Steroids are a class of natural compounds widely existing in nature, includingPhytosterol、bile acid、Ctwenty-oneSteroids, insect abnormal hormonesCardiac glycoside、Steroidal saponin、Steroid alkaloid, toad venom ligand, etc.SteroidThere is one thing in common in structure, that isCyclopentane phenanthreneIn addition, the cyclopentane polyhydrphenanthrene nucleus usually has two angular methyl groups (C-10, C-13) and a side chain or oxygen containing group with different carbon atom numbers, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, etc. (C-17).The word "steroid" vividly represents the basic skeleton of such compounds.
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Steroid
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steroid
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Including phytosterols, bile acids, C21 steroids, insect abnormal hormones, cardiac glycosides, steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, toad venom ligands, etc
Steroids are a kind of chemical components that exist widely in nature. They include animal and plant sterols (also called sterols), bile acids, and Ctwenty-oneSteroids, phytocardiac glycosides, toad venom ligands, insect hormones, steroid alkaloids, etc.Their structures all contain the parent nucleus of cyclopentane polyphenylene, the four rings of steroid nucleus have different ways of condensation, and the hydroxyl group at C-3 position can combine with sugar to form glycosides.The application of steroids involves health care, birth control, medicine, agriculture, animal husbandry and other aspects. The research on steroids, which play an important role in the life activities of animals and plants, has a history of more than 100 years. From 1903 to 1932, German chemists Windaus and Wieland first clarified the carbon frame structure of steroids through their research on cholesterol and cholic acid,In 1929, American chemist Butenandt isolated the first sex hormone, estrophenone. In 1936, people named this kind of compound "steroid compound". In 1939, Michigan realized the total synthesis of marnediol in the laboratory. In the second half of the 20th century, steroidal chemistry developed rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, steroid oral contraceptives appeared,The discovery of steroid ecdysone in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the discovery of vitamin D active metabolites in the 1970s, and the discovery of new plant growth regulators for steroids in the late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed the rapid development of steroid chemistry.After the 1990s, a series of steroidal saponins, steroids, polyamine steroids, steroidal polyhydroxy sulfates and other compounds with new structural characteristics were successively discovered from plants and marine organisms. They all have unique physiological effects, especially strong anti-cancer activity, which has aroused great interest of many chemical, biological and medical workers[1]。
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Steroid
It is a kind of natural chemical composition widely existing in nature, including phytosterol, bile acid, Ctwenty-oneSteroids, insect abnormal hormones, cardiac glycosides, steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, toad venom ligands, etc.Although there are many kinds of them, they all have the steroid parent nucleus of cyclopentane polyphenylene in their structures.
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Cholesterol is the first steroid discovered. Gallstones are almost entirely made of cholesterol, hence the name cholesterol.Cholesterol mainly exists in the blood, fat, brain marrow and nerve tissue of animals.Many animal hormones belong to sterols, such as progesterone, testosterone, estradiol and corticosterone in adrenal hormones[2]。
The four rings of steroids are numbered with A, B, C, D, and the carbon atoms are also numbered with Arabic numerals in a fixed order.Because of the complex structure of steroids, they are often named by common names related to their origins or physiological functions.The naming of steroids is based on the basic structure of their hydrocarbons as the parent name, and with the prefix and suffix indicating the position of the substituent.The name of the steroid parent nucleus is mainly determined according to the condition of the pressure chain connected on C-10, C-13 and C-17. The common name of the steroid parent nucleus is (see the picture album):
(1) Sterane
(2) Estrane
(3) Androstane
(4) Pregnane
(5) Cholethane
(6) Cholesterane
(7) Ergostane
(8) Stigmasterane
Steroid
The naming of steroids is often regarded as related to the parent nuclear derivatives of steroids.Add the position, name and configuration of substituent before and after the name of steroid parent nucleus.When the parent core contains carbonaceous olefin bond, hydroxyl, carbonyl or carboxyl, the "alkane" is changed to "olefin", "alcohol", "ketone" or "acid", and its position is indicated.For chiral centers in moleculesRorSThe substituent uses α, β and ξ to represent its configuration.For example:
