Tomatoes were later changed into tomato group（Solanumsect.Lycopersicon）It is an annual or perennial herb.There are about 6 species of this genus, native to South America.Later, due to the progress of molecular genetics, it was incorporatedSolanumInside.[5-6]
Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs.Stems erect or procumbent.Feathered compound leaves, leaflets very unequal, serrate or split.Panicle cyme, axillary exophyte.Calyx radiate, 5-6 lobes, not enlarged or slightly enlarged in fruit, spreading;Corolla radiate, tube short, eaves folded, 5-6-lobed;Stamens 5-6, inserted in the throat of corolla, filaments very short, anthers elongated, tapering toward the top, conic by synthesis, anther chambers parallel, splitting from the top down to the base longitudinal seam;The disk is not significant;Ovary 2-3 locules, style with slightly capitate stigma, ovules numerous.The berry is juicy, oblate or subglobose, the seed is oblate, and the embryo is extremely curved.[4]
The whole plant is pubescent.Leaves alternate, flowers yellow,CymeBorn outside leaf axils;Sepals 5~6;Corolla 5~6;Anthers united to form a long cone, longitudinally divided;The fruit is a large or small berry with many seeds.[1]
geographical distribution
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There are about 6 species of this genusSouth AmericaIt is widely cultivated around the world.One species is cultivated in China.
classification
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Classified status
Tomato
Tomato（LycopersiconMiller) is a relatively small genus among the large and diverse solanaceous plants.SolanaceaeIt includes 90 genera (D'Arey, 1979) and is mainly divided into 2 subfamilies, namelySolanoideae (Solanoideae) andAraceae（Cestroideae）。In Solanaceae, the embryo is curly, the diameter is basically the same, and the chromosome base of all members is x=12;In the subfamily Araceae, the typical embryo is straight or slightly curved, with large variation in the number of chromosomes, and the cardinal number is rarely x=12.
Solanaceae is divided into several families, among whichSolanaceaeTribeSolaneae includes 18 genera, ranging from the smallest tomato to the largestSolanum（Solanum50. ) (including about 1500 species).The chromosome group formula of all species of tomato is 2n=2x=24.
The main differences between Tomato and Solanum areantherMorphologically, tomato species usually have 5 anthers, and some varieties have 6 anthers. The stamens are connected together to form a conical anther tube, which is the characteristic of this genus.The neck of the cone is composed of the elongation of the sterile tip of each anther, which is the main feature used to distinguish tomato from solanum.In addition, the way of anther dehiscence of tomato species is lateral dehiscence, while that of solanum species is apical dehiscence.The pollen is free in the conical anther, and is emitted through the junction of the two anther chambers.Using this main feature, we can classify the species belonging to the genus Tomato and closely related to it.However, strict application will produce wild relatives（S．pennelliiCorr），Compared with other members of Solanaceae, it is more similar to the disorder of tomato species;However, with the taxonomic evaluation and identification of these species, this species has been identified as belonging to the genus Tomato.[3]
Classification change
tomato[9][11]yesSolanaceaeA member of, 1753LinnaiThe scientific name of tomato is“Solanum LycopersicumL.”，He thinks tomatoes belong toSolanum（Solanum）。But Philip Miller thought in 1768 that tomatoes should belong to their own genusTomato（Lycopersicon）, named“Lycopersicon esculentumMiller”，It is widely used and became a reserved name in 1983. In some classifications, ifPotatoIt is not in the same genus as tomato, so tomato uses this scientific name.[7]
Molecular biological evidence shows that it is correct to divide tomato and potato into the same genus as Linnaeus classification, and the scientific name of tomato should be“Solanum Lycopersicum”, belonging to Solanum, and“Lycopersicon”And "Tomato" can only be used for convenience and maintenance of naming stability.[8]
Tomato was later changed toTomato group（Solanumsect.Lycopersicon）, belonging to SolanumSubgenus Potato（S. subg. Potatoae）, later incorporated due to the progress of molecular geneticsSolanumInside.[5-6]
Tomato is the smallest genus in Solanaceae, but there have been different opinions on the classification of species within the genus. Muller (1940) and Luck will (1943) successively divided the genus into 2 subgenera and 6 species, BpemneB (1958) divided the genus into 3 species, and Charles. M. Rick (1976, 1979) divided the genus into 2 subgroups and 9 species.Charles M. Rick's classification has been widely adopted by taxonomists all over the world and is considered to be the latest classification system of the genus Tomato.
Peruvian tomato（L．peruvianumMill) is a perennial creeping plant, whose stem is easy to bend, and its surface is smooth or with dense, short and white hairs or tender yellow hairs, with more at the base than at the top.The leaves are deeply notched.The fruit is oblate and small (1.2-1.5cm in diameter).
Peruvian tomatoes contain many valuable genes.The dry matter content of fruit is up to 12.75%,vitamin CContent: 100g, 50.4mg in fresh weight.It is more resistant to diseases than other species, and can resist almost all commonly distributed tomato diseases, such as leaf curl, leaf spot, wilt, late blight, leaf mold, mosaic, etc., but it is still infected with stripe virus diseases.Anti Rhizobium Nematode andMacrosiphum euphorbiae 。Is antiTobacco mosaic virusOne of the sources of Tm gene, from which Tm-2 gene comes.
Peruvian tomato showed high cross incompatibility when crossing with common tomato, which made it difficult to transfer resistance genes to cultivated tomato and hindered its utilization in breeding.
Chilean tomato
Chilean tomato（L．chilenseDun) erect growth.The style is long and exserted, self incompatibility, pollination by insects.The fruit weighs about 1~2g.The root system is developed, and the drought resistance is strong.It has strong anti TMV gene;It has strong resistance to cresting virus and verticillium wilt, and is nearly immune to wilt.
Glandular tomato
Glandular tomato（L．glandulosumMull），The plant has thin stems, thick and short glandular hairs, and very narrow leaflets.Fruit diameter is 1-1.5cm.It is resistant to the top shrinking disease, and is resistant to Verticillium dahliae（Verticillium alboatrum）The disease caused by verticillium wilt is close to immunity, resistant to root knot nematode andLeaf moldIt can withstand low temperature of 4~8 ℃.Multi glandular tomato is difficult to cross with cultivated species, and its resistance traits are closely linked with the traits of less seed setting and late maturity in the hybrid offspring, which limits the breeding value.
Solanum habrochaites
Hairy tomato（L．hirsutumHumb，et Bonpl），The surface of stems, leaves and fruits is covered with yellow fuzz, with strong flavor.The fruit is oblate, 1.5~2.5cm in diameter, bitter and inedible, but the carotene content is high, 3~4 times the highest of the cultivated varieties. The dry matter content in 100g fresh weight is 10.1%, and the vitamin C content is 57mg.yesTomato early blight, leaf blight, leaf moldTobacco mosaicIt can be used as the raw material for disease resistance breeding and is one of the origin systems of Tm gene.The mucus secreted by its glandular hair contains 2 - tridecanone, which can kill and resist various pests such as aphids and red spiders.
Gooseberry tomato
Gooseberry tomato（L．pimpinellifolium(Jusl) Mill), with creeping stems and many branches, no long hairs on the stems, and small leaves.There are many flowers on one inflorescence, up to 30~40. The base fruit is mature, and the top is still flowering. The fruit is round, with a diameter of 1~2cm.It is resistant to Fusarium wilt, leaf mold, leaf spot, bacterial stem rot, tobacco mosaic virus, and leaf spot virus, with dry matter content of 8%~10%. It is an important breeding material for disease resistance breeding and quality breeding.It is very close to common tomato in genetic relationship, can cross each other, and is easy to backcross.
Lycopersicon cheesmanii
Chismanni tomato（L．cheesmaniiRiley），The plant has weak growth potential and small stems and leaves.Fruit is round, with thick skin, diameter below lcm, orange and yellow when mature.The plant is highly salt tolerant and can survive and bear fruit under 70% seawater irrigation.High resistance to tomato yellowing leaf roll virus (TYLCV).Containing pedicel gene j-2 and j-2 without abscission layerin。
Small flowered tomato
Small flowered tomato（L．parviflorumRick，Kesicki，Fobes and Holle），The stem is slender, the leaves are small, the flowers are smaller than ordinary tomatoes, and there are only 2 leaves between each inflorescence.The fruit is small, with a diameter of less than 1cm, high sugar content, soluble solids content of more than 10%, and vitamin C content of 100g fresh weight of 30-50mg, which can be used as breeding resources for improving dry matter content.
Kelumeski Tomato
Kelumeski Tomato（L．chmielewskiiRick Kesicki Fobes and Holle），It is a species closely related to small flower tomato, but its plant parts are stronger than small flower tomato.The fruit is round, with a diameter of 1-1.5cm, soluble solids content of 10-11%, and vitamin C content of 100g fresh weight of 30-50mg.It is easy to cross with cultivated tomatoes.
Panalie tomato
Panalie tomato（Solanurn pennelliI Correll orLycopersicon pennellii(Corr) D'Arcy), the stem and leaf mesophyll are strong and brittle, the upper epidermis of the leaf has more pores, and the ability to absorb water in the air is strong, which can be used as a potential breeding material for drought resistance breeding of cultivated tomato.The leaves and stems are covered with glandular hairs, which secrete a mucus that can resist the sting of insects, such as potato aphids, red spiders, etc.Resistance to tomato top roll virus disease.The fruit is small, 0.5~1cm in diameter.It is easy to cross with cultivated tomato.
Common tomato
Common tomato（L．esculentumMill) is the main cultivated species.It is an annual or perennial herb, and its stem has tendril, semi tendril, upright and semi upright base with wood.The leaves are mostly pinnately compound.Inflorescences are simple racemose to compound racemose, and some inflorescences are born on the top of the stem, replacing the growth point to form a limited growth type (self sealing type).The fruit has oblate, round, oval, oblong and other different shapes. It is a juicy berry.The fruit is white green, light green, gray green, dark green and other colors when it is not mature, and red, pink, yellow, white and other colors when it is mature, with an average single fruit weight of 5~500g.
Tomato like and Ricky
Tomato like tomato（S．lycopersicoidesDun) and Ricky（S．rickiiCorr) is the two most closely related wild species outside the genus Tomato.The two species are very similar in morphology, and their leaves are similar to those of Chilean tomatoes.The tomato like tomato fruit is black when mature, and the Ricky tomato fruit is grayish yellow when mature.They grow on the mountains in the north of Chile and the south of Peru at an altitude of 3000 m, and have the growth habit of adapting to extreme drought conditions. Compared with cultivated tomatoes, they are more tolerant to low temperature and can also tolerate temporary frost. Tomato like tomatoes normally bloom and bear fruit at about 1.25~5.3 ℃.Tomato like tomato is also a source of resistance to CMV in tomato breeding materials.
Except for tomato like tomato, Ricky tomato cannot cross with related species of tomato (Rick, 1979b).Tomato like tomato can be hybridized with Chilean tomato, and can also be hybridized with cultivated tomato to obtain some hybrids, which is a Solanum species that can cross with Tomato.[2]
