scope of modern immunology research.

In April 2019, the second instance of the draft vaccine management law was held at the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress. Compared with the first review draft, the second review draft is further refined Abnormal reaction of vaccination The compensation system clearly proposes that the death, serious disability and other damages after vaccination should be compensated even if the abnormal reaction of vaccination cannot be excluded.^[1]

On December 13, 2021, the "2021 Top Ten Catchwords of Chinese Media" was released. "Vaccination" is among them^[4] 。 In May 2023, Developed the vaccine through hair follicles method.^[5]

Chinese name: Vaccination
Foreign name: vaccination
Alias: Epidemic prevention injection

Interpretation: Vaccine preparation inoculation in organism
With the help of: immune system
Generation: Antibodies against the pathogen or similar pathogens

catalog

nine Vaccination schedule
▪ Class I vaccine
▪ Class II vaccine
ten principle
eleven Classification of contraindications
twelve Vaccination contraindication

thirteen Vaccine response
fourteen Japanese epidemic prevention policy
fifteen data statistics
sixteen new method

Vaccine Introduction

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The doctor injects vaccines for you to prevent diseases, which is called vaccination or epidemic prevention injection. Vaccines contain harmless dead bacteria or substances extracted from harmless dead bacteria, which can enable the body to develop a natural defense against bacteria. After the injection, the body seems to suffer germs Like invasion, it starts to produce antibodies to kill bacteria; The body will produce protective white blood cell , can resist certain types Infectious Diseases 。 If you encounter the same kind of bacteria in the future, your body will be able to eliminate them immediately.

Vaccination history

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Vaccination is usually injected into the deltoid muscle on the shoulder

The earliest known vaccination can be traced back to Vaccination of human pox (English: variation) This technology originated from the Chinese civilization in 200 BC. According to the medical books of the Qing Dynasty, since the 11th century, the Chinese began to plant smallpox Another medical book records that "the method of nasal vaccine vaccination was first introduced by the Zhao family in Jiangnan" earlier than the Tang Dynasty, and that "there were eight or nine thousand people who were vaccinated, and twenty or thirty ears of those who could not be saved." It shows that this technology is quite effective in the prevention of smallpox, and it is speculated that smallpox with lower toxicity may be used to make subjects who want to immunize against smallpox contact the patient's pustular vesicles, However, this practice cannot ensure its effectiveness, and the risk is still high, with the mortality rate of 1-2%. Later, this technology followed Silk Road Spread. Vaccination technology in the early 18th century Constantinople Introduce the West. In 1760, Daniel Bernoulli It has successfully let the world find that despite the danger of vaccination technology Life expectancy (life expectancy) extended for three years.

British physician Edward Chener It is widely believed that Vaccinia Can prevent human smallpox Curious, he inoculated a child on May 14, 1796 with the pus extracted from the hands of a farmer woman infected with cowpox as a vaccine. Three months later, he inoculated smallpox on the child and confirmed that the child was immune to smallpox. Therefore, this method spread throughout Europe, so it was being used latin alphabet "Vacca", which stands for "cow" in Latin, is used as the word source to commemorate Edward Kinner's use of cowpox as a milestone in the vaccine experiment.

louis pasteur And further explained the significance and purpose of vaccination, while his colleagues (Emile Roux and Duclaux) followed Rob Koho The proposed hypothesis establishes the relationship between microorganisms and the disease. This discovery makes Pasteur The inoculation technology was improved, and then the sheep's cholera Vaccine was given to a child on June 6, 1885 Mad cow disease Of Vaccine injection 。 Without the initial definition of "vaccine", it would be the first dose of vaccine in human history.

objective

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The main purpose of vaccination is to enable the body to produce natural biological substances to improve the biological pathogeny Sometimes similar pathogens can cause immune reaction Therefore, a vaccine is mainly aimed at a disease or pathogen with high similarity, such as Vaccinia prevention smallpox This is a good example. However, since the end of the 20th century, immunologists have found that vaccines also have the possibility of treatment, and developed relevant research theories and practical uses.

prevention

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Dr. Schreiber was vaccinated against typhoid in a rural school

Vaccination is mostly a medical action that can stimulate the individual's natural defense mechanism to prevent possible diseases in the future. This kind of vaccination is specially called Vaccination （prophylactic immunization）。 diphtheria 、 tetanus 、 pertussis 、 polio 、 Haemophilus influenzae type B 、 hepatitis B Tuberculosis (prevention tuberculosis Of BCG vaccine The effect has not yet been unanimously recognized by the academic community, so the United States, Belgium and the Netherlands have not adopted this vaccine.) Measles 、 German measles 、 mumps , are currently the most common types of vaccines. Because there are many diseases that need to be prevented by vaccines, some laboratories are committed to developing multi effect vaccines in order to simplify the complicated vaccination procedures. At least the "diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis mixed vaccine" (abbreviated as“ Dpt ”, Di Te Per) and "Measles, mumps, German measles mixed vaccine" (MMR). Since not all vaccines can be administered at the same time, the types of vaccines that newborns need to receive are still quite cumbersome. Vaccine can not only reduce the incidence of the disease of the vaccinators, but also eliminate the disease that a vaccine deals with when it only infects a single species pathogeny Is feasible, such as smallpox In nature, only humans are infected. When almost all people are vaccinated, smallpox cannot continue to spread, nor can it spread among other animals. Therefore, in 1980, the United Nations announced the extinction of smallpox, and in 1999, the second type of polio disappeared. Therefore, many countries gradually cancel the vaccination of relevant vaccines, which may also make individuals who have not been vaccinated vulnerable to biological warfare in the future.

treatment

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Vaccines can also be used for positive Immunotherapy , this technology stimulates immune system Mass production of antibodies, or foreign corresponding antibodies, to jointly deal with the presence of infected patients pathogeny ， rabies The vaccine is based on this principle, and it may also be used as a preventive vaccine. But in recent years AIDS The study found that the pathological cells and cell surface There are different markers, which may be suitable as the target of antibody attack to treat patients. Type of vaccine

Preventive science popularization

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At 10:00 on January 17, 2021 (Sunday), the Population Culture Development Center of the National Health Commission, together with the health client of People's Daily, made a live visit to the Museum of China's Biological Products Industry, a well-known host Xi Kai Dialogue with Zhao Bao, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.^[2]

Common vaccines for children

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1、 Measles vaccine ：

Measles vaccine is a kind of Live attenuated vaccine The vaccination reaction is mild, and the immune persistence is good. The infants can be vaccinated on schedule after birth, which can prevent measles.

[Inoculation site] Outside of upper arm the deltoid Attachment, subcutaneous injection.

[Dosage] 0.2ml

[Reaction] There was no local reaction after injection. In 6-10 days, a few people may have fever, which generally does not exceed 2 days, and occasionally scattered rash.

[Contraindication] Suffering from serious disease, fever or Allergic history (Especially those with a history of egg allergy) should not be vaccinated.

[Precautions] 75% alcohol Disinfect the skin and inject it after it is dry; Injected Gamma globulin The vaccination interval shall be at least 6 weeks Measles vaccine Gammaglobulin can be injected at least 2 weeks later.

2、 Polio vaccine (referred to as polio sugar pill):

Polio sugar pill is an oral vaccine preparation, white granulated sugar pill, safe for inoculation. Taking sugar pills as planned after birth can effectively prevent poliomyelitis （ Polio ）。

[Inoculation site] Take orally.

[Dosage] 1 sugar pill, 2 drops liquid

[Reaction] Only a few infants take it Polio vaccine After the occurrence of transient diarrhea, it can cure itself without treatment.

[Taboos] Yes immunodeficiency Disease prohibition; Accepted on Immunosuppressant Do not take during treatment. People who are allergic to cow's milk and cow's milk products are forbidden to take sugar pill vaccines, but can take liquid vaccines.

[Precautions] This vaccine is only for oral use; This is a live vaccine. Do not take it in hot water or hot food; Occasionally, excessive doses and multiple doses of vaccine are harmless to human body.

3、 Dpt Preparation:

Yes will Pertussis vaccine , refined diphtheria Toxoid and refining Tetanus toxoid It can prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus at the same time.

[Inoculation site] The upper 1/4 of the buttocks or the deltoid muscle of the upper arm are injected intramuscularly.

[Dosage] 0.5ml

[Reaction] ① There may be redness, swelling, pain, itching, low fever, fatigue, headache, etc. Generally, it will disappear without special treatment. see occasionally allergic skin rash Vascular edema. ② Aseptic suppuration. The injection is too shallow or the vaccine is not well shaken, and the induration cannot be absorbed, resulting in suppuration at the injection site. ③ If the systemic reaction is serious, go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment in time.

[Contraindication] Epilepsy, nervous system disease and Draft Historian prohibition; Delay injection for patients with acute infectious diseases (including convalescence) and fever; Children's immune preparations are forbidden for adults.

[Precautions] Shake well when using; The products shall not be frozen, and cannot be used because of the clot after freezing; Intramuscular injection is used. There may be local induration, which can be absorbed gradually. When the second injection is used, the other side should be replaced; 1:1000 should be available adrenaline , for occasional occurrence shock For first aid; In case of fever, convulsion and other abnormalities after the first injection, the second injection will not be given.

4. BCG vaccine:

Non toxic cow type Mycobacterium tuberculosis Made of, safe and effective. Vaccination as planned after birth is prevention tuberculosis A reliable measure of.

Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine designed to prevent the occurrence of tuberculosis. Generally, in countries with more tuberculosis cases, it is advocated that newborns should be vaccinated with BCG vaccine when they are not infected, so as to produce resistance to tuberculosis.

[Inoculation site] Intradermal injection in the middle of the lateral deltoid muscle of the upper arm.

[Dosage] 0.1ml

[Reaction] After about 2 weeks of inoculation, local swelling may occur. If it becomes suppurative and forms a small ulcer, 1% gentian can be applied to prevent infection. Generally, scab will form after 8-12 weeks, which is a normal reaction. In case of Lymph node enlargement , hot compress can be used. If it has softened and formed a pustule, it can be aspirated with a sterile syringe. Do not cut it. If a purulent discharge is not cured, it can be repeated until it is cured. If the ulcer has been broken, the healing time is longer, and the wound drainage can be expanded. At the same time, isocarmine hydrazine or paraaminosalicylic acid ointment is applied externally, and the dressing is changed every 2-3 days, which can shorten the treatment and healing time.

[Contraindication] Anyone with tuberculosis Acute infectious disease , nephritis, heart disease, eczema immunodeficiency No vaccination will be given to patients with SARS or other skin diseases.

[Precautions] No subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is allowed; The same arm cannot be inoculated with BCG vaccine within 4 weeks after inoculation of products containing adsorbent, and the same arm cannot be inoculated with other vaccines within 4 weeks after inoculation of BCG vaccine.

When is not suitable for BCG vaccination?

1. Have a high fever.

2. Patients with severe acute symptoms and immune insufficiency.

3. Other serious congenital diseases at birth.

four Newborn weight Less than 2500 grams.

5. Suspected tuberculosis patients should not be inoculated directly with BCG vaccine, but should be tested for tuberculin first.

6. Severe eczema.

Reaction after BCG vaccination

1. Seven to 14 days after inoculation, there are red spots on the inoculation site, with slight pain and itching.

2. 4~6 weeks after inoculation, it may become a pus bubble or ulcer.

3. After inoculation, the ulcer naturally heals after 2 to 3 months, and sometimes the lymph glands in the ipsilateral armpit will swell.

matters needing attention

The pus bubbles or ulcers formed by red nodules cannot be squeezed or banded, as long as they are kept clean.

If the inoculation site is severely swollen and infected, please ask a doctor to check.

5、 JE vaccine ：

JE vaccine system will Japanese encephalitis virus The hamster kidney cells were infected, and the harvested virus liquid was freeze-dried after cultivation to prepare a live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of Japanese encephalitis.

1. Inactivated JE vaccine

[Inoculation site] It is injected subcutaneously at the attachment of the deltoid muscle on the lateral side of the upper arm.

[Dosage] 0.5ml

[Response] Most people have no response after vaccination. Only a few children have redness, swelling and pain after injection, which subsides within 1 to 2 days. Fever occurs in a few cases, generally below 38 ° C. A few of them have self-conscious symptoms such as dizziness, headache and discomfort. Occasional rash, Angioedema and Anaphylactic shock The incidence increased with the increase of inoculation times. It usually occurs 10~30 minutes after injection, rarely more than 24 hours. This kind of vaccination reaction is mostly seen in the objects who repeatedly strengthen the injection, especially in children over 7 years old.

[Contraindication] Fever and acute disease; Serious chronic disease; Brain and Nervous system diseases ； Allergic disease, which has been affected by antibiotics and vaccines in the past Allergic history The.

[Precautions] The vaccine should not be used if it is turbid, discolored (yellowed), the ampoule has cracks, or has foreign bodies; Vaccine injection After that, take a rest at the site to prevent side effects; 1:1000 adrenaline shall be prepared for emergency treatment in case of accidental shock; People over 10 years old have been generally affected by Recessive infection To gain immunity, it is unnecessary to vaccinate again.

2. Live attenuated JE vaccine

[Inoculation site] It is injected subcutaneously at the attachment of the deltoid muscle on the lateral side of the upper arm.

[Dosage] 0.5ml

[Reaction] Generally, there was no reaction after injection. A few people had local redness and swelling, and occasionally had fever and allergic rash.

[Contraindication] Fever; Acute infectious disease; tympanitis ； Heart, kidney and liver diseases; Active tuberculosis Disease; Have a history of allergy or Draft Historian; Known to have immune system defects, recent or ongoing Immunosuppression The healer.

[Precautions] Do not allow the disinfectant to contact the vaccine when opening the ampoule and injecting; After the vaccine is dissolved, there is a clot that cannot be shaken, and the ampoule is cracked and cannot be used; Discoloration (red) before dissolution of the vaccine, cannot be used.

The vaccine can be made by chemical synthesis, with specific proteins as the guide, to produce subtle changes in shape, so that it can Lymphocyte Conduct biochemical reaction to affect the production of antibodies; But it can also be a product directly produced through living organisms pathogeny To start with, it can be replicated under the special environment controlled by experiments, or the dead pathogen can be used as a lure to stimulate lymph cells without harming other cells. Although it is generally believed that live vaccines are effective, they are relatively difficult to preserve. Because it involves genetic engineering, which leads to research ethics problems, chemically synthesized vaccines are rarely used.

In 1972, the United States promoted vaccine injection

Traditional vaccine

Inactivated vaccine

The structure of pathogenic microorganisms is destroyed or killed by heat or chemical agents, but some structures are still intact, which can induce immune reaction To achieve the purpose of vaccination, such as influenza cholera 、 Bubonic plague 、 Hepatitis A However, due to the low toxicity, short time effect and inability to cause complete reaction, additional beatings are sometimes necessary.

Live attenuated vaccine

The living microorganisms produced by culture technology can be used to add chemicals, change genetic materials, or impose physical changes in the process to obtain varieties that reduce or eliminate toxicity. Since the immune reaction mainly detects the external structure of the bacteria, subtract toxic substances or Microbial metabolism The product can still effectively generate the immunity of the vaccinated person. For example: yellow fever 、 Measles 、 mumps Vaccines. living thing Tuberculosis vaccine It is made of non infectious tuberculosis strain, but BCG vaccine is rarely used in the United States.

Toxoid vaccine

Some microorganisms are harmless in themselves, but the toxins produced and released by them are the root cause of diseases. Some scientists transform or destroy such toxins to achieve immune reaction The required basic inducing function does not harm the vaccinated person, such as tetanus and diphtheria Vaccines.

Subunit vaccine

Some toxins or microorganisms can trigger an immune response by using only part of the structure, such as hepatitis B vaccine It contains only the surface protein of the virus.

New vaccines

Conjugate vaccine

Using the polysaccharide structure on the surface of bacteria, sometimes these structures have poor recognition effect on the immune system. By connecting this layer of structure with many special substances, such as proteins, toxins or sugars with special structures, the judgment of the immune system can be improved. This method has been successfully used in Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine.

Recombinant vector vaccine

Based on the physiological operation of microorganisms and combined with the DNA of other species of microorganisms, vaccines developed in this way may be helpful for diseases with complex infection process. For example, the DNA of bacteria is cut into fragments, combined into the chromosome of yeast, and the bacterial protein of this fragment produced by yeast is used as a vaccine, which can avoid the physical damage of pathogenic bacteria to human body, so as to Immune effect 。

DNA vaccine

For target cells, infected by modified viruses or bacteria Insertional gene Or regulating gene expression to activate the immune system. If these cells present substances different from the inoculum itself on the surface, they will be recognized by the immune system and attacked. Although this technology is still under test, it may become an important treatment for cancer and genetic diseases.

Inoculation category

Introduction: Planned vaccine (Class I vaccine) is included in the planned immunization according to the national regulations. It is a free vaccine and must be vaccinated after the baby is born. Unplanned vaccine (Class II vaccine) is self funded vaccine. It can be determined according to the baby's own situation, different conditions in different regions and the parents' economic situation.

Before the age of 1, in the life of a cute baby, nothing is more important than prevention and immunization. Most families have known to vaccinate their babies on time, but many new parents have not paid enough attention to immunization,

（1） Free vaccine is enough to protect baby Many parents have such a puzzle when taking their baby to vaccinate: Is it a free Class I vaccine or a self funded Class II vaccine? Is the paid vaccine better than the free one? This week is the vaccination publicity week. Yunnan will carry out the theme of "vaccination, baby Health ". Experts said that both Category I and Category II vaccines are intended to prevent and control infectious diseases, and there is no difference in safety, vaccination effect and quality between the two.

（2） What vaccines do newborns need to be vaccinated? : The birth of a baby is a joyous event for the family. However, timely vaccination is indispensable for healthy growth of babies. When the child is born, the guardian should apply for the Vaccination Certificate at the vaccination unit in the residence or residence within one month, so that the vaccination unit can establish a vaccination certificate for your child in time Vaccination card And arrange vaccination plan.

（3） Common vaccines for children's immunization ：

1. Measles vaccine: Measles vaccine is a kind of live attenuated vaccine. The vaccination reaction is mild, and the immune persistence is good. After the baby is born, regular vaccination can prevent measles.

2. Poliomyelitis vaccine (polio sugar pill for short): Polio sugar pill is an oral vaccine preparation, white granulated sugar pill, safe for inoculation. Taking sugar pills as planned after birth can effectively prevent poliomyelitis (polio).

3. DPT preparation: It is to refine pertussis vaccine Diphtheria toxoid And refined tetanus toxoid, which can prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus at the same time.

4. BCG vaccine: It is made of non-toxic bovine tuberculosis bacillus, safe and effective. Vaccination according to the plan after the birth of the baby is a reliable measure to prevent tuberculosis. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine designed to prevent the occurrence of tuberculosis. Generally, in countries with more tuberculosis cases, it is advocated that newborns should be vaccinated with BCG vaccine when they are not infected, so as to produce resistance to tuberculosis.

5. JE vaccine: JE vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine made by infecting hamster kidney cells with Japanese encephalitis virus, cultivating and harvesting the virus liquid after freeze-drying to prevent Japanese encephalitis.

（4） Vaccination of sick children ： The child has a cold and a fever, but it's just the time to make an appointment for vaccination. Can you take the child to vaccinate? Will there be any adverse reactions when a sick child is vaccinated? When a child has a common cold or cough, parents need not change the time of vaccination. However, in the following cases, it is inappropriate to vaccinate children, and vaccination should be postponed according to the doctor's advice

（5） How to care for your baby after vaccination? Vaccine is a kind of foreign body to human body, so it will stimulate a series of reactions in the body after vaccination. Some are normal and can disappear soon, while others need your careful care 。 Pain and local redness and swelling. It may last for 1 to 2 days.

Parents' response: no need to deal with, observe the general condition of the child.

Mild to moderate fever. Generally 1-2 days, some may be accompanied by headache, dizziness shiver , nausea, fatigue, etc.

Parents' response: Generally, no special treatment is required, but if the temperature exceeds 38 ℃, drugs are required to reduce fever. At the same time, please drink more boiled water and keep warm.

Mild rash. It usually appears in a few hours or days after inoculation, usually in local parts of the body.

Parents' response: generally, it can relieve itself within 2 days, usually without special treatment, and can be treated symptomatically if necessary.

（6） What are the contraindications of vaccination : Different kinds of vaccines have different taboos, so vaccination should be carried out in strict accordance with the vaccine instructions. At the same time, parents of children should truthfully reflect the health status of children before each vaccination to reduce the occurrence of abnormal reactions to vaccination. The following are the general contraindications of vaccination: (1) Children suffering from acute diseases such as fever and diarrhea should postpone vaccination; Chronic disease. Different kinds of vaccines have different taboos, so vaccination should be carried out in strict accordance with the vaccine instructions. At the same time, parents of children should truthfully reflect the health status of children before each vaccination to reduce the occurrence of abnormal reactions to vaccination.

Before the age of 1, in the life of a cute baby, nothing is more important than prevention and immunization. Now most families have known to vaccinate their babies on time, but there are still many new parents who haven't paid enough attention to immunization,

（2） What vaccines do newborns need to be vaccinated? : The birth of a baby is a joyous event for the family. However, timely vaccination is indispensable for healthy growth of babies. When the child is born, the guardian should apply for the Vaccination Certificate at the vaccination unit in the residence or residence within one month, so that the vaccination unit can establish a vaccination card for your child in time and arrange vaccination plans.

（3） Common vaccines for children's immunization ：

3. DPT preparation: It is a mixture of pertussis vaccine, refined diphtheria toxoid and refined tetanus toxoid to prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus at the same time.

Parents' response: no need to deal with, observe the general condition of the child.

Mild to moderate fever. Generally 1-2 days, some may be accompanied by headache, dizziness, chills, nausea, fatigue, etc.

Mild rash. It usually appears in a few hours or days after inoculation, usually in local parts of the body.

Parents' response: generally, it can relieve itself within 2 days, usually without special treatment, and can be treated symptomatically if necessary.

immune reaction

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Active immunity

Because the immune system can distinguish between ourselves and the enemy, it regards foreign objects different from itself as pathogeny , produce various corresponding reactions, including redness, swelling, heat and pain of general inflammatory reaction, and produce specific immunoglobulin , which is used to neutralize pathogens, activate related aggressive activities, and other ways to establish a dedicated defense mechanism, to destroy foreign objects, and short-term or long-term memory of such foreign objects. Vaccination is to use the operating principle of the immune system to make the substances injected into the recipient's body similar or equivalent to foreign bodies, triggering similar physiological functions, so that when similar substances with more virulence invade the body in the future, they can recall similar conditions and speed up the response to pathogens. Therefore, the immune process to stimulate individuals to produce antibodies by themselves is called active immunization.

Passive immunity

Vaccine can not only provide preventive measures for active immunization, but also directly assist patients in the case of emergency Serotype vaccine , that is to say, blood is drawn from individuals with resistance to the disease and the antibody is purified, or it is directly injected into the patient's body through biochemical synthesis to suppress pathogeny Activity. Taiwan in 2003 SARS During the epidemic, there was once no government approval or world health organization When confirming the relevant effective report, this method was used to quickly inhibit the deterioration of the disease due to the critical condition of the patient. Although we successfully fought for time to rescue several critically ill patients, because the antibody could not be reused, it would be metabolized and decomposed by the body itself, and the individual still had to produce antibodies to identify foreign objects with spontaneous immune response, Only in this way can we remember and continuously produce antibodies to resist the disease, can we truly recover. The immune response caused by this vaccination is called passive immunization.

Vaccination schedule

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Excerpt from Kangq.com

Class I vaccine

At birth:

BCG vaccine hepatitis B vaccine (Foundation)

One month: hepatitis B vaccine (basic)

two months: Polio vaccine (Foundation)

Three months: polio vaccine DPT vaccine (Foundation)

Four months: polio vaccine, DPT vaccine (basic)

Five months: DPT vaccine (basic)

Six months: hepatitis B vaccine, group A meningitis vaccine (basic)

eight months: Measles vaccine 、 JE vaccine (Foundation)

Nine months: Group A meningitis vaccine (basic)

1.5-2 years old: DPT vaccine, measles vaccine, JE vaccine (strengthened)

3 years old: Group A meningococcal vaccine (enhanced)

Age 4: Polio vaccine (Strengthening)

6 years old: DPT vaccine (strengthened), JE vaccine, group A meningitis vaccine (strengthened)

Class II vaccine

(1) Group A+C meningococcal vaccine: one shot at the age of 3, one shot at the age of 6 and 9 respectively.

(2) Acellular DPT vaccine : It can replace the whole cell DPT vaccine, and the vaccination procedure is the same as that of the whole cell DPT vaccine.

(3) Mumps vaccine: one injection at the age of 1.5-2, and one injection four years after the basic immunization.

（4） Live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine Or inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: the vaccination time of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine is 1 injection at the age of 2, and 1 injection will be strengthened after 4 years. Inoculate 2 doses of inactivated vaccine at the age of 1-16 years, with an interval of 6 months. Inoculate 1 dose of inactivated vaccine at the age of 16 years.

（5） Varicella vaccine : 1 shot for 1-12 years old.

(6) Type B Haemophilus influenzae Vaccine: one injection at the age of 2, 4 and 6 months respectively, and one injection at the age of more than 12 months.

（7） Influenza vaccine : At the age of 1-3, inject 2 injections every year, with an interval of 1 month. Inoculation once a year for people over 3 years old

principle

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The principle of vaccination is to stimulate the body by inoculating antigens, so that the baby can produce specific antibodies to deal with bacteria and viruses. However, in some cases, the baby is not suitable for vaccination because of some special conditions, which we call "contraindication". Each vaccine contains different antigens, and the contraindications will be different.

Encyclopedia x confusion: graphical vaccine

Classification of contraindications

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Contraindications generally fall into two categories: one is temporary contraindications; The other is absolute contraindication. Premature infants, dystocia infants, children in the acute stage who are suffering from fever or general diseases are "temporary contraindications". These babies can be replanted after recovering from the disease. However, if your baby has an immune function defect or a serious allergic constitution, it is an "absolute contraindication". Vaccination may cause abnormal reactions, or even endanger life, so vaccination is absolutely not allowed.

Vaccination contraindication

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(1) BCG taboo: premature babies, low birth weight The baby (born weight less than 2500 grams), dystocia baby should be careful. The baby who is suffering from fever, diarrhea and serious skin disease should be vaccinated slowly. Tuberculosis, acute infectious diseases, heart and kidney diseases, and immune insufficiency are prohibited.

(2) Taboos of trivalent mixed vaccine of poliomyelitis: the vaccination should be postponed for babies with diarrhea one week before taking the vaccine, or babies with diarrhea more than 4 times a day, and babies with fever and acute disease. yes immunodeficiency It is forbidden for babies who are using immunosuppressive drugs (such as hormone). Babies allergic to milk can take liquid vaccine.

（3） DPT vaccine Taboos: The babies with fever, acute disease or chronic disease in acute attack period should be slow seeded. central nervous system Disease (such as epilepsy), with Draft Shi's baby is forbidden for babies with severe allergic constitution.

（4） Measles vaccine Taboos: Babies who have suffered from measles need not be vaccinated. Babies with fever or active tuberculosis Allergic history (Especially allergic to eggs). injection Gamma globulin The baby can be vaccinated after an interval of one month.

（5） Japanese encephalitis vaccine Taboos: The babies with fever, acute disease or chronic disease in acute attack period should be slow seeded. Children with brain or nervous system diseases and allergic constitution are prohibited from planting.

（6） Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine Taboos: brain and nervous system diseases (epilepsy Hysteria 、 Sequelae of encephalitis , convulsions, etc.), children with allergic constitution, serious heart and kidney diseases, and active tuberculosis are forbidden. The baby with fever and acute disease can be vaccinated slowly.

(7) Hepatitis B vaccine contraindication: hepatitis, fever, Acute infection It is forbidden for babies with chronic serious diseases and allergic constitution.

（8） Hepatitis A vaccine Taboos: The babies with fever, acute disease or chronic disease should be vaccinated slowly. immunodeficiency , babies who are receiving immunosuppressive treatment, and babies with allergic constitution are forbidden.

Some parents know that their baby has Vaccination contraindication However, I still feel lucky and don't explain the situation to the medical staff before vaccination, which is very dangerous. For example, a user on KangQ previously vaccinated his baby with hepatitis B vaccine when his baby was feverish, which eventually led to serious organ malformations. Therefore, we hope that parents should be cautious about the baby's vaccination. If something goes wrong, the right baby will lose 100%, and will regret it when the time comes.

Vaccine response

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Although the vaccine has been inactivated or attenuated, it is a protein or antigenicity It is caused by other substances that still have a certain stimulating effect on the human body. In fact, this is also a kind of self-protection of the human body, just like a cold and fever, it is the body's defense against bacteria or viruses.

Normal reaction

Local reaction Such as mild swelling and pain. After DPT vaccination, the hard knot on the baby's buttocks is a common phenomenon after the inoculation of adsorbed agents. The systemic reaction after vaccination includes fever and general malaise. Generally, the fever is below 38.5 ℃ and lasts for 1 to 2 days. Normal reactions, whether local or systemic, generally do not need special treatment. Just feed more water and pay attention to let the baby rest more. If your baby has a high fever, you can take antipyretic drugs, physical cooling, eating nutritious and digestible food, feeding more water and observing the child's condition.

Abnormal reaction

Local infection Aseptic abscess; Needle fainting Hysteria; Rashes Angioneurotic edema 、 Anaphylactic shock Etc. In case of needle sickness or anaphylactic shock, let the baby lie flat, keep his head down, and take warm boiled water or sugar water orally; At the same time, immediately ask the doctor for emergency symptomatic treatment. In case of rash, desensitizer can be applied to the baby under the guidance of the doctor. The anaphylactic shock is generally manifested by the baby's pale face, cool limbs Cold sweat 、 dyspnea , even unconsciousness Draft Etc. At this time, the general doctor will immediately inject epinephrine subcutaneously into the baby, and at the same time give hormone and desensitizer for observation and treatment.

Adverse reactions and treatment measures

Usually, after vaccination, the baby's adverse reactions include diarrhea, rash, fever, etc.

There is no need for special treatment for mild diarrhea. Just pay attention to replenishing more water for the baby, change the diaper in time, ensure adequate rest, and recover in two or three days. If the baby has severe diarrhea and does not get better for more than 3 days, take the baby to the hospital in time.

Some babies will experience temperature rise 6 to 24 hours after receiving inactivated vaccine, most of which are below 37.5 ℃, and only a few of them have vaccines such as DPT vaccine It can cause fever of about 38.5 ℃, generally lasting for 1 to 2 days, rarely more than 3 days. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccine, such as Measles vaccine , Leprosy cheek vaccine Varicella vaccine The fever reaction after vaccination is caused by mild infection of the vaccine virus. The fever reaction occurs late, and usually starts to have a short fever in 5-7 days. This kind of fever disappears quickly, and can be reduced in 1 to 2 days. Different vaccines have different incidence of fever reaction after vaccination. Mild fever generally does not need to be treated. Just strengthen observation, take a proper rest, drink more boiled water, keep warm, and prevent Secondary infection 。 Those with high body temperature should go to the hospital for symptomatic treatment and fluid replacement if necessary.

In the rash without other reasons after vaccination Urticaria It is most common, usually occurring hours or even days after vaccination. Special rash, such as Measles vaccine 、 Mumps vaccine 、 Rubella vaccine Sparse rash appeared 5-7 days after inoculation, and generally subsided 7-10 days later. The rash caused by measles vaccine is very mild. In the 12-21 days after varicella vaccination, there are usually papules, blisters or herpes, which are not many, about 10 or less, and will not scab. It can be cured after treatment, Good prognosis 。

Japanese epidemic prevention policy

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On November 12, 2021, the Japanese government determined a comprehensive response policy for the "sixth wave of epidemic", and proposed plans to strengthen vaccination, ensure hospital beds, and ensure new oral drugs.^[3]

data statistics

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On July 18, 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) issued a joint press release saying that in 2022, the number of children immunized globally will increase compared with the previous year, but the immunization rate of children in most low-income countries will be slow or even continue to decline, especially in measles vaccination.^[6]

According to the latest data cited in the bulletin, the number of children receiving immunization worldwide will increase by nearly 4 million in 2022 compared with the previous year. In this year, 20.5 million children in the world missed one or more conventional vaccines, compared with 24.4 million in 2021 and 18.4 million in 2019.^[6]

new method

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In May 2023, The scientific research team composed of the Russian Saratov Chernychevsky State University and the Smorojintsev Influenza Research Institute has developed a method of vaccination through hair follicles. This method ensures that drugs are delivered to immunocompetent cells without damaging the skin.^[5]

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