Electronic configuration

An indicator of the electronic state of an ion or molecule

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Also called electronic configuration. yes atom 、 Ions or molecule An indication of the electronic state of. according to quantum mechanics Orbital approximation of each atom, ion or molecule Electronics It is considered that each of the spin and track Status of. The total spin and orbit of all electrons in the system constitute the electronic configuration of the whole system.

Chinese name: Electronic configuration
Foreign name: Electron Configurations

Also called: Electronic configuration
Introduction: An indicator of the electronic state of an ion or molecule
Basic definitions: Electrons are arranged according to energy levels

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five Layout of peripheral electronic layer

Basic concepts

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Basic definitions

Electronic configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons according to the energy levels of high and low energy levels. The general order is: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d

Electronic layout definition

Electronic layout It means that the electrons are arranged in the order of energy layer, and the general order is:

1s、2s、2p、3s、3p、4s、3d、4p、5s、4d、5p、6s、4f...^{[3 ]}

Incompatibility principle

Each orbit can hold at most one spin parallel electron. according to Principle of minimum energy The electron tends to occupy the lowest energy orbit first. According to Hund's rule, if the number of spin parallel electrons in the orbit with equal energy is the largest, the energy of the whole system is the lowest. According to these three principles, the total energy of the atom is the lowest when electrons are filled into the orbit, that is Ground state atom 。 E.g. aluminium Nucleus In addition, when its 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s and 3p rails are filled with 2, 2, 6, 2 and 1 electrons respectively, it is aluminum Atomic ground state Therefore, the electronic configuration of the ground state of aluminum atom is 1s two 2s two 2p six 3s two 3p one 。 In fact, except for the outermost (n=3 orbit), it is completely periodic table of ele ments At the end of the previous cycle inert gas The electronic configuration of neon 1s two 2s two 2p six So the electronic configuration of the ground state of aluminum atom can be simply recorded as [Ne] 3s two 3p one 。 Positive trivalent aluminum ion (Al 3+ ）Its electronic configuration is the same as that of neon.

Electron Configuration of Atoms

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atom The energy of each electron in is determined by its orbital height (energy level) and Quantum number N and angular quantum number l; (The quantum number is quantum mechanics A group of integers or Semiinteger 。 Because extranuclear electrons motion state The change of is not continuous, but the quantum number is quantization Therefore, the value of quantum number is not continuous, and only a group of integers or half integers can be taken; Quantum numbers include Principal quantum number n 、 Angular quantum number l 、 Magnetic quantum number m and Spin quantum number ms Four, the first three are in mathematical analysis Schrodinger equation The last one is to describe the electronic Spin motion Proposed.) N is an integer. Usually, the orbits with the same n are called to belong to the same shell. From the shell nearest to the core, number the shells as: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,..., which are respectively represented by the symbols K, L, M, N, O, P, Q. The smaller the n, the closer to the nucleus, and the lower the energy of the electrons on the shell. Belong to the same Principal quantum number The electron of n, its orbit angular momentum Can be 0, 1, 2,..., (n-1), respectively Angular quantum number L equals 0, 1, 2,..., (n-1), denoted as s p、d、f、g、…。 For example, the orbits that belong to n=3, l=0, 1 and 2 are called 3s, 3p and 3d orbits respectively. The smaller the l is, the smaller the energy of the electronic orbital motion is. Orbits with angular quantum number l contain 2 (2l+1) orbits^[2] 。 So the s, p, d and f orbitals contain 2, 6, 10 and 14 orbitals respectively. It can be calculated that the total number of orbits in the shell with the principal quantum number n is:

That is, the shell with n=1, 2, 3, 4... contains 2, 8, 18, 32,... orbits respectively. Therefore, atom The state of the system can be Quantum number The set of n and l (n1l1, n2l2,..., nNlN) is called the electronic configuration of the atom.

Orbits in atoms:

1s＜2s＜2p＜3s＜3p＜4s＜3d＜4p＜5s＜4d

＜5p＜6s＜4f＜5d＜6p＜7s＜5f＜6d…ns＜(n-3)g＜(n-2)f＜(n-1)d＜np

Electronic configuration of molecule

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Molecular orbital electron arrangement of O2

The electronic state of a molecular system can also be expressed by the total number of single electron orbitals in which all electrons are located. Heteronuclear Diatomic molecule For example, NO: molecular orbital is called σ, π or δ molecular orbital according to its absence of nodal plane, one nodal plane or two nodal planes in the molecular axis. In various molecular orbitals, they are numbered from low to high in energy order (such as 1 σ, 2 σ, 3 σ, 4 σ..., and 1 π, 2 π, 3 π...). Each σ molecular orbital contains two electrons, and π molecular orbital contains four electrons... Then follow the above Pauli exclusion principle 、 Principle of minimum energy And Hunt's principle, 7 electrons of the original nitrogen atom and 8 electrons of the oxygen atom (15 electrons in total) are filled molecular orbital , and write from low to high according to the energy order of molecular orbital:

(1σ) two (2σ) two (3σ) two (4σ) two (1π) four (5σ) two (2π) one

This is the electronic configuration of NO molecule. In fact, the electrons on molecular orbital 1 σ and 2 σ are still original atom Around the nucleus, the essence is still the K layer (n=1) electrons on the nitrogen atom and oxygen atom, so the electronic configuration of NO molecule can be written as KK (3 σ) two (4σ) two (1π) four (5σ) two (2π) one 。

Electronic configuration of complexes

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Complex The electronic configuration of is the number of valence electrons in the central atom.

Example: IrCl [P (CH three ) three ] three Ir in is the configuration of 16 electrons, while IrCl three [P(CH three ) three ] three Ir in is the 18 electron configuration.

Layout of peripheral electronic layer

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Peripheral electronic configuration of some elements (brackets refer to possible electronic layer arrangement)
Element ordinal	Element symbol	Peripheral electronic configuration
one	H	1s one
two	He	1s two
three	Li	2s one
four	Be	2s two
five	B	2s two 2p one
six	C	2s two 2p two
seven	N	2s two 2p three
eight	O	2s two 2p four
nine	F	2s two 2p five
ten	Ne	2s two 2p six
eleven	Na	3s one
twelve	Mg	3s two
thirteen	Al	3s two 3p one
fourteen	Si	3s two 3p two
fifteen	P	3s two 3p three
sixteen	S	3s two 3p four
seventeen	Cl	3s two 3p five
eighteen	Ar	3s two 3p six
nineteen	K	4s one
twenty	Ca	4s two
twenty-one	Sc	3d one 4s two
twenty-two	Ti	3d two 4s two
twenty-three	V	3d three 4s two
twenty-four	Cr	3d five 4s one
twenty-five	Mn	3d five 4s two
twenty-six	Fe	3d six 4s two
twenty-seven	Co	3d seven 4s two
twenty-eight	Ni	3d eight 4s two
twenty-nine	Cu	3d ten 4s one
thirty	Zn	3d ten 4s two
thirty-one	Ga	4s two 4p one
thirty-two	Ge	4s two 4p two
thirty-three	As	4s two 4p three
thirty-four	Se	4s two 4p four
thirty-five	Br	4s two 4p five
thirty-six	Kr	4s two 4p six
thirty-seven	Rb	5s one
thirty-eight	Sr	5s two
thirty-nine	Y	4d one 5s two
forty	Zr	4d two 5s two
forty-one	Nb	4d four 5s one
forty-two	Mo	4d five 5s one
forty-three	Tc	4d five 5s two
forty-four	Ru	4d seven 5s one
forty-five	Rh	4d eight 5s one
forty-six	Pd	4d ten
forty-seven	Ag	4d ten 5s one
forty-eight	Cd	4d ten 5s two
forty-nine	In	5s two 5p one
fifty	Sn	5s two 5p two
fifty-one	Sb	5s two 5p three
fifty-two	Te	5s two 5p four
fifty-three	I	5s two 5p five
fifty-four	Xe	5s two 5p six
fifty-five	Cs	6s one
fifty-six	Ba	6s two
fifty-seven	La	5d one 6s two
fifty-eight	Ce	4f one 5d one 6s two
fifty-nine	Pr	4f three 6s two
sixty	Nd	4f four 6s two
sixty-one	Pm	4f five 6s two
sixty-two	Sm	4f six 6s two
sixty-three	Eu	4f seven 6s two
sixty-four	Gd	4f seven 5d one 6s two
sixty-five	Tb	4f nine 6s two
sixty-six	Dy	4f ten 6s two
sixty-seven	Ho	4f eleven 6s two
sixty-eight	Er	4f twelve 6s two
sixty-nine	Tm	4f thirteen 6s two
seventy	Yb	4f fourteen 6s two
seventy-one	Lu	4f fourteen 5d one 6s two
seventy-two	Hf	5d two 6s two
seventy-three	Ta	5d three 6s two
seventy-four	W	5d four 6s two
seventy-five	Re	5d five 6s two
seventy-six	Os	5d six 6s two
seventy-seven	Ir	5d seven 6s two
seventy-eight	Pt	5d nine 6s one
seventy-nine	Au	5d ten 6s one
eighty	Hg	5d ten 6s two
eighty-one	Tl	6s two 6p one
eighty-two	Pb	6s two 6p two
eighty-three	Bi	6s two 6p three
eighty-four	Po	6s two 6p four
eighty-five	At	6s two 6p five
eighty-six	Rn	6s two 6p six
eighty-seven	Fr	7s one
eighty-eight	Ra	7s two
eighty-nine	Ac	6d one 7s two
ninety	Th	6d two 7s two
ninety-one	Pa	5f two 6d one 7s two
ninety-two	U	5f three 6d one 7s two
ninety-three	Np	5f four 6d one 7s two
ninety-four	Pu	5f six 7s two
ninety-five	Am	5f seven 7s two
ninety-six	Cm	5f seven 6d one 7s two
ninety-seven	Bk	5f nine 7s two
ninety-eight	Cf	5f ten 7s two
ninety-nine	Es	5f eleven 7s two
one hundred	Fm	5f twelve 7s two
one hundred and one	Md	(5f thirteen 7s two )
one hundred and two	No	(7s two )
one hundred and three	Lr	(6d one 7s two )
one hundred and four	Rf	(6d two 7s two )
one hundred and five	Db	(6d three 7s two )
one hundred and six	Sg	6d four 7s two
one hundred and seven	Bh	6d five 7s two
one hundred and eight	Hs	6d six 7s two
one hundred and nine	Mt	6d seven 7s two
one hundred and ten	Ds	6d nine 7s one
one hundred and eleven	Rg	7s one
one hundred and twelve	Cn	7s two
one hundred and thirteen	Uut	7p one
one hundred and fourteen	Uuq	7p two
one hundred and fifteen	Uup	7p three
one hundred and sixteen	Uuh	7p four
one hundred and seventeen	Uus	7p five
one hundred and eighteen	Uuo	7p six
one hundred and nineteen	Uue	7p six 8s one

Electronic configuration of some elements^[1]

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